Decadal Survey Results 1

8/13/2019 Decadal Survey Results 1

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Response ID:113 Data

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1. Your name

Barbara Ransom

2. Your email address

[email protected]

3. Your affil iation

govermnent

4. Your discipline

marine geology and geophysics

5. Across all ocean science disciplines, please list 3 important scientific questions that you believe will drive ocean research

over the decade.

The deep biosphere, who's there, where is it, can we predict the distribution and composition of microbial consortia, what is their

impact, and can we learn things about these microbes that will be important to natural products research, the origin of life, the

global carbon cycle, or life in extreme envionments in temperature, pressure, and time.

Modeling the record of paleoclimate studies coming from seafloor sediments and integrating those records and creating models to

mesh with Global Climate and Earth System Models so we can look backward as well as forward in time to be better be able to

think about what we may be facing in the realm of climate change.

Understanding subseafloor carbon fluid and reservoirs and their impact on global carbon and geochemical cycles, subduction zone

processes, including implications for island arc volcanism, seeps, earthquakes, and hydrothermal fluid-rock interaction in the

subsurface.

6. Within your own discipline, please list 3 important scientifi c questions that you believe wil l drive ocean research over the

next decade.

Themes are

1. The nature, extent, and longevity of the Deep Biosphere.

2. Chemical cycling through subduction zones and quantitative means to assess the impact of dehydration on convergent marging

hazards (volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis.

3. Coastal Processes and Adaptation - 50% of the global population is on the coast. Sealevel rise, changes in climate and weather

paterns, eutrophication, degradation of marine ecosystems, and sediment transport and erosion will be huge.

7. Please list 3 ideas for programs, technology, infrastructure, or facilities that you believe will play a major role in

addressing the above questions over the next decade. Please consider both existing and new

technology/facilities/infrastructure/programs that could be deployed in this timeframe. What mechanisms might be identified

to best leverage these investments ( interagency collaborations, international partnerships, etc.)?

AUVs and other robotic untethered vehicles outfitted with more and better geochemical and optical/motion sensors will be essential.

Static and fixed assets will decline in importance. A program to help to accelerate technological and sensor development in this area

is desperately needed.

Changing the structure of OCE to reflect interdisciplinary themes, as opposed to disciplines as it is now. For example


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biogeochemical cycles would combine programs, scientists and ideas from all of the OCE science programs (CO, PO, BO, and

MGG) removing barriers between disciplines. Another example m ight be ocean chemical evolution which would involve the CO

and MGG programs seamlessly, or perhaps Deep Biosphere which woud combine BO, MGG, and CO; coastal ocean processes

could be another in which PO,CO, BO, and MGG would all be components.

Interagency collaboration with NOAA Ocean Exploration and the USGS Marine Geology group would strenghen all parties and

expand use of federal faciliteis.

8. Other comments pertinent to the committees charge.

OCE has two science sections - one that deals with the water column and its biological inhabitants and the other with the solid

earth beneath the water column where many processes that affect the water column occur. The present make up of the committee

does not appear to reflect a balance of the representative disciplines involved (i.e., mostly water column scientists). Also don't see

much representation from ocean engineering, the third OCE section where many advances in tools and increased capabilities

required for us to make new discoveries are included. If this commmittee is mainly focused on the water column, as it appears to be

in terms of its composition, I fear that the important contributions from solid earth processes and ocean engineering wil l not be

addressed and this committee may not be able to adequately guide all parts of the NSF Division of Ocean Science in potential

priority areas for the future.


1. Your name

Henry Dick


[email protected]


Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

4. Your discipline

Marine geology and geophysics, Igneous petrology, tectonics


over the decade.

Nature and composition of the ocean crust

Mechanisms of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics

Climate


next decade.

Slow spreading ocean ridge tectonics and crustal structure

processes of mantle convection

Composition of the ocean crust





#1) Ocean drill ing both ultradeep (>1 km) and shallow (< 1 km).


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#2) Automous underwater vehicles for mapping and sampling both within the oceans and on its floor.

#3) Remotely operated vehicles such as Jason or Roopos.

