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Italiano II Il 7 di ottobre 2016 All make-up work after school as always Extra help always available after school Before school by appointment (let me know!!!) Remember to always visit and study the information of this website!

Transcript of Definition - School District of Haverford Web viewI ragazzi sanno suonare la chitarra. ... »...

Italiano II

Il 7 di ottobre 2016 All make-up work after school as always Extra help always available after school Before school by appointment (let me know!!!)

Remember to always visit and study the information of this website!

Compiti

1. On looseleaf SENTIERI textbook

Pagina 138 copy the sentences and fill in the blanks (use rulers please)

PRATICA Sections 1, 2 and 3.

Pagina 139 COMUNICAZIONE

Section 5 and PROVALO!

Per il 6 di ottobre 2016- Mini lezioni Nei quaderni !!!!!!!

SCOPO-Lezione di oggi:

Di fare CORREZIONI!!!The DAY OF CORRECTIONS Correction of the Pratica and PROVALO!Capitolo 4 L attivita’ del giorno: di Fare le correzioniDella PRATICA e del PROVALO!

ANCORA-

Major Work from the 29th of September 2016 Giovedi’ THURSDAYSentieri Textbook-

page 126   PRATICA    section I  2 and 3.                  Copy section  1  as it is in the book and respond                              Complete section 2 and 3 in complete sentences

page 127    PROVALO!  bottom of page 127                                           Copy the Provalo!  as it is in the boo and answer.

page 138     Passato Prossimo with AVERE

                    Review pages 138 and 139.  

 complete :page 138  PRATICA  Section 1   Copy the activity and answer 

                                  Section 2  and Section 3  Answer in complete sentences

                                   PROVALO!   bottom of page 139    1-8    answer in complete sentences

If students complete the assignments above they may continue to complete the following:

Sentieri textbook

Page 140   CONOSCERE and SAPERE

page 140  Pratica   Sectons:  1, 2, and 3.

page 141   PROVALO!   complete 

30 September 2016Lesson Plans for Mr. J Capaldo-Masi FRIDAY

JUEVESAll work must be written on looseleaf   complete heading-    neat and easy to read please!

Complete all work from:        29 September 2016     Thursday   All work is on the WEBSITE  for ALL CLASSES.    SEE MY WEBSITE to finish any work not completed yesterday!!!

Italian III  Block I  and  IIISENTIERI  

page 162   DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS   copy the information on pages 162 and 163.

Copy the work in your notebooks.

Attivita’:    Complete the following on looseleaf

PRATICApage 162    Sections  1, 2, and 3.

page 163   PROVALO!   Please write out the complete sentences.

page 176   INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

please copy the information on page 176 and on page 177  as review!

On looseleaf:

please complete the PRATICA  on page 176 Sections 1  2  and  3.

Complete page 177   PROVALO!  Write out complete sentences.

PAGE 178  and page 179    in notebooks please copy the information on pages 178 (adverbs)  and 179  (adjective and adverb) in notebooks

Page 178   PRATICA     please complete sections 1 2  and  3.

________________________________________________

fine________________________________________________

Some Basic ENGLISH GRAMMAR in review:Present Perfect Tense -ENGLISHPteterite or (past Absolut/Simple Past)

The preterite, in US English also preterit (abbreviated PRET or PRT), is a grammatical tense or verb form serving to denote events that took place or were completed in the past. In general, it combines the perfective aspect (event viewed as a single whole; it is not to be confused with the similarly named perfect) with the past tense, and may thus also be termed the perfective past. In grammars of particular languages the preterite is sometimes called the past historic, or (particularly in the Greek grammatical tradition) the aorist.

When the term "preterite" is used in relation to specific languages it may not correspond precisely to this definition. In English it can be used to refer to the simple past verb form, which sometimes (but not always) expresses perfective aspect. The case of German is similar: the Präteritum is the simple (non-compound) past tense, which does not always imply perfective aspect, and is anyway often replaced by the Perfekt (compound past) even in perfective past meanings.

Preterite may be denoted by the glossing abbreviation PRET or PRT. The word derives from the Latin praeteritum (the perfect passive participle of praetereō), meaning "passed by" or "past".

DefinitionIn traditional grammar, thepreterit(e) is the simple past tense of the verb, such aswalked or said. In English, the preterit(e) is typically formed by adding thesuffix -ed or -t to the base form of a verb. This form is sometimes referred to as thedental preterit(e).

The term is usually spelled preterit in American English, preterite in British English. 

Examples and Observations"They jumped and laughed and pointed at the solemn guards." "I removed the crucible from the wire stand, and poured the silver. Some of the metal ran into the mold, some of it spilled over the outside, and some of it adhered to the crucible."

"We climbed the mountain sides, and clambered among sagebrush, rocks and snow. 

"Ben snatched the squash from her, sprinted across the living room, trippedover a toy he'd left there and spilt the entire contents of the glass over the sofa." "During many of the group sessions, the women and I painted, glued, cut,

pasted, talked, listened, ate, drank, laughed, cried, and engaged in collaborative processes of reflection and action."

BackshiftingAnother use of the preterite shows up in indirect . Notice the contrast between has and had in this pair.Kim has blue eyes. 

If I say to Stacy, I can use "The most obvious cases of backshift are with verbs of reporting that are in the preterite, like told or said."

 

We use this tense for unfinished and finished actions:

Unfinished Actions

We use this tense when we want to talk about unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the present. Usually we use it to say 'how long' an action or state has continued with 'since' and 'for'. Often, we use stative verbs in this situation:

I've known Karen since 1994. She's lived in London for three years.

'Since' and 'For'

We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last year, two hours ago). The fixed time can be another action, indicated with the past simple (since I was at school, since I arrived):

I've known Sam since 1992. I've liked chocolate since I was a child. She's been here since 2pm.

We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours, three years, six months):

I've known Julie for ten years. I've been hungry for hours. She's had a cold for a week.

Finished Actions

1: Life experience (we don't say when the experience happened, just sometime in the past)

I have been to Tokyo. She has lived in Germany. They have visited Paris three times. We have never seen that film. Have you ever read 'War and Peace'?

2: A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result)

I've lost my keys (so I can't get into my house). She's hurt her leg (so she can't play tennis today). They've missed the bus (so they will be late). I've cooked dinner (so you should come and eat).

3: With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today, in the last year)

I haven't seen her this month. She's drunk three cups of coffee today. This week they've been shopping four times.

Note: We can't use the present perfect with a finished time word:

'Been' and 'Gone'

In this tense, we use both 'been' and 'gone' as the past participle of 'go', but in slightly different circumstances.

Been

We use 'been' (often when we talk about 'life experience') to mean that the person being talked about has visited the place, and come back. Notice the preposition 'to':

I've been to Paris (in my life, but now I'm in London, where I live).

She has been to school today (but now she's back at

home). They have never been to California.

Gone

We use 'gone' (often when we are talking about an action with a result in the present) to mean that the person is at the place now:

'Where's John?' 'He's gone to the shops' (he's at the shops now).

Julie has gone to Mexico (now she's in Mexico). They've gone to Japan for three weeks (now they're in

Japan).

Review of Work from last Thursday and FridayPreparazione per l’esameA Ripassare il lavoro della settimana scorsa

Italian III    Block I     and  Block III        -Sentieri textbook

Mini lezione

2. On looseleaf with the complete heading

Write out the following Three Sections

Direct Object Pronouns

Indirect Object Pronouns

Disjunctive Pronouns

In each section you must write out the Italian AND the English Pronouns For each section. You must explain what they are and show how to use them.

