Definition -Pressure
Transcript of Definition -Pressure
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Definition - Pressure
• Pressure
• Force = Mass x Acceleration
• Area
SI Unit ⇒ Pascal = Newton/m2
= (m • kg • s-2)/m2
FFPP == ________
AA
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Influences on Force
• Mass Load
• Local Gravity
• Air Buoyancy
• Verticality (Level)
• Surface Tension
• Other (Environment)-- Magnetism, Air Drafts, Mass
Rotation
ΣΣ FFP =P = ________
AA
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Influences on Area
• Pressure Dependence
– Distortion
– Operating Fluid
– Geometric Uniformity
• Temperature
FFP =P = ________
AA
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Reference Modes
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ACCURACY TERMSACCURACY TERMSACCURACY TERMS
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LINEARITY TSLLINEARITY TSL
• Draw a line through zero and full scale pressure point
• Error is either positive or negative• Typically nearly twice the BSL fig
ure
O/P
P
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LINEARITY BSLLINEARITY BSL
• Draw a best straight line through all the points (least square error)
• Error is + and -
O/P
P
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FORCED ZERO BSLFORCED ZERO BSL
O/P
P
• Fix the zero • Slope is BSL
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REPEATABILITYREPEATABILITY
• Definition - the spread of readings when taking consecutive measurements without changing the pressure, temperature or other external environmental conditions e.g. EMC
• This is not easy to measure because the noise is masked by changes in the environmental factors
• Our best estimate comes from noise measurements which give <<0.1 uV in the frequency range 0.1 to 10 Hz.
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PRESSURE HYSTERESISPRESSURE HYSTERESIS
• The changes in measured pressure as a percentage of full scale when the pressure is changed then returned to the original value whilst keeping all other environmental conditions the same or compensating for them.
• Again difficult to measure, changing pressure changes the temperature of the pressure media.
• Current design show pressure hysteresis lower than our measurement threshold.
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TEMPERATURE ERRORSTEMPERATURE ERRORS
• TEB (Thermal error band)
• RTE (Referred temperature error)
• Thermal hysteresisGood design and temperature cycle out hysteresisCreep
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RTE: REFERRED TEMPERATURE ERRORRTE: REFERRED TEMPERATURE ERROR
• Error is with respect to the room temperature error• Not necessarily a linear relationship.
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TEB: TEMPERATURE ERROR BANDTEB: TEMPERATURE ERROR BAND
• Measure performance at all temperatures• Plot all errors and put a band around them, take the spread say 2%Fs and h
alve the figure quoting +/-1%FS TEB
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Why Calibrate ?•Every day we make decisions based on the information we have acquired.
•Whether we make the right decisions depends largely on whether the information is correct.
•We often acquire information by way of measurement.
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Equipment Categories•Product Critical Instruments - have a direct effect on QUALITY
•Process Critical Instruments - have a direct effect on QUANTITY
•Safety Critical Instruments - have a direct effect on plant and personnel SAFETY
•Non Critical Instruments
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Calibration Hierarchy•NATIONAL STANDARDS LABInternational/National Primary Standard & Secondary Standard
•CALIBRATION LABORATORY Reference Standard & Working Standard
•INDUSTRYIndustrial Standard & Measuring Device
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PRESSURE STANDARDS
1. Primary Pressure Standard : -. Dead weight Tester
ex) Model : 2465 ( RUSKA)…
2. Secondary Pressure Standard-. Portable Pressure Calibrator
ex) DPI 610 series, DPI605 series…
-. Digital Pressure Controllerex) DPI 515, DPI520, 7250 series ….
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PRESSURE CALIBRATIONPRESSURE CALIBRATION
WHYCALIBRATE ?
SAFETY
ISO 9000TRACEABILITY
OF ALLMEASUREMENTS
MEASURINGINSTRUMENTS PRODUCTION
QUALITY
PRODUCTIONCOST
LEAKAGEPLANT FAILURE
SHUT-DOWN
DRIFT
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WHY USE A DEADWEIGHT TESTER?WHY USE A DEADWEIGHT TESTER?
• LOSE USE OF INSTRUMENT FOR LONGER• RISK CHANGE IN STATUS AFTER CAL
• SHORTSIGHTED TO BU Y EXPENSIVE ACCURATE PRESSURESENSING DEVICES W ITH NO MEANS TO CHECK O R VERIFYACCURACY.
• PRIMARY REFERENCE FOR PRESSURE.
• MOST ACCURATE AND STABLE MEANS O F PRESSUREMEASUREMENTS.