# Last) The worst expenditure of funds are instrumented cabled observatories (OOI) You can no more understand ocean dynamics

and ocean crust evolution from 7 (?) seafloor cabled observatories, than you can atmosphere circulation and weather with 7

weather stations. This compared to other priorities in a vast ocean - is an absurdity. Moreover, servicing these facili ties will

monopolize ship time, limit vessel schedules to restricted areas of the oceans, and cripple US marine global research at the same

time that our global competitors are expanding their reach to a truly global scale. The US needs to stop this retreat from global

science!


This committee is unrepresentative of the field of ocean science, totally lacking representation from the petrology and geochemistry

communities studying the ocean crust and mantle, marine ridge tectonics, seamounts, etc. This omission is so utterly astounding

that it would have to be deliberate.

Second: repeating from above: The worst expenditure of funds are instrumented cabled observatories (OOI) You can no more

understand ocean dynamics and ocean crust evolution from 7 (?) seafloor cabled observatories, than you can atmosphere

circulation and weather with 7 weather stations. This compared to other priorities in a vast ocean - is an absurdity. Moreover,

servicing these facilities will monopolize ship time, limit vessel schedules to restricted areas of the oceans, and cripple US marine

global research at the same time that our global competitors are expanding their reach to a truly global scale. The US needs to stop

this retreat from global science!


1. Your name

Allison Miller


[email protected]


Schmidt Ocean Institute

4. Your discipline

Oceanography


over the decade.

1. Ocean Acidification

2. Overfishing/Availability of Seafood

3. Deep sea research


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next decade.

1. Ocean Acidification

2. Technology innovation - innovative sensors, monitoring, technology development etc.

3. Heat Budget/global warming of the oceans - how much heat can the ocean absorb?



technology/facilities/infrastructure/programs that could be deployed in this timeframe. What mechanisms might be identifiedto best leverage these investments ( interagency collaborations, international partnerships, etc.)?

1. Research Funding beyond the Federal Government - Schmidt Ocean Institute, Gordon Betty Moore Foundation. They have

funds and also set their own investment agendas beyond the scope of the Federal Government's interest in Oceanography.

2. Access to cheaper/more distributed technologies. With decreasing budgets, free ship time (for example aboard the R/V Falkor)

and increased use of AUVs, ROVs, etc. that don't necessarily require large ships for research wil l become more widespread.

3. More Ocean Infrastructure, while OOI will be a great initiative for ocean observing once complete, scientists do not know much

about what is being built and how they can be involved i.e. collect their data using the established infrastructure. From this data

management will also play a larger role has collecting large amounts of data become the standard.


I urge the Committee to look beyond what is available or invested in by the Federal Government. The Schmidt Ocean Institute

operates its own research vessel that researchers can use free of charge, the Marine Science and Technology Foundation awards

contracts to new and emerging technology development, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation funds research focused on deep

sea microbiology, The X Prize has an Ocean Health Initiative, etc. etc. These initiatives and foundations will become the standard -

they can invest in more risky research and development than the Federal Government would take on and can often shape their own

agendas.


1. Your name

Dennis Hansell


[email protected]


University of Miami

4. Your discipline

Ocean Carbon Biogeochemistry


over the decade.

What are the most important anthropogenic impacts on the ocean, how do they act, and how can they be ameliorated?

When (and to what) will the ocean change from its current role as a reservoir for anthropogenic heat and carbon?


next decade.

What is the role of organic matter as a long term reservoir of carbon, and how has that role varied in relation to climatic variations.


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What controls the shifts in productivity seen in ocean time-series observations; we see the shifts but we still do not understand the

underlying mechanisms.





We require great improvements in data management/access/visualization software to maximize and broaden the value of ourmassive collections of ocean data; we should benefit from advances made in molecular biology data handling. The software must

continue to be easily accessible and friendly for use in education.

Ocean observing systems having a global relevance must grow.



1. Your name

Galen McKinley


[email protected]


University of Wisconsin - Madison

4. Your discipline

Ocean carbon and biogeochemistry


over the decade.

What are the fundamental mechanisms and the rates at which the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets melt and drive sea level

rise?

What is the role of ocean physics and ocean biogeochemistry in natural climate change (glacial/interglacial cycles) and in the climate

response to anthropogenic CO2 forcing?

What is the impact of ocean acidification on organisms and ecosystems?