Each section must have five sentences which demonstrate their uses

Example for Direct Object Pronouns:

I see her every day.

Io la vedo tutti I giorni.

IN BOCCA AL LUPO

Sapere/Conosceresapere: to know, know how (to), can; to be aware (of), learn, hearIrregular second-conjugation Italian verbTransitive verb (takes a direct object) or intransitive verb (does not take a direct object) conjugated with the auxiliary verb avere

INDICATIVE/INDICATIVO

SAPERE to know a FACT

SAPEREPresenteio sotu sailui, lei, Lei sanoi sappiamovoi sapeteloro, Loro sannoloro, Loro sapevanoloro, Loro seppero

Futuro Sempliceio sapròtu saprailui, lei, Lei saprànoi sapremovoi sapreteloro, Loro sapranno

Passato Prossimoio ho saputotu hai saputolui, lei, Lei ha saputonoi abbiamo saputovoi avete saputoloro, Loro hanno saputo

Conoscere to know a person or something very very wellItalian Verb Conjugations: Conoscere Conjugation table for the Italian verb conoscereconoscere: to know, be familiar with, meet; recognize, experience, enjoyIrregular second-conjugation Italian verbTransitive verb (takes a direct object)

INDICATIVE/INDICATIVO

Presenteio conoscotu conoscilui, lei, Lei conoscenoi conosciamovoi conosceteloro, Loro conoscono

Imperfettoio conoscevotu conoscevilui, lei, Lei conoscevanoi conoscevamovoi conoscevateloro, Loro conoscevano

Futuro Sempliceio conosceròtu conoscerailui, lei, Lei conoscerànoi conosceremovoi conoscereteloro, Loro conosceranno

Passato Prossimoio ho conosciutotu hai conosciutolui, lei, Lei ha conosciuto noi abbiamo conosciutovoi avete conosciutoloro, Loro hanno conosciuto

Conoscere o Sapere?Ways to Say "to know"

I. Conoscere. Ask these people if they are acquainted with the people and places indicated:

Esempio: tu: Paolo   >  Conosci Paolo?voi: l'amico di Giorgioloro: Veneziatu: mia madreGiovanna: Boston Lei : i signori De Sanctis

 II. Sapere: to know a fact. Complete these

questions with the correct form of sapere.Graziella, ________ dov'è la biblioteca?Mi scusi, signore, _________ per caso che ora è?Ragazzi, ___________ che cosa danno al cinema Odeon stasera?

Scusi, signora, _______ se l'autobus numero 27 si ferma qui?Io _______ il nome di quella ragazza.Tu _______ anche il suo numero telefonico?Bambini, _____________ chi fu il primo presidente?

 III. Sapere + Infinitive. Say these

people know how to do the following activities:

 Esempio: tu : parlare

spagnolo  > Sai parlare spagnolo? lei: cantarevoi ragazzi: nuotarenoi : giocare a calcioMimmo : andare a cavalloio : cucinare la pastai ragazzi : suonare la chitarra

 IV.  Conversazione. Creare un dialogo

usando le parole date e facendo altri cambiamenti necessari.

esempio:  -Scusi, signorina (signore). Sa dov'è lo zoo?

-Mi dispiace, non conosco bene Pistoia.             il ristorante Tritone            Roma            il cinema Odeon            Siena            lo stadio            Napoli            la Bibilioteca Nazionale            Firenze            la stazione Termini            Roma            piazza San Marco            Venezia            La Scala            Milano 

V. Conoscere o sapere?A. Scegliere il verbo giusto.

1. Sai  /  Conosci    il fratello di Giorgio?2. Sapete  /  Conoscete    dove Giorgo

abita?3. Sa  /  Conosce    giocare a futbol

Massimo?

4. Sappiamo  /  Conosciamo   la politica di Estonia.

5. So  /  Conosco   bene la regione Chianti nella Toscana.

 B. Completare le frasi con il verbo

appropriato. 

1. ____________ Roma, signorina?2. Io ____________ suonare il pianoforte.3. Tutti _________ che Pietro arriva oggi.4. Noi ___________ dov'è il castello

Sforzesco.5. (tu)  _________ se vengono stasera?6. Chi _______ la differenza fra "ciao!" e

"arrivederci"?7. Lei non _______ quando partono.8. Tu ____________ bene Mariangela;

infatti, esci sempre con lei.9. Enzo non _______ quanti CD ha.10. Non compro il biglietto ancora

perché non ______ se Gianna viene.

11. Marco, _______ benissimo che i tuoi nonni abitano a Genova!

12. Ragazzi, _______ il numero telefonico della professoressa?

13. Voi ____________ bene francese e avete molti amici francesi.

14. Quell'uomo ____________ mio padre; lavorano insieme.

15. Io _______ cucinare, ma preferisco uscire per mangiare.

16. Io non _______ da quanto tempo Maria ____________ Giuseppe.

17. I signori Martinelli non  ________ dov'è il loro figlio.

18. Mia madre vuole __________ se io ho un ragazzo.

19. Franco __________ bene la matematica.

 Answer Key:I. Conoscere.

Voi conoscete l'amico di Giorgio?Loro conoscono Venezia?Tu conosci mia madre?

Giovanna conosce Boston?  OR  Giovanna, conosci Boston?

Lei conosce i signori De Sanctis? 

II. Sapere: to know a fact. Complete these questions with the correct form of sapere.Graziella, sai dov'è la biblioteca?Mi scusi, signore, sa per caso che ora è?Ragazzi, sapete che cosa danno al cinema Odeon stasera?Scusi, signora, sa se l'autobus numero 27 si ferma qui?Io so il nome di quella ragazza.Tu sai anche il suo numero telefonico?Bambini, sapete chi fu il primo presidente?

 III. Sapere + Infinitive: to know how to do.

 Lei sa cantare.Voi ragazzi sanno nuotare.Sappiamo giocare a calcio.Mimmo sa andare a cavallo.So cucinare la pasta.I ragazzi sanno suonare la chitarra.

 IV.  Conversazione.

 --Scusi, signoria, sa dov'è il

ristorante Tritone.--Mi dispiace, ma non conosco bene

Roma. --Scusi, signore, sa dov'è il cinema

Odeon?--Mi dispiace, ma non conosco bene

Siena. eccetera

 V. Conoscere o sapere?Part A. Scegliere il verbo giusto.

1. Conosci    il fratello di Giorgio?

2. Sapete dove Giorgo abita?3. Sa giocare a futbol Massimo?4. Conosciamo la politica di Estonia.5. Conosco bene la regione Chianti

nella Toscana.

 Part B. 1. Conosce Roma, signorina?

2. Io so suonare il pianoforte.3. Tutti sanno che Pietro arriva oggi.4. Noi sappiamo dov'è il castello

Sforzesco.5. (tu) sai se vengono stasera?6. Chi sa la differenza fra "ciao!" e

"arrivederci"?7. Lei non sa quando partono.8. Tu conosci bene Mariangela...9. Enzo non sa quanti CD ha.10. ...non so se Gianna viene.11. Marco, sai benissimo...12. Ragazzi, sapete il numero

telefonico...13. Voi conoscete bene francese...14. Quell'uomo conosce mio padre...15. Io so cucinare...16. Io non so da quanto tempo

Maria conosce Giuseppe.