• D IRECTLY TRACEABLE TO INTERNATIONA L PRESSURESTANDARDS.
• SELF-CONTAINED W ITH OW N PRESSURE GENERATOR (NOTHIGH PRESSURE AIR MODELS).
• ISO 9000
• SAVE M ONEY BY HAVING THE ABILITY TO CALIBRATE OW NSECONDARY STANDARDS
• U S E O F E XT E R N A L LA B O R A TO R IE S
• SAVE MONE Y B Y HAV IN G VER Y ACCURATE MEASURE MENTS :F ISCAL METER ING / CUSTOD Y TRANSFE R
• INTR INS ICALLY SAFE
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DEADWEIGHTTESTERS
PRIMARYSTANDARDS
• SIMPLE TO USE
• STABLE
• ACCURATE
• INTRINSICALLY SAFE
SPECIFICATIONSAVAILABLE
• ACCURACY FROM:0.005% to 0.1% OF READING
• RANGES FROM:-1 to 4000 bar
• OPERATING MEDIA:OIL, GAS, WATER
• OPERATING ENVIRONMENT:LABORATORY, INDUSTRIAL, ON-SITE
PRESSUREMODES
• POSITIVE GAUGE PRESSURE
• NEGATIVE GAUGE PRESSURE
• ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
• DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
TYPES OF DEADWEIGHT TESTERTYPES OF DEADWEIGHT TESTER
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GAUGE PRESSUREGAUGE PRESSURE
AREA
FORCE
PRESSURE PRESSURE = FORCEAREA
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VACUUMVACUUM
FORCE
AREA
VACUUM
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ABSOLUTE PRESSUREABSOLUTE PRESSURE
REFERENCE PRESSURE (RP)
VACUUMPUMP
AREA
FORCE
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
= AREA + RPFORCE
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DIFFERENTIAL PRESSUREDIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
P
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURETRANSMITTER
CROSS CONNECTING VALVE
HIGHLOW
MEASURINGPISTON
BALANCEPISTON
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WHICH DEADWEIGHT TESTER?WHICH DEADWEIGHT TESTER?
WHAT PRESSURERANGE IS
REQUIRED ?
WHICHDEADWEIGHT
TESTER ?WHAT OPERATING
MEDIA ISREQUIRED ?
WHAT ACCURACYIS
REQUIRED ?
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WHICH DEADWEIGHT TESTER?WHICH DEADWEIGHT TESTER?
WHAT MEDIA ? G E N E R A L L Y :• H I G H P R E S S U R E S – H Y D R A U L I C• L O W P R E S S U R E S – P N E U M A T I C
T h e d e a d w e ig h t te s te r is a c c u ra te w h ils t th e p is to n a n d w e ig h ts a re f lo a tin g a n d s p in n in g .T h e p is to n m u s t s p in to e lim in a te fr ic tio n .O il d e a d w e ig h t te s te rs w ill n o t s p in a t lo w p re s s u re s d u e to th e d ra g o f o il .
OIL1 to 4000 bar
•ROBUST•GOOD LUBRICANT•LARGE GAP BETWEEN PISTON & CYLINDER•TOLERATE SMALL DEGREE OF CONTAMINATION (NOT RECOMMENDED)•LITTLE USER MAINTENANCE REQUIRED
WATER0.5 to 700 bar
•CARE REQUIRED
•POOR LUBRICANT•SMALL GAP BETWEEN PISTON & CYLINDER•ENSURE WATER FILM EXISTS AROUND PCU BEFORE USE•DISTILLED / DEIONISED WATER ONLY•DO NOT CONTAMINATE•PERIODICALLY CLEAN PCU
•POOR LUBRICANT•SMALLEST GAP BETWEEN PISTON & CYLINDER•DO NOT CONTAMINATE•GAS SUPPLY MUST BE CLEAN & DRY•DEVICE UNDER TEST MUST BE INTERNALLY CLEAN•FREQUENTLY CLEAN PCU
•GREATER CARE REQUIRED
GAS0.0002 to 140 bar
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WHICH INSTRUMENT?WHICH INSTRUMENT?W H A T A C C U R A C Y ?
