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Definition of Civil Engineering – Samuel C. Florman “Civil engineers design and construct...
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Transcript of Definition of Civil Engineering – Samuel C. Florman “Civil engineers design and construct...
Definition of Civil Engineering – Samuel C. Florman
• “Civil engineers design and construct buildings, dams, and bridges; towers, docks and tunnels – structures of all sorts. Civil Engineering also encompasses highways, railroads, and airports, along with water supply and sewage disposal. In short, civil engineering is basic and of the earth, historically – along with mining – the root of all engineering.”
Pozzolana from Bacoli in the Bay of Naples
Civil Engineering Bureaucracy in Ancient Rome
• Architectus – Master Builder
• Agrimensors – land suveyors
• Librators -- levelers
• Mensors -- quantity measurers
• Aquelegus– aqueduct inspectors
• Viarum curator – superintendent of roads
Five Types of Roman Roads:
• Via – 14 ft. wide
• Actus – 7 ft. wide
• Iter – 5 ft. wide
• Senita – 2.5 ft. wide
• Callais – mountain road
Roman Bridges
• Borrowed Concept of the arch from the Etruscans
• Used the form to replace wooden structures
• Works were aesthetically balanced and stable
• Heavy piers• Foundations that could withstand river
currents – use of iron-tipped piles
Urban Water Supplies
• First of 11 aqueducts supplying water to Rome constructed by 300 BC
• 144 BC aqueduct “Marcia,” a high-level supply 58 miles long and 195 feet above the Tiber
• Use of water treatment techniques, especially use of lime as a coagulant
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio – On Architecture (15 AD)
• A architectus (master builder) should be broadly educated:– History– Law– Medicine– Philosophy– Astronomy
• “let the architectus not be grasping or have his mind occupied with the idea of receiving requisites, but let him with dignity keep his position by cherishing a good reputation. No work can be rightly done without honesty and incorruptibility.”
Julius Frontinius – On Water – 199 AD
• Frontinius was the commissioner of Rome from 97-104 AD
• The Romans built over 200 city water supplies
Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788) – 5 Attributes marked Rome at its end:
• A mounting love of show and luxury
• A widening gap between the rich and the poor
• An obsession with sex
• Freakishness in the arts, masquerading as originality
• An increased desire to live of the state