6. Within your own discipline, please list 3 important scientifi c questions that you believe wil l drive ocean research over thenext decade.

What is the impact of ocean acidification on organisms and ecosystems?

How is the ocean sink of anthropogenic CO2 responding to changing climate (climate-carbon feedbacks)?

What mechanisms couple ocean physics and biogeochemistry on interannual timescales - are these largely modifications of

mechanisms of the seasonal cycle?






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Programs - Antarctic Science needs to focus on Antartica - ice sheets and climate in particular. Polar program money should not be

funding Astronomy / Dark Matter research with Ice Cube.

Autonomous platforms need to continue to have investment. But ships are also needed and will always be. Ice breakers for Antartic

and Arctic Science.



1. Your name

Kevin Trenberth


[email protected]


NCAR

4. Your discipline

climate


over the decade.

Can we maintain and even improve the ocean observing system?

How can we greatly improve data assimilation and resulting ocean products?

How can we improve ocean models?


next decade.

How is the ocean heat content changing, especially in space (including with depth) and time?

How are ocean currents changing and varying, and why?

How can we improve the surface energy and water budgets, and associated fluxes?





TOGA/TAO array is is in major disarray and not being adequately maintained. The observing system has changed since it was

implemented (mainly in 1993) with Argo. So what is an optimal observing strategy within resource lim its? How can much betteruse be made of multivariate observations, especially from space? How can the huge discrepancies among results from different

groups be narrowed and best practices for analysis be developed? Groups need to be confronted with the disparities and they

should be reduced, perhaps with targeted field programs.


Oceanography is important and exciting because of Argo, with a lot of new information, but it is not being properly used.


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1. Your name

Joel Curtis


[email protected]


NWS Juneau Alaska

4. Your discipline

Operational Meteorology


over the decade.

1) Ocean heat transport and feedback mechanisms including biological.

2) Ocean acidification and impacts.

3) sea level rise (fall in my local case) and impacts.


next decade.

1) additional heat input from the ocean into all developing weather systems, both tropical and extratropical. Be sure to capture

feedback mechanisms and be alert to unexpected consequences of the extra heat.

2) refinement of storm surge forecasting.

3) effects of open water in the arctic.





Regarding US national efforts:

1) calibration of tide gauges to flooding. improved inundation mapping.

2) Lobby to have the US sign "The law of the Sea" to secure our waters for commerce and science out to and beyond the

continental shelf.

3) Build and deploy icebreakers combined with science equipment. Base these assets on or near arctic waters.



1. Your name

Avery Sen


[email protected]


DoC/NOAA/OAR/PPE


8/20


4. Your discipline

Public Administration


over the decade.

In what ways, and to what degrees, do people value the ocean?

What are the social consequences of predicted changes in the ocean?

How do people access, interpret, and act on environmental information?


next decade.

What are the comparative advantages (and relative roles) of the multitude of public, private, and academic institutions involved in

ocean science?

Is the integration of ocean science systems (technologies and institutions) performed with respect to public values or scientific

interests?

Are students of ocean science acquiring the trans-disciplinary skills necessary to work effectively on teams with counterparts in

other professions.





Only have time for one:

Conduct high-risk, high-return research on decision support w.r.t. environmental information, possibly via a Cooperative Institute

between NOAA and leading design departments (e.g., MIT Media Lab, Stanford Persuasive Tech Lab,) or via a CRADA with privatefirms (e.g., IDEO).


Pomponi and Titley? What a team! I look forward to the results.


1. Your name

David Kadko


[email protected]


Univ Miami

4. Your discipline

marine geochemistry


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over the decade.

1. Accelerated Arctic change (sea ice, ocean chemistry, ecosystem.

2. Expanding oxygen minimum zones

3. Ocean acidifcation


next decade.

The biochemistry and ecology of the rapidly evolving Arctic needs to be better studied. This will provide a baseline with which to

compare the Arctic of the next decades, provide data to verify models of the Arctic system, and provide data and elucidate processes

that will inform us of the trajectory of change.





There is a dearth of icebreakers and other platforms required for high latitude studies. Consideration of the rapidly evolving Arctic

lends a certain urgency to this situation.



1. Your name

Rhian Waller


[email protected]


University of Maine

4. Your discipline

Marine Biology, Biological Oceanography


over the decade.


next decade.