IF U N C E R T A IN , U S E T H E ‘R U L E O F T H U M B ’ :
• 1 0 T IM E S M O R E A C C U R A T E T H A N T H E D E V IC E T O B E C A L IB R A T E D IF AM A N U F A C T U R E R
• 4 T IM E S M O R E A C C U R A T E T H A N T H E D E V IC E T O B E C A L IB R A T E D IF A N E N DU S E R
2%
1%
0.5%
0.25%
0.1%
0.05%
0.025%
0.01%
BOURDON TUBEPRESSURE GAUGE
COMPARITOR
ELECTRONICTRANSFERSTANDARD
DEADWEIGHTTESTER
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ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCESENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
INFLUENCE STANDARD / REFERENCE VARIANCE / EFFECT
PRESSURE = FORCEAREA
FORCE
AREA
PRESSURE
G R A V IT Y (F O R C E ) 9 8 0 .6 6 5 c m /s ² 0 .5 %
T E M P E R A T U R E (A R E A ) 2 0 °C 0 .0 0 1 6 % /°C
A IR D E N S IT Y (F O R C E ) 0 .0 0 1 2 g /m l 0 .0 0 1 3 % / 0 .0 0 0
N O T E : A IR D E N S IT Y V A R IE S T Y P IC A L L Y F R O M 0 .0 0 1 0 T O 0 .0 0 1 3 g /m l
A L L O F T H E A B O V E IN F L U E N C E S C A N B E C O M P E N S A T E D F O R .
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LOCAL GRAVITYLOCAL GRAVITY
1. SITE SURVEY2. GRAVITY CALCULATION
THE CALCULATION IS BASED UPON THE FOLLOW ING DATA:• SITE LATITUDE IN DEGREES (L)• SITE ALTITUDE IN METRES (H)
THE EQUATION USED FOR SEAL LEVEL IS AS FOLLOW S:
LOCAL GA = 980.616(1 - 0.0026373 x cos2L + 5.9 x 10-6 x cos2L x cos2L)
THE EQUATION USED FOR HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL IS AS FOLLOW S:
LOCAL GRAVITY = GA – 0.0003086 x H
FOR EXAMPLE:
SITE LATITUDE IN DEGREES (L) = 13.44SITE ALTITUDE IN METRES (H) = 100
LOCAL GRAVITY AS CALCULATED ABOVE = 978.283 cm/s²
1. NEAREST LOCAL SITE
THE FOLLOW ING GENERALLY HAVE LOCAL SITE GRAVITY SURVEYS:
• METROLOGY INSTITUTE• UNIVERSITY• AIRPORT
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PISTON GAUGE SELECTION CHART N o Y e s O i l A u t o m a t i c B M a n u a l o G a s t h N o Y e s Y e s N o Y e s N o
A c c u r a c y : < 0 . 0 1 %
S e e P r e s s u r e m e n t sD e a d w e i g h t G a u g e s
M e d i a : O i l G a s B o t h
A u t o m a t i c o r M a n u a l
M o d e l 2 4 9 24 0 , 0 0 0 p s i M a x i m u m
P r e s s u r e R a n g e :≤ 1 , 0 0 0 p s i
P r e s s u r e R a n g e : ≤ 2 0 , 0 0 0 p s i
M o d e l 2 4 8 5H i g h P r e s s u r e S y s t e m7 2 , 5 0 0 p s i R a n g e S e l e c t A n y P i s t o n A s s y .
M o d e l 2 4 8 5L o w P r e s s u r e S y s t e m S e l e c t P i s t o n A s s y . 1 0 – 1 , 0 0 0 p s i 1 0 0 – 1 0 , 0 0 0 p s i 2 0 0 – 2 0 , 0 0 0 p s i
M o d e l 2 4 8 5 - 6 2 6 S y s t e mG a s t o 1 5 , 0 0 0 p s i O i l t o 2 0 , 0 0 0 p s i S e l e c t A n y P i s t o n A s s y . t o 2 0 , 0 0 0 p s i
P r e s s u r e R a n g e : ≤ 3 , 0 0 0 p s i
M o d e l 2 4 7 51 7 0 – 1 5 , 0 0 0 p s i gH e l i u m G a s
M o d e l 2 4 6 50 . 2 – 1 , 0 0 0 p s iG a u g e & A b s .
M o d e l 2 4 7 01 0 0 – 3 , 0 0 0 p s i g
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Ruska 2465 Gas Piston Gauge
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Model 2485 Hydraulic DWG
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2485 Key Features
• Accuracy
– 0.0024% of Reading to 70 bar
– 0.0035% of Reading to 1400 bar
– 0.01% of Reading to 5000 bar
• Protected Piston/Cylinder Design
• Easy to Install Piston/Cylinder - No Tools Required
• Easy to Operate (Isolation Valve, 3 Point Level)
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Secondary StandardsSecondary StandardsSecondary Standards
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WHAT IS A CONTROLLER/CALIBRATOR?WHAT IS A CONTROLLER/CALIBRATOR?