17. I signori Martinelli non sanno dov'è il figlio.

18. Mia madre vuole sapere se io ho un ragazzo.

19. Franco conosce bene la matematica.

 CONOSCERE/SAPEREio-conoscereconoscotu-conoscereconoscilui/lei-conoscereconoscenoi conoscereconosciamovoi-conoscereconosceteloro-consocereconosconoio-saperesotu-saperesailui/lei-saperesa

noi-saperesappiamovoi-saperesapeteloro-saperesannochiwhoperche'whycomehowdovewherequandowhenqualewhichche/cosawhatto know a factsapereTo know how to do somethingSapereto be familiar with a person, place or thingconscereIo so ballareI know how to dance

Io so l'indirizzo della scuolaI know the address of the schoolIo conosco DavideI know DavidIo consoco RomaI know RomeIo so chi e' DavideI know who David isIo so dov'e' RomaI know where Rome is

fine

THE DIRECT OBJECT

Recognize a direct object when you see one.A direct object will follow a transitive verb [a type of action verb]. Direct objects can be nouns, pronouns, phrases, orclauses. If you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the direct object—if one exists—is easy. Just remember this simple formula:

SUBJECT  +  VERB  + what? or who? =  D IRECT

OBJECT

Here are examples of the formula in action:

Zippy and Maurice played soccer  wi th a grapefrui t pul led from a backyard tree.

Zippy, Maurice = subjects; played = verb. Zippy and Maurice played what? Soccer = direct object.

Zippy accidental ly kicked Maurice   in the shin.

Zippy = subject; kicked = verb. Zippy kicked who?Maurice = direct object.

Sometimes direct objects are single words like soccer andMaurice; other times they are phrases or clauses. The formula nevertheless works the same.

Sylina hates biting her fingernails .

Sylina = subject; hates = verb. Sylina hates what?Biting her fingernails [a gerund phrase] = direct object.

Even worse, Syl ina hates  when Mom lectures her about hand care .

Sylina = subject; hates = verb. Sylina hates what?When Mom lectures her about hand care [asubordinate clause] = direct object.

Direct objects can also follow verbals—infinitives, gerunds, and participles. Use this abbreviated version of the formula:

verbal + what? or who? = direct object

Here are some examples:

To see magnified blood cells , Gus squinted into the microscope on the lab table.

To see = infinitive. To see what? Blood cells = direct object.

Gus bought contact lenses because he wanted to see the beautiful Miranda , his lab partner, more clear ly.

To see = infinitive. To see who? The beautiful Miranda = direct object.

Dragging her seventy-five pound German shepherd   through the door is Roseanne's least favori te part of going to the vet.

Dragging = gerund. Dragging what? Her seventy-five pound German shepherd = direct object.

Heaping his plate  wi th fr ied chicken, Clyde winked at Delores, the cook.

Heaping = participle. Heaping what? His plate = direct object.

Don't mistake a direct object for a subject complement.Only action verbs can have direct objects. If the verb is linking, then the word that answers the what? or who? question is asubject complement.

The space al ien from the planet Zortek accidental ly locked his keys   in his space ship.

Alien = subject; locked = action verb. The space alien locked what? His keys = direct object.

The space al ien was happy   to f ind a spare key taped under the wing.

Alien = subject; was = linking verb. The space alien was what? Happy = subject complement.

Don't use subject pronouns as direct objects.The chart below contains subject and object pronouns. Because direct objects are objects, always use the objective form of the pronoun when you need a direct object.

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns

Iweyou

he, she, ittheywho

meus

youhim, her, it

themwhom

Check out these sample sentences:

After I give my dog Oreo a scoop of peanut butter, she always kisses me  wi th her st icky tongue.

She = subject; kisses = verb. She kisses who? Me = direct object.

Because Jo had skipped Mr. Duncan's class f ive t imes in a row, she ducked out of sight whenever she spotted him  on campus.

She = subject; spotted = verb. She spotted who? Him= direct object.

Because David was always eat ing her food, Theresa sneaked corn chips and candy bars into her room and hid  them   in the clothes hamper.

Theresa = subject; hid = verb. Theresa hid what?Them = direct object.

THE INDIRECT OBJECTRecognize an indirect object when you see one.Indirect objects are rare. You can read for pages before you encounter one. For an indirect object to appear, a sentence must first have a direct object.

Direct objects follow transitive verbs [a type of action verb]. If you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the

direct object—if one exists—is easy. Just remember this simple formula:

SUBJECT  +  VERB  + what? or who? =  D IRECT

OBJECT

Here are examples of the formula in action:

Jim bui l t a  sandcastle  on the beach.

Jim = subject; built = verb. Jim built what?Sandcastle = direct object.

Sammy and Maria brought  Bill ie Lou   to the party.

Sammy, Maria = subjects; brought = verb. Sammy and Maria brought who? Billie Lou = direct object.

To explain the broken lamp, we told a   l ie .

We = subject; told = verb. We told what? Lie = direct object.

When someone [or something] gets the direct object, that word is the indirect object. Look at these new versions of the sentences above:

Jim bui l t his  granddaughter  a sandcastle  on the beach.

Jim = subject; built = verb. Jim built what?Sandcastle = direct object. Who got the sandcastle?Granddaughter = indirect object.

So that Darren would have company at the party, Sammy and Maria brought  him  a blind date .

Sammy, Maria = subjects; brought = verb. Sammy and Maria brought who? Blind date = direct object. Who got the blind date? Him = indirect object.

To explain the broken lamp, we told  Mom  a  l ie .

We = subject; told = verb. We told what? Lie = direct object. Who got the lie? Mom = indirect object.

Sometimes, the indirect object will occur in a prepositional phrase beginning with to or for. Read these two sentences:

Tomas paid the mechanic  200 dol lars to f ix the squeaky brakes.

Tomas paid 200 dol lars  to the mechanic   to f ix the squeaky brakes.

In both versions, the mechanic [the indirect object] gets the200 dollars [the direct object].

When the direct object is a pronoun rather than a noun, putting the indirect object in a prepositional phrase becomes a necessary modification. The preposition smoothes out the sentence so that it sounds natural. Check out these examples:

Lesl ie didn' t have any money for a sandwich, so Smit ty purchased her   i t .

Blech! That version sounds awful! But now try the sentence with the indirect object after a preposition:

Lesl ie didn' t have any money for a sandwich, so Smit ty purchased i t  for her .

Locating the indirect object her in a prepositional phrase lets the sentence sound natural! Now read this example:

After Michael took generous spoonfuls of stuff ing, he passed us   i t .

Ewww! This version sounds awful too! But with a quick fix, we can solve the problem:

After Michael took generous spoonfuls of stuff ing, he passed i t  to us .

With the indirect object us in a prepositional phrase, we have an improvement!

Pronomi diretti e indiretti

Direct object pronouns

Mind, pronouns are little words that replace persons or things. The direct object pronouns replace the

object (the thing or person) and take the place of the noun. The direct object pronoun receives the action

of the verb directly: there is no preposition after the verb!

For example, after the verb “To invite” we don’t have the preposition “to” > I invited her. “Her” is the

“direct object pronoun“, but the verb “to talk” need the preposition “to” before the pronoun > I will

talk to him:  “to him” in Italian is an indirect object pronoun!

Generally the object pronouns are before the verb, but they are after the verb in the infinitive or in the

imperative mood. Before a vowel, singular pronouns use an apostrophe.

 

Pronomi oggetto diretto Direct object pronouns

Mi Me

Ti You

Lo Him/It (masculine – sing.)

La Her/It (feminine – sing.)

Ci Us

Vi You

Li Them (masculine – pl.)

Le Them (feminine – pl.)