- Taxonomy - what are the species that live in our oceans? Taxonomic expertise is the poorest it has been in decades - getting

species identified and described for most groups is almost impossible, yet vital to our true understanding of ocean processes and

function.

- Functional Ecology - How do organisms adapt to change? Basic ecological principles for most species are unstudied, and in

many cases unfundable to be studied, so are done as side projects. A real focus on researching basic ecological principles is

essential to understanding, and putting into context, more complex species interactions and wider ocean scale biological processes.

- Ecosystem Ecology - How to marine ecosystems function both individually and as complex connected habitats? Understanding


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how ecosystems function and are connected provides insights for the overall sustainability of the ocean. This is necessary

information in a time of increasing anthropogenic impacts and willingness to preserve small ecosystems.







1. Your name

Emmanuel Boss


[email protected]


University of Maine

4. Your discipline

Oceanography


over the decade.


next decade.






Please read the national academy of sciences: An Ocean Infrastructure Strategy for U.S. Ocean Research in 2030. It includes

answers to all the questions you have asked.

Many (me included) have invested a lot of time working on this report which contains the material pertinent for yours as well. It

seems that the powers-to-be have elected to ignore this report. I wish you wi ll not waste your precious time.

All the best, Emm anuel


1. Your name

Martin Jutzeler



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[email protected]


National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK

4. Your discipline

Volcanology, sedimentology and marine geoscience


over the decade.

- Clim atic record

- Origin and spread of volcanic ash beds

- Debris avalanche deposits/landslides


next decade.

What are the products of submarine explosive volcanism?

How to differentiate marine ash beds/products from subaerial vs. subm arine volcanism?

How to recognize pumice rafts deposits?





Cores from IODP and ROVs

ROV surveys



1. Your name

Gregory Johnson


[email protected]


NOAA/PMEL & UW/Oceanography

4. Your discipline

Oceanography



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over the decade.

1. What is the ocean storage, uptake, and transport of heat? Answering these questions are vital to understanding how much and

how fast the climate will warm, how much and how fast sea level will rise, and how regional climate will change.

2. What is the change in ocean acidification and how does it affect ecosystems?

3. How and why are ocean oxygen levels changing, and how do these changes relate to changes in ecosystems?


next decade.

1. How much heat is the global ocean absorbing, and how is ocean transport of heat changing? The oceans take up over 90% ofthe current planetary energy imbalance, and are the flywheel of the climate system. The flywheel is spinning now, and we need to

know how fast.

2. How are changing ocean salinity patterns linked to changes in the global hydrological cycle? The oceans play a huge role in the

global hydrological cycle, and ocean salinity is a very sensi tive indicator and integrator of changes in that cycle for over the 70% of

the planet's surface.

3. What is the role of ocean temperature changes in determining the rate marine ice sheet melting and its contribution to sea level?

Ice sheets melt appears to be accelerating, and changing ocean temperatures may be a part of that.



technology/facilities/infrastructure/programs that could be deployed in this timeframe. What mechanisms might be identifiedto best leverage these investments ( interagency collaborations, international partnerships, etc.)?

1. We must expand our observing system to allow global full-depth analyses of the ocean's changing heat and salt patterns, and

hence sea-level. This means implementing programs along the lines of "Deep Argo", and "Under-Ice Argo". The ocean is storing

most of the heat taken up by the climate system, and

2. We must also expand our global-scale observations of oxygen and carbon system parameters beyond the current repeat

hydrography program (http://www.go-ship.org/). This means developing and deploying stable, small- scale, low-cost, low-energy

use sensors on platforms like Argo. This will be a challenge, and quite relevant to society, but we must raise new funding for this

expansion of the observing system, and not cannibalize the existing observing system by expanding it without this new funding.

3. We must figure out how to measure the ocean temperature under ice sheets, a very challenging problem, but one of vital

importance, as water can carry at lot of heat, melting ice fast.



1. Your name

Matt Gill igan


[email protected]


Professor Emeritus Savannah State University

4. Your discipline

undergraduate and graduate marine sciences education/degrees


over the decade.


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next decade.