• Secondary or transfer standard
• Visual display of controlled pressure output
• Electrical input/output
• Digital input/output
• Pressure output
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BASIC CONCEPT OF A PRESSURE CONTROLLERBASIC CONCEPT OF A PRESSURE CONTROLLER
+
-
Source
Setpoint
Feedback
Input Output
PressureController
DeviceUnderTest
+
-
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DRUCK CONTROLLERS/CALIBRATORS
DPI 515
DPI 520
DPI 530
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DPI 515 MAIN FEATURESDPI 515 MAIN FEATURES
• 0.01% FS Precision(0.03% FS below 700 mbar)
• 0.02% Reading 12 monthmeasurement stability
• Wide choice of pressure ranges25 mbar FS to 210 bar FS
• RS232 and IEEE-488 commsas standard
• Fast control to setpoint,typically less than 10 seconds
• Control stability better than10 ppm at setpoint
• Easy to learn, user friendly interface
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DPI 515 AERONAUTICAL OPTION C
• Control in Aerospace units feet, metres, Knots, Km/h, Mph or Mach
• Altitude control/measure to 0.13 mbar
• Airspeed control/measure to 0.2 mbar
• Timed or instant Rate of Climb
• Settable R.O.C. and rate of speedto protect sensitive instruments
• Compatible with current RVSM requirements for Altitude
• Different configurations available(C1: Altitude, C2: Airspeed, C3: Both)
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DPI 515-2892 NATO CODIFIED
• Special 5 range version
• Primary manifold- 35 bar g/36 bar abs (Engine pressure)- 750-1150 mbar abs (Barometric ref.)
• Secondary manifold- 2.5 bar gauge (Airspeed)- 1.3 bar absolute (Altitude)- 0.3 bar differential
• All Aeronautical ranges on one manifold
• Includes soft carry case and user manual
• Calibration and service manuals available
• Fully NATO codified (NSN-6685-99-227-8159)
• 300 bought by UK MOD for RAF
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DPI 515 ENHANCED STABILITY OPTION E
• Absolute pressure control to 0.01% FS • 750 - 1150 mbar abs• 35 - 1310 mbar abs• 35 - 2700 mbar abs
• 12 month measurement stability 0.01%• Utilises Druck RPT as control sensor,
(no zeroing required!)• Replaces the old DPI 501 for low pressure
absolute application• E1: Single range, can be combined with
any other range/option• E2: Dual range, available with any option
except the barometric reference (A)
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LABVIEW DRIVER FOR DPI 515
• Free Labview 6.0 Driver and example VI availableat www.Druck.com
• Easy interface with PC via Labview
• IEEE or RS232 compatible
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LABVIEW SCHEMATICS
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LABVIEW VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT
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DPI 515 SENSOR CALIBRATION MODULE
Basic task modified with SCM feature
Units
Vent
Range
Process
Range
Gauge/abs
999.99 mbar
Set point: 999.99 mbar
Rate:Or Pre-Set/Divider
SCM: 100.0100 mVA
PressureWindow
Pressure Set Point
SCM Window
AutoRange
SCM
1barg
7barg
---
More
135mVA
135mVC
11V
25nA
SCM Off
• Accurate electrical measurementof sensor outputs
• Ranges 0-25 mA, ± 135 mV, 0-11V
• Excitation output +10 V reg, +24 V unreg
• Integral to DPI 515, all in onepressure calibration
• Easy connection with special SCM lead and probe
• Dual screen display of pressureand electrical values
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DPI 515 SOFTWARE UPGRADES
• New software in development for improvement
• Downloaded via RS232
• Present release 4.3
• Next release 5.0, due early 2002
• Includes:• Improved control• Jog in Divider/Present Tasks• Test programs (similar to
RUI 100 on DPI 520). Stores15 programs
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DPI 515 TECHNOLOGY
• Utilises Druck PDCR 2200 low dopedgrade A sensor
• Fully temperature characterised toprovide enhanced performance
• Barometric reference via Druck RPT• Highly reliable internal PSU, same as
DPI 520 (excellent MTBF) • Manifolds machined from a single
block of metal with latest pick ‘n’ place,surface mount technology
• Extruded aluminum chassis and steel plates for body strength
• Moulded ABS front panel for ergonomically pleasing look and mechanical strength
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DPI 515 APPLICATIONS DPI 515 APPLICATIONS
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DPI 520 APPLICATIONSDPI 520 APPLICATIONS