Some examples in present tense (pronouns are before the verb):

Prendo il coltello = I take the knife becomes Lo prendo = I take it

Mangio una mela = I eat an apple La mangio = I eat it

Incontro Marco = I meet Marco L'(=lo) incontro = I meet him

Incontro Maria = I meet Maria L'(=la) incontro = I meet her

Taglio I pomodori = I cut the tomatoes Li taglio = I cut them

Affetto le melanzane = I slice the eggplants

Le affetto = I slice them

 

 

INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

While direct object pronouns answer the question what? or whom? Indirect object pronouns answer the question to whom? or for

whom? Also, they're the same as the Direct Object Pronouns except for the pronouns in the Third Person (i.e. to him; to her; to them).Singolare Singular Plural

e Pluralmi (to/for) me ci (to/for) usti (to/for) you

(informal) vi (to/for) you (informal)

gli (to/for) him, it LoroGli

(to/for) You formal

le (to/for) her, it

Le(to/for) you (formal f. & m.)

loro

gli(to them

The direct object is governed directly by the verb, for example, in the following statement: Romeo loved her.

The Indirect Object in an English sentence often stands where you would expect the direct object but common sense will tell you that the direct object is later in the sentence, e.g.: Romeo bought her a bunch of flowers.The direct object — i.e. the thing that Romeo bought is “a bunch of flowers”;

Romeo didn't buy “her” as if she were a slave. So the pronoun her in the sentence actually means "for her" and is the Indirect Object.

Examples:» Qulacuno mi ha mandato una cartolina dalla Spagna   Someone (has) sent me a postcard from Spain.

» Il professore le ha spiegato il problema   The teacher (has) explained the problem to her.

» Gli hai detto di comprare un regalo per sua madre?   Did you tell him/them to buy a present for (his/their) mother.

» Voglio telefonargli   I want to phone him.

» Il signor Brambilla ci ha insegnato l'italiano   Mr Brambilla taught us Italian.

» Cosa gli dici?   What are you saying to him/to them?

» Lucia,tuo padre vuole parlarti!   Lucia, your father wants to speak to you!

» Non gli ho mai chiesto di aiutarmi   I (have) never asked him to help me.

» Non oserei consigliarti   I would not dare to advise you

» Le ho regalato un paio di orecchini   I gave her a present of a pair of earrings.

Italian “passato prossimo”Italian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words).The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (=

participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate.Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb.E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday)Italian regular “participio passato”

-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito

Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > part

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Avere” = to have):We used auxiliary “Avere” when:

The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi = transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g. “mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)”

or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”

Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”.

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]-are -ere -ire

Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito

Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito

Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito

Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito

Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito

Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito

Some examples:

– Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato?– Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno.– Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro…– Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino

– L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano– Anche io (= me too)

––

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Essere” = to be):We used auxiliary “Essere” with:

Essere = To be; Esserci = To be there; Stare/Restare = to stay; Restare/Rimanere to remain

Most common intransitive verbs (generally verbs of movement in/to the space – they explain the direction to or from a place): they don’t need anyyhing after them: these verb are “intransitivi = intransitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “intr.”) e.g. “entrare = to come in“; “cadere= to fall down” and “partire = to leave“

All verbs expressing change (“verbi di cambiamento”) as “diventare = to become”; nascere = to born”; “crescere = to grow up“; “ingrassare = to become fat; etc…

All reflexive verbs ( do you remember tem?)

Impersonal verbs as “succedere = to happen”, but also “piacere = to like” and “bastare = to be enough“

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “essere”, the past participle (il participio passato) changes and agrees in gender and number with the subject, like the adjectives.]

-are -ere -ire

Sono andato/a Sono caduto/a Sono partito/a

Sei andato/a Sei caduto/a Sei partito/a

E’ andato/a E’ caduto/a E’ partito/a

Siamo andati/e Siamo caduti/e Siamo partiti/e

Siete andati/e Siete caduti/e Siete partiti/e

Sono andati/e Sono caduti/e Sono partiti/e

Some examples:

– Ieri c’è stato un concerto dei Genesis.

– E tu ci sei stato?

– Sì, ci sono andato con i miei amici.

– Ieri sono andato/a al cinema con Roberto, e voi dove siete andati?

–– Noi siamo andati a sentire un concerto di musica italiana

– Joe è partito ieri per le vacanze: è tornato a casa in treno– Perché è partito in treno e non è andato in aereo?– Perché ha paura di volare

– Ieri sera Paolo ha bevuto troppa birra, durante la notte è caduto dal letto e stamattina si è svegliato sul pavimento (= floor).

Be carefully: there are a lot of irregular past participle

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell

ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be

Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win

.

ITALIAN DISJUNCTIVE OR "STRESSED" PRONOUNS: I PRONOMI   TONICI Ages ago we learned the direct and indirect object pronouns - mi, ti, lo, la, gli, le, etc. Unlike English, Italian has another version of these which you use after a preposition or verb, often for greater emphasis (hence the name "stressed pronouns"). First we'll learn what these pronouns are, then we'll see how to use them.

Stressed Pronouns

me (me)te (you)Lei (you formal)lui (him)

lei (her)sé (yourself, himself, herself, oneself - reflexive)noi (us)voi (you plural)Loro (you plural formal)loro (them)sé (yourselves, themselves - also reflexive)

So they look like a hybrid of direct or indirect object pronouns and subject pronouns. But take note: although Lei, lui, lei, noi, voi and loro look like subject pronouns, when used disjunctively they are not subjects!

So how are they used?

1) after a preposition

Questo libro è per te. (This book is for you.)Siamo usciti con loro. (We went out with them.)Pensa sempre a sé. (He always thinks about himself.)Studiano sempre da sé. (They always study by themselves.)A me non piace questo vino. (I don't like this wine - a more emphatic way of saying, "Non mi piace questo vino.")Andiamo da lui. (We're going to his place.)

2) after a verb to give the direct or indirect object greater emphasis

Lo amo. - Amo lui. (I love him.)Ti cercavo. - Cercavo te. (I was looking for you.)Mi abbraccia. - Abbraccia me. (She hugs me.)

The above pairs of sentences have the same meanings, but the second in each pair is more emphatic. For even greater emphasis, use anche, proprio or solamente - e.g. Cercavo proprio te. Abbraccia solamente me.

3) after a verb to distinguish between multiple objects

Riconosce me ma non lui. - He recognizes me but not him.Ha invitato noi e loro. - He invited us and them.

4) in comparisons

Marcello è più alto di me. (Marcello is taller than me.)Loro sono meno paurosi di noi. (They are less fearful than us.)Tuo fratello non era intelligente quanto te. (Your brother wasn't as smart as you.) 

A very common Italian idiomatic expression that uses stressed pronouns is, "Tocca a me!" - It's my turn! Of course, you can use it with the other disjunctive pronouns too - Tocca a te, tocca a noi, etc. So when the waiter brings you the bill and someone asks, "Chi paga oggi?" just say, "Eh purtroppo oggi tocca a te!" (Who's buying today? - Unfortunately today it's your turn!) C4N!

I pronomi diretti tonici e atoni

I pronomi personali diretti hanno due forme: la FORMA TONICA e la FORMA ATONA.

FORMA TONICA significa che l’accento della frase si posa su quel pronome; in questo caso il pronome si trova dopo il verbo.

FORMA ATONA significa che l’accento della frase non si posa su quel pronome; in questo caso il pronome si trova prima del verbo.

