Declension of NounsThere are 3 cases in Arabic.We know them by changing the vowelling of the final consonant in the word .They are :

The nominative caseالرفع - It’s indicated with a damma

The accusative case:It’s indicated with a fatha

The genitive case:It’s indicated with a kasra

The Genitive with Prepositions Every Arabic preposition takes its following noun in the genitive (prepositional phrase) : المجرور واالسم الجر حرف والمجرور الجار

العمل = to workإلىالطالبة = from the studentمن

( belonging = to the manللرجل(for the studentللطالب=

المائدة = On the tableعلىالبستان = in the gardenفي

Nominal sentence: - subject = المبتدأ predicate = الخبر - When the nominal sentence has a

prepositional phrase as a predicate, and the subject is indefinite = the subject is not usually placed first.

a man is in the garden البستان في X رجل

رجل البستان في the man is in the garden

البستان في الرجلالرجل البستان في

In such sentences, we can use the English impersonal verb = “there is , there are”

There is a man in the garden

وملعقة صحن المائدة علىThere are a plate and a spoon on the table.

) The Genitive of Possessionاإلضافة)- When a noun is followed by another noun in

the genitive automatically loses its nunation. الرجِل X بيٌتالرجِل بيُت

- When the second noun is definite, the first noun is automatically definite.

الرجِل بيُتThe house of the man - BUT if it’s intended that “house” should be

indefinite with the meaning “a house of the man” implying he has other houses too we say: لرجللبيٌت

- A noun followed by a genitive must not take the article.

الرجل X البيتالرجِل بيُت

- Nothing must interpose between the noun and its following genitive إليه والمضاف المضاف

So, if the noun is to be qualified with an adjective, the adjective should come AFTER the genitive:

The man’s big house الكبيُر الرجِل بيُت

*Note that by altering the vowelling of the adjectives, different meanings are given :

الكبيُر الرجِل بيُتThe man’s big houseالكبيرِ الرجِل بيُتThe old man’s house

It is possible to form the genitive of possession with an indefinite genitive, but in such cases the noun remains indefinite:

قهوةٍ فنجاُنA cup of coffee

كبيُر قهوةٍ فنجاُنA large cup of coffee

Nouns in EnglishNouns can be

Countable Uncountable

Uncountable nouns1. We can’t count them. So, they don’t have

plural form.We can’t say: musics, bloods, golds,

excitements, sugars… X

2. Before uncountable nouns you can say the/ some/ any/ much/ this/ his/ her… etc

The music, some gold, much excitement, his blood

3 .You can’t use a/an before an uncountable noun .

a music X an excitement X a blood X

4 .You can also use uncountable nouns alone, with no article .This ring is made of gold – Blood is red

Many nouns can be used as countable or uncountable nouns. Usually there is a difference in meaning.

PAPER I bought a paper ( a newspaper = countable )Hand me your papers ( documents =

countable)I bought some paper ( material for writing on =

uncountable)

HAIR There is a hair in my soup! ( one single hair = countable) She has beautiful hair ( hair on her head = uncountable) EXPERIENCE We had many interesting experiences during our holiday. ( thing that happened to us = countable) You need experience for this job ( Knowledge of something because you have done it before)

4 .Some nouns are usually uncountable in English but often countable in other languages .

سكن - – - اسكان Accommodationمسكن Baggageأمتعة

سلوكيات - Behaviorسلوك Breadخبزنصائح – Adviceنصيحة

Chaos فوضىFurniture / مفروشات أثاثInformation – معلومات معلومةLuggage - أمتعةNews – أخبار خبرPermission إذن Progress تقدم Scenery - مناظر – منظر مشاهد مشهدTraffic - السير حركة المرور حركة -ازدحامTravel سفرTrouble - مشاكل مشكلةWeather طقسWork - عمل أعمال

These nouns are uncountable, so you can’t use (a,an) before them I’m looking for accommodation.I’m going to buy some bread .Tom gave me some good advice.

Where are you going to put all your furniture ?

Remember that news is not plural: The news is very depressing today. ( not the

news are X)

Don’t use travel to mean journey/trip: We had a good journey ( not a good travel X) I like travel but it’s tiring sometimes.

These pairs of countable and uncountable :I’m looking for a job ( C)I’m looking for work (UNC)The author has a lot of works (C)What a lovely view! (C)What lovely scenery! (UNC)

Revision Translate the following sentence:

الجميلُة البنُتThe beautiful girl

جميلٌة بنٌتA beautiful girl

جميلٌة البنُتThe girl is beautiful

Doctor طبيبة – طبيب

A small hand صغيرةٌ يدٌ

The book is new and small وصغيٌر جديدٌ الكتاُب

A small new book صغيٌر جديدٌ كتاٌب

السعيد الولدِ منFrom the happy boy

الصغيُر الطالِب كتاُبThe student’s small book.

الصغيرِ الطالِب كتاُبThe young student’s book.

أوراق اشتريتI bought some paper

How many long syllables and short syllables are in the following words:

بَاٌب Long syllables: 2 Short syllables: -قِيَمٌةLong syllables:2Short syllables: 1كَتََبLong syllables: - Short syllables: 3ُمتََحاوٌِر Long syllables: 2Short syllables :3

She has long black ( hair / hairs)*hair

Bad news ( don’t / doesn’t) make you happy .*doesn’t

I have a lot of (work/ works ) to do.*work

True or False? There are 4 short vowels in Arabic ( )(F) 3Sukoon is used to signify the absence of a

consonant ( )(F) Of a vowel Nunation is found at the end of nouns or

adjectives when they are indefinite ( )(T)Arabic syllables should be given their full

length ()(T)

We should insert “and” between two adjectives when they form the predicate of a nominal sentence ( )

(T) All words that end in المربوطة ) are feminine التاء

)(F) There are some exception like خليفة The مربوطة is added to a collective noun to تاء

indicate a single object ( )(T)