Decline of the Republic

Rise of an Empire

Decline of the Republic Farmers Debts

Effect of Hannibal’s invasion Sold farms to rich

Unemployment Farmers move to cities

for work Join poor class

continue Two Brothers Attempt to Reform—

Tiberius Gracchus (GRAH-kus) Limit large estates give land to farmers

Gaius (GY-us) Gracchus Give grain to poor

Social and Political Disorder Division between rich and poor

Slave revolts Fear of slaves (thousands) Spartacus 73 B.C Extend citizenship to slaves in order to

stop revolts.

What happened to Tiberius & Gaius? Tiberius killed (Senate) Gaius was unable to maintain order

killed (Senate) The deaths of Gracchus brothers left more

political and social unrest….

Cicero (106 B.C. – 43 B.C.)  Never emperor

very influential; senate until his death

Urged for peace  Tried to restore a

traditional gov’t  Widely popular, but

also unsuccessful

The 1st Triumvirate Julius Caesar Pompey Crassus

Rome: Pax Romana - Decline

Hated each other (kept each other close). Hated by the Senate They also hated the senate Caesar was the favorite of the three

Crassus and Pompey were jealous—Caesar takes advantage of this and wants full control of Rome.

Crassus is killed in war

 One down, one to go  Civil War breaks out and Caesar defeats

Pompey Caesar is the only one left

“Beware of the Ides of March”

Caesar is going to the senate He is assassinated Stabbed as he is going into the building “Et tu Brutus” March 15, 44 B.C. End of the 1st Triumvirate

Assassination of Julius Caesar

The 2nd Triumvirate

Marc Antony Octavian (nephew of Caesar) Lepidus

Second Triumvirate

Unite to defeat Caesar’s murderers

Octavian defeats Antony and becomes ruler of Rome

The Roman Empire is divided between the three Antony took the east

Octavian took the west

Lepidus took North Africa

Octavian wants it all Convinces Lepidus to retire Antony has a love affair with Cleopatra

Commits suicide when he hears rumors that Cleopatra had killed herself

Octavian has complete control of the Roman Empire, but there is still a division between east and west.

Octavian changes his name to Caesar Augustus

Beginning of the Pax Romana (Peace of Rome)

Pax Romana

200 years of Roman Peace Lasts from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius

Achievements of Pax Romana Order

Governors and officials settled disputes Commoners could hold gov. posts

Prosperity Built road, improved harbors, trade flourished Wealth time period

Unity 50 million unite under Roman rule and law Latin learned by many One system of weights, measurements, and laws