Poiché le due forme hanno lo stesso significato, la FORMA TONICA è preferita quando il tono della frase è enfatico, cioè si vuole dare risalto alla persona a cui si riferisce il discorso.Esempio:

Cercano TE (FORMA TONICA)TI cercano (FORMA ATONA)Nella frase “Cercano te” l’accento tonico cade sul pronome a sottolineare la II

persona singolare; nella frase “Ti cercano” l’accento cade su “cercAno” e “Ti” specifica solo chi viene cercato.In presenza di verbi modali, la posizione del pronome diretto in forma atona non ha una grande importanza: infatti può trovarsi prima del verbo modale (Esempio: Giorgio mi vuole sposare) o dopo l’infinito, ad esso unito (Esempio: Giorgio vuole sposarmi).

Diretto Tonico Diretto Atono

me mi

te ti

lui lo

lei la

Lei (cortesia) La (cortesia)

noi ci

voi vi

loro (m.) li (m.)

loro (f.) le (f.)

OSSERVA gli esempi:Angela ha visto il suo amico Lorenzo per strada e l’ha chiamato.

Angela ha visto la sua amica Cecilia per strada e l’ha chiamata.

Dottor Poggiali, ieri L’ho vista per strada, L’ho salutata con la mano, ma Lei non mi ha visto.

Angela ha visto i suoi amici per strada e li ha salutati.Angela ha visto le sue sorelle, ma non e le ha salutate.

Il participio passato dei verbi che reggono i pronomi diretti di III persona singolare e plurale concorda in genere ed in numero con il pronome atono.

Solo alla III persona singolare, maschile o femminile, il pronome atono può essere apostrofato.

PASSATO PROSSIMO!Questo tempo indica:

un'azione trascorsa da poco

un'azione trascorsa da tanto tempo con effetti anche nel presente  un'esperienza di vita un'azione passata in un periodo di tempo non ancora trascorso del tutto

Per formare il passato prossimo si usa:

il presente indicativo dei verbi essere o avere

+il participio passato del verbo in questione

Esempi:

Dopo pranzo Marco ha letto il giornale. (azione passata avvenuta poco tempo fa)

Quest'anno siamo andati in vacanza a Barcellona. (quest'anno è ancora in corso) 

Hai studiato all'estero? (un'esperienza di vita)

Sono stata a Parigi due anni fa. (un'esperienza di vita)

Oggi, Luigi e Simona hanno fatto la spesa. (oggi non è ancora finito) 

Sono uscita da scuola mezz'ora fa. (azione passata avvenuta poco tempo fa)

Sono sposato da 14 anni. (sono ancora sposato, rapporto con il presente)

Nota: Per la maggior parte dei verbi si usa l'ausiliare avere; per molti verbi di movimento si usa l'ausiliare essere.

Passato prossimo dei verbi mangiare, credere e partire:

Mangiare Credere io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

mangiato

 io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

creduto

Quando il Passato prossimo è costruito con l'ausiliare essere, occorre concordare il participio in genere e numero con il soggetto.

Partire

 io sono

 tu sei

 lui/lei/Lei è

partito/a

 noi siamo

 voi siete

 loro/Loro sono

partiti/e

Italian “passato prossimo”

Italian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words).

The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (= participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate.

Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb.E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday)

Italian regular “participio passato”-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito

Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > part

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Avere” = to have):We used auxiliary “Avere” when:

The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi = transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g. “mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)” or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”

Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”.

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]

-are -ere -ire

Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito

Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito

Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito

Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito

Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito

Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito

Some examples:– Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato?– Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno.

– Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro…– Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino

– L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano– Anche io (= me too)

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary “Essere” = to be):We used auxiliary “Essere” with:

Essere = To be; Esserci = To be there; Stare/Restare = to stay; Restare/Rimanere to remain

Most common intransitive verbs (generally verbs of movement in/to the space – they explain the direction to or from a place): they don’t need anyyhing after them: these verb are “intransitivi = intransitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “intr.”) e.g. “entrare = to come in“; “cadere= to fall down” and “partire = to leave“

All verbs expressing change (“verbi di cambiamento”) as “diventare = to become”; nascere = to born”; “crescere = to grow up“; “ingrassare = to become fat; etc…

All reflexive verbs ( do you remember tem?)

Impersonal verbs as “succedere = to happen”, but also “piacere = to like” and “bastare = to be enough“

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “essere”, the past participle (il participio passato) changes and agrees in gender and number with the subject, like the adjectives.]

-are -ere -ire

Sono andato/a Sono caduto/a Sono partito/a

Sei andato/a Sei caduto/a Sei partito/a

E’ andato/a E’ caduto/a E’ partito/a

Siamo andati/e Siamo caduti/e Siamo partiti/e

Siete andati/e Siete caduti/e Siete partiti/e

Sono andati/e Sono caduti/e Sono partiti/e

Some examples:

– Ieri c’è stato un concerto dei Genesis.– E tu ci sei stato?– Sì, ci sono andato con i miei amici.

– Ieri sono andato/a al cinema con Roberto, e voi dove siete andati?– Noi siamo andati a sentire un concerto di musica italiana

– Joe è partito ieri per le vacanze: è tornato a casa in treno– Perché è partito in treno e non è andato in aereo?– Perché ha paura di volare

– Ieri sera Paolo ha bevuto troppa birra, durante la notte è caduto dal letto e stamattina si è svegliato sul pavimento (= floor).

Be carefully: there are a lot of irregular past participle

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell

ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be

Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win

.

Passato prossimo dei verbi essere e avere:

Essere Avere

 io sono

 tu sei

 lui/lei/Lei è

stato/a

 io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

avuto

 noi siamo

 voi siete

 loro/Loro sono

stati/e

 

Vedi anche:

Passato Prossimo Esercizio di lingua italiana - Trailer italiano: Cinderella man

Passato Prossimo Esercizio di lingua italiana - Trailer in Italiano: Crazy, Stupid, Love

Corso di Italiano: Unità 8 La formazione del participio passato e il passato prossimo

Dettato: Il viaggio di Paolo Verbo passato prossimo e participio passato

Esercizi di Italiano: Passato Prossimo - verbo STARE

Il presente indicativo

parl - are cred- ere part- ireio parl - o cred- o part- otu parl- i cred-i part- ilui/lei parl- a cred- e part- enoi parl- iamo cred- iamo part-iamovoi parl- ate cred- ete part- iteloro parl- ano cred-ono part- ono

fin- ire (isco)fin- iscofin- iscifin-iscefin-iamofin-itefin-iscono

 How to conjugate verbs / Come coniugare i verbi

Auxiliary verbs / Verbi ausiliari

The two most important verbs in Italian, by far, are avere (to have) and essere (to be). They are called verbi ausiliari (auxiliary verbs), and they are irregular in nearly every tense, including the present indicative, sometimes extremely so. Here are their conjugations.Avere (to have):

Italian English

(Io) ho I have

(tu) hai you (singular) have

(lui/lei/Lei) ha

he/she/you (singular formal) has

(noi) abbiamo we have

(voi) avete you (plural) have

(loro) hanno they have

Essere (to be):Italian English

(Io) sono I am

(tu) sei you (singular) are

(egli(lui)/ella(lei)/Lei) è

he/she/you (singular formal) is

(noi) siamo we are

(voi) siete you (plural) are

(loro) sono they are

Regular verbs / Verbi regolariIn Italian, regular verbs are the most common ones. They always end with -are, -ere, and -ire, are the same in the first person (singular and plural) and second person singular. They are different in the third person (singular and plural) and second person plural. According to the different suffix, verbs are assigned to one of the three regular conjugation of verbs in Italian. For instance:• amare (to love): is a first conjugation verb (prima

coniugazione);• ripetere (to repeat): is a second conjugation verb (seconda

coniugazione);• dormire (to sleep): is a third conjugation verb (terza

coniugazione).