8. Other comments pertinent to the committees charge.Hum an resource development is a critical ocean science infrastructure element. If the drivers of ocean science programs at NSF are

the research questions posed and material infrastructure needed to address them by majority rule (e.g. survey tally), there is an

unintentional risk of asking traditional questions, neglecting new perspectives, and perpetuating a traditional workforce. At risk, quite

frankly, is the relevancy and vitality of ocean sciences in a demographically-diverse nation. Despite decades of concern, the ocean

science community has not successfully in attracted and retained underrepresented minorities. The numbers entering advanced

degree programs in the ocean geosciences have not increased beyond a trickle. Ocean science research planning/programs should

not be distinct from from education research/planning. Integrating them will help tap high-achieving STEM students from beyond

traditional backgrounds and groups. The issue needs to be a priority.


1. Your name

William Sager


[email protected]


University of Houston

4. Your discipline

Marine Geology & Geophysics


over the decade.

1. Effects and contributions of the oceans to clim ate change.

2. Understanding and management of ecosystems and ocean l ife.

3. High-resolution exploration and understanding of the hidden ocean realm.


1. Distribution and abundance of ocean energy and material resources.

2. High-resolution mapping of ocean geology and structure.

3. Understanding the limits of plate tectonics.





1. Next generation satellite altimetry mapping.


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2. Development of autonomous vehicles for m apping or recording marine geophysical data.

3. Widespread multi beam & side-scan sonar mapping of the seafloor.


The current funding environment is not conducive to advances in marine geology and geophysics owing to the expense of ocean

operations and the declining funding stream for ships and scientific projects.


1. Your name

joern thiede


[email protected]


St. Petersburg (RF) State University

4. Your discipline

Paleoceanography


over the decade.

1. Paleoenvironmental History of the Arctic Ocean

2. Nature and age of Arctic Ocean basement

3. Potential for the regular access to the Arctic Ocean


See above





The US Marine Polar Research Community has been fragemented, uncourageous and undecisive for future activitie. We urgently

need a novel novel research ice breaker with features like: All season capabil ity for operations in the central Arctic Ocean and in the

Southern oceans, autonomous operations in ice-covered oceans, dynamic positioning against the drifiting sea-ice cover, moon

pool for the deployment of sensitive instrumentation, deep-sea drilling). To try to be in the forefront of international polar marine

science requires to be able to do things which nobody has been able to do before. A ship as envisaged by ERICON provides

capacities which go far beyond the possibilities of one single nation.. The ERICON-deliverables in general cover the governance of

an innovative new international research icebreaker, the first of its kind and globally the largest climate- and enviroment-related

scientific infrastructure project. For details see eri-aurora-borealis.eu website



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1. Your name

Robert Anderson


[email protected]


Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory

4. Your discipline

Chemical and paleoceanography


over the decade.a) How does chemical-biological coupling influence (a) marine ecosystems and (b) marine biogeochemical cycles? Recent

advances in m olecular biology and in the analytical chemistry of micronutrients now m akes possible the interdiscipl inary

investigation of these two-way interactions.

b) How does the circulation of the Southern Ocean respond to external forcing (e.g., climate) and how can the relevant processes be

modeled accurately? Southern Ocean circulation plays a critical role in supplying nutrients to low-latitude ecosystems and in

regulating the efficiency of the oceans biological pump. Improvements are needed in both observations and models of the

Southern Ocean.

c) How sensitive are regional patterns of global climate to Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation? Has the importance of

AMOC been overestimated?


next decade.

a) How did the oxygen concentration in the deep ocean change throughout the geologically-recent past (e.g., past million years) and

how can we reconstruct those changes quantitatively and reliably?

b) What is the relative importance of rivers, atmospheric transport, exchange with ocean sediments and hydrothermal systems as

sources of dissolved chemicals to the ocean? This is an old question, but the technologies needed to answer it quantitatively are

now available.

c) See also (1)

7. Please list 3 ideas for programs, technology, infrastructure, or facilities that you believe will play a major role inaddressing the above questions over the next decade. Please consider both existing and new



a) Coordinate more of the research in US oceanography to exploit the synergies of multi- investigator collaboration. Big problems

are often global in scope, requiring large coordinated efforts to study them (e.g., ARGO, GEOTRACES two effective but different

approaches, each appropriate for its field).

b) Reverse the trend toward smaller research vessels. The next generation of oceanography will require more hands at sea, not

fewer. Future interdisciplinary research topics, such as chemical-biological coupling (see Item #1) will require more hands than

ever. Ships like the Thompson and Revelle have insufficient berths for such interdisciplinary research.


