The Dutch Republic: The Golden Age€¦ · The Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of a Golden...
Transcript of The Dutch Republic: The Golden Age€¦ · The Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of a Golden...
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The Dutch Republic:
The Rise and Decline of a
Golden Age, 1581-1715
• Why did the Dutch choose
a republic?
• Why a “golden age”?
• To what extent was the
Dutch Republic “the most
bourgeois of all of
Europe?”
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Classical Models of Government:
Democracy / Republic / Aristocracy / Oligarchy / Monarchy
What form of government would
European States adopt, 1648-1715?
How would the European states influence
Each other in their choices of
government?
-France
-England
-Russia
-the Netherlands
Why does it matter?
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The Dutch Republic and the Global
Economy of the 17th Century
• What important innovations of the 17th century
transformed the global economy?
• To what extent did European consumerism shape
the global economy?
• What is the connection between the global economy
and the Dutch Republic’s Golden Age?
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The emergence of Dutch power:
Anti-Spanish & Anti-Hapsburg resistance
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1581: Dutch Constitution“As it is apparent to all that a prince is constituted by God to be ruler of a people, to defend them from oppression and violence as the shepherd his sheep…and when he does not behave, on the contrary, oppresses them, seeking opportunities to infringe their ancient customs and privileges, then he is no longer a prince but a tyrant, and the subjects are to consider him in no other view.”
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Chronology: The Rise
• 1609: Twelve Years’ Truce recognizes an
independent Dutch state in the northern
provinces; founding of the Bank of
Amsterdam
• 1612: Manhattan Island settled as a Dutch
colony; New Haarlem colony created
• 1621: The Dutch West India Company is
Created; Dutch prepare for war against Spain
(30 Years’ War)
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Chronology: The Height
• 1652: Portuguese South Africa is turned over to the VOC; origin of Afrikaaners
• 1640s-1660’s: Series of Navigation Acts passed by British Parliament against the Dutch
• 1670’s: French government issues first mercantilist policies directed against the Dutch and English
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Why a Golden Age?
• SOCIAL: religious tolerance,bourgeoisie dominate
• POLITICAL: Mercantile oligarchy balanced by the House of Orange “staatholder” (military ruler); relative political freedom
• INTELLECTUAL: Scientific Revolution and
Enlightenment begin here
• CULTURE: Dutch masters – painting
• ECONOMICS: Financial & Shipping Power
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Chronology: The Decline
• 1688: The Glorious Revolution in England
William of Orange (Dutch) and his
Scottish wife, Mary, assume the royal
crown of England.
• 1670’s – 1710’s: Series of commercial
wars weaken the Dutch economy & govt
• 1715: Treaty of Utrecht. British mercantile
power eclipses the Dutch.
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THE TULIP INDUSTRY
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Vesalius: Modern Anatomy
Published Without Censorship
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“An Old Jew”
Rembrandt van Rijn
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De Hoek.
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View of Delft,
by Vermeer.
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“Study:
Head of a Negro”
Rembrandt van Rijn
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Vermeer.
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“The most bourgeois” of all European countries, 17th century.
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Vermeer.
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Dr. Tulp’s Anatomy Lesson by Rembrandt
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The House of Orange
balances the government….
William III of Orange
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Science & Enlightenement
Leeuewenhoek
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The Microscope
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Emblem of The Dutch East India Company, the “VOC” (in Dutch)
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Domination of the global economy
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Christian Huyghens
(1629-1695)• Dutch scientist who
worked mainly in
physics and
mathematics
• Refined the telescope
• Invented clocks with
pendulums
• Developed the wave
theory of light
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Hugo Grotius, 1583-1645
• Father of modern
international law
• Developed the “just
war” theory (only wars
of defense are
justifiable)
• Refined international
maritime law
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Baruch Spinozza,
Philosopher, 1632-1677• Portuguese Jew who
fled to the
Netherlands
• Revived medieval
Islamic tolerance
• “god is in everything,
and there is one god”
• Father of Modern
religious tolerance