Here is a table of the regular present indicative for -are, -ere, and -ire verbs.

Who amàre (to love)

ripétere (to repeat)

dormìre (to sleep)

Io àmo ripéto dòrmo

tu àmi ripéti dòrmi

lui/lei/Lei àma ripéte dòrme

noi amiàmo ripetiàmo dormiàmo

voi amàte ripetéte dormìte

Essi/loro àmano ripétono dòrmono

It is important to note the change of stress position in different person forms. Regular verbs follow the same position change. Stress is shown in table above to help learning, it is not written in real texts (see Pronunciation for details on stress).

Irregular verbs / Verbi irregolariIn Italian, there are also several irregular verbs. A very few of

them do not even apply to the conjugation previously seen, such as porre (to put down, to place) and tradurre (to translate); actually they derive from second conjugation (ponere,traducere). This is a list of common usage verbs which are known to be irregular, and do not apply to the conjugation rules seen before:

• andare (to go)• bere (to drink)• cercare (to seek, to look for)• dare (to give)• dire (to say)• fare (to do, to make)• piacere (to like)• stare (to stay, to remain)• uscire (to leave, to go out)• venire (to come)• vivere (to live)

Modal verbs / Verbi serviliThree other important verbs, dovere, potere and volere, are irregular too; these three particular verbs are known as verbi servili (modal verbs), as they have the function to “serve” and “support” other infinite verbs. In particular:• dovere is equivalent to the English modal verb must, but also

the have to form: for instance, devo studiare (I have to study, I must study).

• potere is equivalent to the English modal verbs can and may: for instance, puoi andare (You can go, you may go).

• volere expresses willingness to do something, and is actually equivalent to the English verbs to want, to wish and to will; for instance, voglio mangiare (I want to eat). The verb volere can be also used in non-modal forms, that is not in support of an infinite verb.

Another chart to examine the regular verbs in Italian:

Used for:• events happening in the present;• habitual actions;• current states of being and conditions.

amare/a

ˈmaːre/

credere/

ˈkreːdere/

dormire/dor

ˈmiːre/finire/fiˈniːre/

essere/

ˈɛssere/

avere/a

ˈveːre/

andare/an

ˈdaːre/

stare/

ˈstaːre/

dare/

ˈdaːre/

io/ˈiːo/

amo/ˈaːmo/

credo/ˈkreːdo/

dormo/ˈdɔrmo/

finisco/fiˈnisko/

sono/ˈsoːno/

ho/ɔ/

vado (Tuscan: vo)/ˈvaːdo//vɔ/

sto/stɔ/

do/dɔ/

tu/tu/

ami/ˈaːmi/

credi/ˈkreːdi/

dormi/ˈdɔrmi/

finisci/fiˈniʃʃi/

sei/ˈsɛi/

hai/ˈai/

vai/ˈvai/

stai/ˈstai/

dai/ˈdai/

lui / lei / Lei/ˈlui//ˈlɛi/

ama/ˈaːma/

crede/ˈkreːde/

dorme/ˈdɔrme/

finisce/fiˈniʃʃe/

è/ɛ/

ha/a/

va/va/

sta/sta/

dà/da/

noi/ˈnoi/

amiamo/aˈmjaːmo/

crediamo/kreˈdjaːmo/

dormiamo/dorˈmjaːmo/

finiamo/fiˈnjaːmo/

siamo/ˈsjaːmo/

abbiamo/abˈbjaːmo/

andiamo/anˈdjaːmo/

stiamo/ˈstjaːmo/

diamo/ˈdjaːmo/

voi / Voi/ˈvoi/

amate/aˈmaːte/

credete/kreˈdeːte/

dormite/dorˈmiːte/

finite/fiˈniːte/

siete/ˈsjɛːte/

avete/aˈveːte/

andate/anˈdaːte/

state/ˈstaːte/

date/ˈdaːte/

loro/

amano/

credono/

dormono

finiscon

sono/

hanno/ˈanno/

vanno/

stanno

danno

ˈloːro/

ˈaːmano/

ˈkreːdono/

/ˈdɔrmono/

o/fiˈniskono/

ˈsoːno/ ˈvanno//ˈstanno/

/ˈdanno/

• io credo "I believe"• lei dorme "she sleeps"

Pronouns are not obligatory in Italian, and they are normally only used when they are stressed. The conjugation of the verb is normally used to show the subject.

• credo "I believe"• credi "you believe" (2nd pers. sing.)• dorme "he/she sleeps"The pronoun tu (and corresponding verb forms) is used in the singular towards children, family members and close friends (cf. "thou"), whereas voi is used in the same manner in the plural (cf. "ye"). The pronouns Lei and Voi are used towards older people, strangers and very important or respectable people. Note that lei can also mean "she".Lei va "you are going" (formal)tu vai "you are going" (informal)vai "you are going" (informal)va "you are going" (formal)The irregular verb essere has the same form in the first person singular and third person plural.sono "I am"/"they are"The forms vado and faccio are the standard Italian first person singular forms of the verbs andare and fare, but vo and fo are used in the Tuscan dialect.The infix -isc- varies in pronunciation between /isk/ and /iʃʃ/, depending on the following vowel. Similar alternations are found in other verbs:leggo /ˈlɛɡɡo/ "I read" vs. leggi /ˈlɛddʒi/ "you read"dico /ˈdiːko/ "I say" vs. dici /ˈdiːtʃi/ "you say"etc.

another example of basic regular - ARE - ERE -IREconjugations

amare temere sentire finire

(io) amo (io) temo (io) sento (io) finisco(tu) ami (tu) temi (tu) senti (tu) finisci(lui, lei) ama (lui, lei) teme (lui, lei) sente (lui, lei) finisce(noi) amiamo (noi) temiamo (noi) sentiamo (noi) finiamo(voi) amate (voi) temete (voi) sentite (voi) finite(loro) amano (loro) temono (loro) sentono (loro) finiscono

It may be a little late in the game for discussing these, but

it's still worth covering the topic of question words in Italian and looking at some ways they might be used which aren't immediately apparent.

Che?

The word che in Italian means what, but when asking "what" questions it is preferred to ask che cosa, or "what thing". In fact, this is so common that it is actually possible to omit che and just ask cosa as if it were a question!Che cosa fai?What are you doing?

Cosa hai detto?What did you say?

Chi?

The word chi means who. It can be used to ask and answer question about people.Chi hai incontrato?Who did you meet?

chi riceve gli ospitihost (the one who receives guests)

Dove?

The word dove is used to ask where questions. Also, one interesting thing to note is that for questions of "how far?", Italians ask fin dove? or "ending where?".Di dove sei?Where are you from?

Fin dove andrai?How far will you go?

Quando?

The Italian word quando means when. It asks and answers "when" questions. When paired with da (from), it can be used to form the present perfect tense.Quando torni?When will you return?

Da quando sei qui?How long have you been here?

Perché?

The word perchè means both why and because.Sono in ritardo perché avevo dimenticato di mettere la sveglia.I an late because I forgot to set my alarm clock.

Dimme perchè.Tell me why.

Come?

The word come means both how and like. It is capable of both asking and answering "how" questions.Come è vestido?How is he dressed?