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c) Simplify and reduce the bureaucracy associated with award administration. Multiple forms of compliance and reporting are

consum ing an inordinate fraction of an investigators tim e, often without guidance or lim its of comm on sense. Implement a

program to review the administrative demands on investigators.


Talk to your colleagues while working on the committee's charge. Regular interaction and feedback will be helpful.


1. Your name

Michael Strasser


[email protected]


ETH Zurich, Switzerland

4. Your discipline

Sedimentology, Marine Geology and Geophysics


over the decade.

What mechanisms control the occurance of oceanic geohazards including earthquake landslides and tsunamis?

What are the origin and limits of l ife in the subseafloor?

How does Earth's climate system, ecosystem, and biodiversity respons to elevated levels of atmospheric C02?


next decade.

when, where and how do great earthquake occur?

How do subduction zone megathrust accumulate and relase strain in great earthquake or during slow slip events?

Why do some earthquake trigger large tsunamigenic landslides while others don't?





Riser Drilling

Subseafloor borehole observatories

piston coring and shallow drilling of the sedimentary successions recording past occurance of oceanic geohazard events in the

stratigraphic archive


Scientific Ocean Drilling is a story of success and must be continued to keep making new discoveries and advancing our

understanding in various fields reaching far beyond "Ocean Sciences objecties" (see above). The subseafloor Earth remains largly

undersampled, hampering a holistic comprehesion of our Earth system.


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1. Your name

Shouye Yang


[email protected]


State Key Lab of Marine Geology, Tongji University, China

4. Your discipline

marine geology and geochemistry


over the decade.

How ocean influences global climate over the geologic past and in the future?

Ocean acidificationElemental cycling in the ocean from water to sediment and rock


next decade.

As above





Cabled subm arine observatory covering the coastal to deep ocean

Geologic and geochemical section plan from the highest Tibet to the deepest Mariana Trench

Ocean for the public: international program on ocean conservation



1. Your name

Parker MacCready


[email protected]


University of Washington

4. Your discipline

Physical Oceanography


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over the decade.

1. How will ocean acidification alter marine ecosystems, particularly coastal and estuarine?

2. How can we best collaborate with computer scientists to enhance numerical modeling and data analysis?

3. How can we better connect our science to the publ ic? Most people have very limited understanding of the ocean, and we have

limited understanding of what stakeholders need. Do any of your non-oceanographer friends know what an internal wave is? Why

should they care?


next decade.

1. How can we make modeling easier?

2. Access to observational data and model output is much harder than it needs to be.

3. What physics controls the strength of the estuarine exchange flow?





1. Strong institutional collaboration with computer science (joint teaching, research, advising).2. Cheap robotic sensors - I want to be able to afford and deploy hundreds, and have them swim home at the end of the

experiment.

3. Find a meaningful alternative to the soft money scientist track. In an age of tight funding it is a waste of time and talent.


Be creative and bold! Help us move toward a vision that is worth spending taxpayers money on.

1. Page One1. Page One1. Your name

Tom Pettigrew


[email protected]


Pettigrew Engineering, PLLC

4. Your disciplineMechanical Engineer (CORK, etc.)


over the decade.

1) What new technologies wil l be needed to achieve the science goals?

2) What new technologies are commercially available and applicable to achieving the science goals?

3) What new technologies need to be developed and what existing technologies need to be improved upon?


next decade.


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1) Are the tools and equipment currently in IODP's arsenal sufficient to achieve the science goals?

2) Can the existing tools in equipm ent within the IODP arsenal be modified or im proved upon to achieve the science goals?

3) What new tools and equipment are feasible of being developed of achieving the science goals?





Formation of a panel composed of existing IODP engineering expertise as well as former IODP personel who have intimate

knowledge of existing IODP technologies, equipment, and operations, to review the science program and identify specific

technologies required to achieve the science goals. These may be existing technologies or modifications of existing technologies or

development of new technologies.


Don't forget about the engineering aspect of the program and it's budget implications.

Decadal Survey Results 1

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