È vestido come un poliziotto.He is dressed like a policeman.

It can also be used in the phrase come mai to ask "why" questions (how come).Come mai non sei venuto alla festa?Why didn't you come to the party?

Quanto?

The Italian word quanto translates both as how much and how many, depending on its ending. In English, we have separate words for questions about single or plural quantities. In Italian, you just pluralize the question word as you would any other word.Quanto sono grandi i cani?How big are the dogs?

Quanto anni hai?How old are you?

Quale?

The word quale is the equivalent of the English question word "which".Quale preferisci?Which one do you prefer?

Quale macchina è la tua?Which car is yours?

Meeting people Introducing Yourself in Italian 

When meeting new people in Italy, you will most likely find yourself asking either ‘tu come ti chiami?’ or ‘Lei come si chiama?’ Both mean ‘what is your name’ but the first version is

informal, and can be used with people of the same age or younger, and the second version is formal to be used with people of an older age or in a business / formal situation. Tu means you informal and Lei means you formal.If in doubt, use Lei and you may be invited to use Tu with the expression ‘Diamoci del tu?’ (Shall we use the informal with each other?)Male or Female? Gender confusing namesIf asking the name of a male, you may be surprised to hear them answer Andrea or Nicola as these are female names in the UK and US. The pronunciation in Italian is different, however, with the stress on the middle syllable, rather than the first one as it is in English. These are typical male names in Italy, along with others which can be gender confusing to non-Italians such as Gianmaria, Luca, Rosario and Toni (short for Antonio).

Typical expressions

There are some typical expressions we can use in addition to asking someone’s name when we meet them, such as:Ciao - HelloPiacere - Nice to meet youDi dove sei / di dov’è? - Where are you from (informal and formal)?Sono di ... - I am from ...Che lavoro fai / che lavoro fa? What’s your job (informal and formal)?Mi chiamo ... - My name is ...

MEETING PEOPLE more here……

Your handshake should be firm, and don't be surprised if your new friend moves in for a cheek kiss or shoulder slap. When greeting friends, cheek kisses on both sides are as common as shaking hands in Italy. Remember, though, if you're even

in Russia or places like Lebanon they'll be expecting three kisses, not two.When you introduce yourself tell someone your name, first and last. For "my name is..." you can say "Io mi chiamo..." or "Il mio nome è...". If you have a nickname or preferred to be called by a shortened version of your name let people know up front.Eating and dining are an important part of Italian culture and one of the main way friends connect with one another. If you meet Italians during your vacation, don't be surprised if you're invited for a long, lazy dinner where conversation and laughter is shared over some good food. What better way to bond and unwind? Here is an example of a conversation that may occur between two people who have just met. The scene is a private home in Naples...YOU: "Ciao, mi chiamo Carlo, Carletto per gli amici, piacere di conoscerti. Come ti chiami?" = "Hi, I'm Carlo, but my friends call me Carletto. Nice to meet you. What's your name?"NEW FRIEND: "Io mi chiamo Claudia." = "I'm Claudia."Y: "Come va?" = "How are you doing?" or "How are you?"NF: "Io sto bene, grazie." = "I'm great, thanks."Y: "Di dove sei?" = "Where are you from?"NF: "Io sono italiano e vivo a Roma, e tu?" = "I'm Italian and I live in Rome and you?"Y: "Io vengo da Sidney." = "I'm from Sydney."NF: "Sei mai stata in Italia?" = "Have you ever been to Italy before?"Y: "No, questa è la prima volta." = "No, this is the first time."NF: "Prego, accomodati!" = "Please, take a seat!"NF: "Vorresti un caffè o qualcosa altro da bere?" = "Would you like a coffee or something else to drink?"Y: "Si, grazie un caffè." = "Yes, thank you, a coffee."NF: "Ti stai divertendo qui?" = "Are you having a good time here?"Y: "Si certamente." = "Yes, of course."NF: "Cosa hai fatto di bello oggi?" = "What did you do today?"Y:  "Oggi sono andata al Maschio Angioino e ho fatto delle belle foto." = "Today I went to the Maschio Angioino and I took some beautiful pictures."NF: "Napoli è una bella città, e penso che valga la pena vederla una volta nella vita." = "Naples is a amazing city, I think it's worth seeing it once in a lifetime."Y: "Non molto tempo fa ho pensato a questo viaggio in Italia alla scoperta del paese natio di mio nonno." = "Not too long ago I decided to make this trip to explore the country where my grandfather was born."NF: "Che bella idea! Ricercare le tue radici è interessante. Dove vuoi andare precisamente?" = "What a great idea! Discovering your roots is very interesting. Where would you like to go, exactly?"Y: "Mio nonno era di Caserta, e domani vado là." = "My grandfather was born in Caserta and tomorrow I'm going there."

NF: "Dal momento che non conosci bene la strada, posso procurarti una cartina." = "Given that you're not familiar with the area I can get you a map."Y: "Grazie, molto gentile." = "Thank you, that's very kind of you."NF: "Ad ogni modo se vuoi stare qui a lungo, mi piacerebbe farti fare un giro qui attorno." = "By the way, if you want to stay here longer, I would love to show you around."Y: "Grazie, sarebbe bello!" = "Thanks, that would be great!"NF: "Allora, fa' buon viaggio!" = "Well, then, have a great trip!"Y: Grazie per la tua ospitalità = "Thanks for your hospitality." This is only an example about what can be talked about when you meet someone

Nouns and articles in ItalianItalian Definite ArticleIn English the definite article (l'articolo determinativo) has only one form: the. In Italian, l’articolo determinativo has different forms according to the gender, number, and first letter of the noun or adjective it precedes.

i ragazzi e le ragazze (the boys and girls)il quaderno e la penna (the notebook and pen)

Here are some rules for using definite articles:

1. Lo (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with s + consonant or z.

2. Il (pl. i) is used before masculine nouns beginning with all other consonants.

3. L’ (pl. gli) is used before masculine nouns beginning with a vowel.

4. La (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with any consonant.

5. L’ (pl. le) is used before feminine nouns beginning with a vowel.

The article agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies and is repeated before each noun.

la Coca–Cola e l’aranciata (the Coke and orangeade)

gli italiani e i giapponesi (the Italians and the Japanese)

le zie e gli zii (the aunts and uncles)

The first letter of the word immediately following the article determines the article’s form. Compare the following:

il giorno (the day)l’altro giorno (the other day)lo zio (the uncle)il vecchio zio (the old uncle)i ragazzi (the boys)gli stessi ragazzi (the same boys)l’amica (the girlfriend)la nuova amica (the new girlfriend)

In Italian, the definite article must always be used before the name of a language, except when the verbs parlare (to speak) or studiare (to study) directly precede the name of the language; in those cases, the use of the article is optional.Studio l’italiano. (I study Italian.)

Parlo italiano. (I speak Italian.)Parlo bene l’italiano. (I speak Italian well.)

The definite article is used before the days of the week to indicate a repeated, habitual activity.

Domenica studio. (I’m studying on Sunday.)

Marco non studia mai la domenica. (Marco never studies on

Sunday)

The Italian indefinite article (l'articolo indeterminativo)

corresponds to English a/an and is used with singular nouns. It also corresponds to the number one.

INDEFINITE ARTICLES

MASCHILE FEMMINILE

uno zio (uncle) una zia (aunt)

un cugino (cousin, m.)

una cugina (cousin, f.)

un amico (friend, m.) un’amica (friend, f.)

Uno is used for masculine words beginning with z or s + consonant;

un is used for all other masculine words.

Una is used for feminine words beginning with a consonant;

un’ is used for feminine words beginning with a vowel.

un treno e una biciclettaun aeroplano e un’automobileuno stadio e una stazione

Italian Vocabulary Things in a classroom

Vocabolario italiano - Italian vocabularyGLI OGGETTI IN UN'AULA - CLASSROOM OBJECTS

Italiano English

l'aula f classroom

il blocchetto per appunti notepad

la borsa bag

il cancellino board eraser

la carta paper

la cartella folder

la classe class

l'evidenziatore m highlighter pen

un foglio di carta a sheet of paper

il gessetto piece of chalk

la gomma eraser (US), rubber (GB)

la lavagna blackboard

la lavagna bianca whiteboard

il lettore di cassette tape player

il libro book

il libro di esercizi workbook

la matita pencil

il pastello crayon

il pennarello board pen, felt-tip pen

la perforatrice hole punch

il portafogli briefcase

il registratore tape recorder

il righello ruler

la scrivania desk

la scuola school

la sedia chair

il taccuino notebook

il temperamatite, il temperino pencil sharpener

alzare la mano to raise one's hand

aprire/chiudere il libro to open/close the book

ascoltare una cassetta to listen to a tape

cancellare la lavagna to clean the board

condividere il libro to share a book

fare una domanda to ask a question

guardare un video to watch a video

lavorare a coppie to work in pairs

lavorare a gruppi to work in groups

parlare col tuo compagno to talk to your partner

scambiare i posti to swap places

ENGLISHItalian School Words INGLESE 

ItalianoA B C D E F G

H IJ K L M N O

P QR S T U V W

X Y Z

ALPHABETl'alfabeto

ARTl'arte BACKPACK

lo zaino

BELLil

campanelloBOOKil libro

BOOKCASElo scaffale

CALCULATOR

la calcolatriceCLOCKl'orologio

COMPUTER

il computer

DESKla scrivania

DICTIONAREASEL

il cavalletto

ERASERla gomma

EXAMl'esame

GLOBEil

mappamondo

Yil dizionario

INKl'inchiostro

KEYBOARDla tastiera

LEARNimparare

A B C D E F G H I

J K L M N O P Q R

S T U V W X Y Z

LETTERSl'alfabeto

LUNCHil pranzo

MAGNETla calamita

MAPla mappa,la cartina

MEDALla medaglia

MOUSEil mouse

RULERla riga

SCALEla bilancia

SCHOOLla scuola

SCHOOL BUS

l'autobus della scuola

SCISSORSle forbici

STAPLERla cucitrice

TEACHinsegnare

TEACHERl'insegnante, professore, maestro/a

THINKpensare

djectives of nationality in ItalianTo find out somebody's nationality and where he or she comes from, we can ask the question:

Di dove sei (tu)? / Where are you from?

  - (Io) Sono di Buenos Aires. / I'm from Buenos Aires.   - (Io) Sono argentina. / I'm Argentinian.

Di che nazionalità è lui? / What nationality is he?

  - Lui è giapponese. / He's Japanese.

(Voi) Siete inglesi? / Are you English?

  - Sì. / Yes.   - No, (noi) siamo americani. / No, we are American.

Listen to these dialogues:

Nazionalità e ProvenienzaThere aren't any rules to create adjectives of nationality. Usually they come from the same word as the country.One exception is for the country Germania, where the adjective is tedesco.

N.B: We use a small letter for the first letter of the adjective.

CountryAdjective of nationality 

-ano/aItalia

AmericaAustralia

EgittoMessico

ColombiaBrasileCorea

italiano/aamericano/aaustraliano/a

egiziano/amessicano/acolombiano/abrasiliano/acoreano/a

-eseInghilterra

IrlandaOlanda

FinlandiaNorvegia

CinaFrancia

PortogalloCanada

ingleseirlandeseolandese

finlandesenorvegese

cinesefrancese

portoghesecanadese-ense

Stati Uniti d'AmericaPanama

statunitensepanamense

-ino/aArgentina

AlgeriaTunisia

argentino/aalgerino/atunisino/aeno/a

IraqCile

iracheno/acileno/a-o/a

RussiaGrecia

russo/agreco/a

-eLettoniaEstonia

lettoneestone

Adjectives of nationality with other suffixes:

-ita vietnamita

-egno ecuadoregno/a

-ota keniota

-acco polacco/aslovacco/a

The adjective for Romania, so as not to confuse it with "romano" (from Rome), is rumeno/a.

For some nations, there is no corresponding adjective and so to indicate nationality we say abitante di / cittadini di(inhabitant of / citizen of) plus the name of the country.

Examples:

Io sono abitante del Bangladesh. / I am an inhabitant of Bangladesh. Loro sono cittadini del Botswana. / They are citizens of Botswana.

The adjectives for the continents are as follows:

Continent AdjectiveAmerica

(Oceania) AustraliaAsia

AfricaEuropa

americano/aaustraliano/a

asiatico/aafricano/aeuropeo/a

COGNATE ADJECTIVES

Content/a

Difficile

Onesto

Disonesto

Importante

Indipendente

Intelligente

Interessante

Lungo

Nervosa

Serio

Sincero

Socievole

Studioso

Timido e tranquillo

Other common Adjectives

Antipatico

Bello

Bravo

Buono

Cattivo

Divertente

Facile

Felice

Noioso

Pigro

Simpatico

Triste

La pizza e’ buona.

L’insegnante e’ brava!

E’ un libro noioso.

Sono ragazzi studiosi.

Che ore sono? Che ora e’ ?

Telling TimeTelling time in Italian

You've got to know the time if you want to see those Botticelli paintings at the Uffizi in Florence. Luckily, there are two ways to ask "What time is it?" in Italian: Che ora è? andChe ore sono? If the time is one o'clock, noon, or midnight, the answer is in the singular; for all other hours, it is plural. Note that the phrase "o'clock" has no direct equivalent in Italian.

Che ora è? (What time is it?)Che ore sono? (What time is it?)È l'una. (It's one o'clock.)È mezzogiorno. (It's noon.)È mezzanotte. (It's midnight.)Sono le tre e quindici. (It's 3:15.)È mezzo giorno e dieci. (It's 12:10.)

COMMON TERMS RELATED TO TELLING TIMEmorning di mattinonoon mezzogiornoafternoon del pomeriggioevening di seramidnight mezzanottea quarter un quartoa quarter after/past e un quartohalf past e mezzoa quarter to/before meno un quartosharp in punto

Store hours, TV timetables, performance listings, and other time references are written differently in Italy. When telling time, commas replace colons. For example, 2:00 becomes 2,00; 2:30 becomes 2,30; 2:50 becomes 2,50.

The following table shows how you would tell the time from 5:00 to 6:00.

TELLING TIME 5:00-6:005,00 Sono le cinque.5,10 Sono le cinque e dieci.5,15 Sono le cinque e un quarto.5,20 Sono le cinque e venti.5,30 Sono le cinque e mezzo.5,40 Sono le sei meno venti.5,45 Sono le sei meno un quarto.5,50 Sono le sei meno dieci.6,00 Sono le sei.

As in most of Europe, Italy uses the so-called "official time" (equivalent to "military time" in the United States) in train schedules, performances, movie timetables, radio, TV, and office hours. Between friends and in other informal situations, Italians may use the numbers from 1 to 12 to indicate time, and the context of the conversation will usually be sufficient. After all, La Scala doesn't have performances at eight in the morning!

Fine parte I