OVERVIEW OF THE SADC OVERVIEW OF THE SADC TRANSBOUNDARY WATER TRANSBOUNDARY WATER

MANAGEMENT: RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT: RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

PRESENTATION AT UNESCO-SDC PRESENTATION AT UNESCO-SDC TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFER ASSESSMENT TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFER ASSESSMENT

PROJECT INCEPTION MEETINGPROJECT INCEPTION MEETING

2323RDRD JUNE 2013 JUNE 2013

WINDHOEK, NAMIBIAWINDHOEK, NAMIBIA

BY Phera S. RAMOELIBY Phera S. RAMOELISenior Program Officer – Water Senior Program Officer – Water

SADC Secretariat, Gaborone, BotswanaSADC Secretariat, Gaborone, Botswana

The SADC MEMBER STATES

SADC Secretariat

33

SADC INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURESADC INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE

Summit of Heads of States and

Government

Council of Ministers

Standing CommitteeOf Officials

SADC Secretariat

Ministers of Foreign Affairs

Defense & Security

Organ on Politics

Defense & Security

TROIKA

SADC National Committees

Sub-Committees

SADC Tribunal

Sectoral CommitteeOf Ministers & Senior

Officials

Directorate of Infrastructure & Services

Water Divsion

Water ResourcesTechnical Committee

Standing CommitteeOf Senior Officials

Sub-Committees

SADC SecretariatIfrastructure and

services

Water Division

Water Resources Technical

Committee & Sub Committees

RSAP Focal points

RSAP Sub-committees

SADC contact points

Project Implementation Agencies

River Basin Organisations

(e.g. ORASECOM and OKACOM)

Regional Network & Partnerships

(e.g. GWP, IUCN and NAWISA)

Committee of Ministers of Water

Senior Officials

AMCOWTechnical Advisory

commtittee

Water Strategy Reference Group

Lead ICP

Policy

Programme

Project

Levels:

Institutional framework of the SADC Water Sector

BACKGROUND TO SADC WATER BACKGROUND TO SADC WATER PROGRAMPROGRAM

Large parts of SADC are Arid and drought proneLarge parts of SADC are Arid and drought prone High vulnerability to floods and droughtHigh vulnerability to floods and drought WWater is the most shared resource in the SADC Region;ater is the most shared resource in the SADC Region; There are 15 major Shared Watercourses in the SADC There are 15 major Shared Watercourses in the SADC

Regions between the 12 continental member statesRegions between the 12 continental member states To guide the process of cooperation and regional To guide the process of cooperation and regional

integration a number of protocols based on the principles integration a number of protocols based on the principles of the treaty were negotiated agreed and adopted;of the treaty were negotiated agreed and adopted;

The Protocol on shared watercourses was adopted in 1995, The Protocol on shared watercourses was adopted in 1995, came into force in 1998, revised in 2000;came into force in 1998, revised in 2000;

Revised Protocol came into force in September 2003;Revised Protocol came into force in September 2003; The Protocol in turn provides for and promotes the The Protocol in turn provides for and promotes the

establishment of shared watercourse institutionsestablishment of shared watercourse institutions

BACKGROUND TO SADC WATER BACKGROUND TO SADC WATER PROGRAMPROGRAM

There are 14 Transboundary aquifers in SADC and There are 14 Transboundary aquifers in SADC and 15 shared river basins15 shared river basins

• 70% of rural population dependant on GW and Many major cities are GW dependant however there is Limited data

• Climate Change and variability expected to have overall a potential adverse effectIncreased temperatures, Increased evaporationSeasonal shift in precipitation (wet/dry seasons)Changes in temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation eventsPotential reduction in precipitation amounts

500 10000

Kilometres

N

MourzoukDjadoBasin

ErrachediaBasin

Senegalo-Mauritanian

Basin

NorthernSahara Basin

NubianSandstone

Basin

TaoudéniBasin

Benin-Togo- NigeriaCoastalAquifer

Awash-DjiboutiBasin

MertiBasin

IrhazerIullemeden

BasinChadBasin

OkavangoAquifer

KalahariAquifer

Cote d’Ivoire-Ghana Coastal

Aquifer

TindoufAquifer

A

BC

Upper Nile

BasinOgaden - Juba

Aquifer

CongoIntra-Cratonic

Basin

D

E

GF

H

I

J

M

KL

N

Kenya- TanzaniaCoastalAquifer

Congo CoastalAquifer

Cunene CoastalAquifer

Gariep CoastalAquifer

A Liptako-Gourma Aquifer

B L’Air Crystalline Aquifer

C Tin-Séririne Aquifer

D Rift Valley Secondary Aquifers

E Mount Elgon Aquifer

F Kagera Aquifer

Kilimanjaro AquiferG

Upper Rovuma AquiferH

Shire Valley Alluvial AquiferI

Nata-Gwaai AquiferJ

Tuli-Shashe AquiferK

Pafuri Alluvial AquiferL

M Ramotswa Dolomite Aquifer

N Karoo Sedimentary Aquifer

RovumaCoastalAquifer

IncomatiCoastalAquifer

Source: UNESCO (2004)

Shared Aquifer Systems

© Pete Ashton

REGIONAL LEGAL, POLICY AND REGIONAL LEGAL, POLICY AND STRATEGIC INSTRUMENTSSTRATEGIC INSTRUMENTS

SADC Treaty and Declaration (1992) as amended;SADC Treaty and Declaration (1992) as amended; SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses;SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses; Regional Vision for Water (2000);Regional Vision for Water (2000); Regional Water Policy and Strategy (2006)Regional Water Policy and Strategy (2006) Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan

(2003)(2003) Regional Strategic Action Plan on Integrated Regional Strategic Action Plan on Integrated

Water Resources Management and Development Water Resources Management and Development (RSAP-IWRMD)(RSAP-IWRMD)

Based on the SADC Treaty (Art 22 of the treaty)Based on the SADC Treaty (Art 22 of the treaty) Protocols spell out the objectives and scope of, and Protocols spell out the objectives and scope of, and

institutional mechanisms for cooperation in water institutional mechanisms for cooperation in water First signed by 10 SADC member states in August, 1995, First signed by 10 SADC member states in August, 1995,

in JHB, South Africain JHB, South Africa Protocol came into force on the 29Protocol came into force on the 29thth September, 1998 September, 1998

(after attaining 2/3 ratification)(after attaining 2/3 ratification) Then the adoption of the United Nations Convention on Then the adoption of the United Nations Convention on

the law of the non-navigational uses of international the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses, in April, 1997.watercourses, in April, 1997.

Protocol was amended/revised in 2000 to take on board Protocol was amended/revised in 2000 to take on board these new development in international water law and these new development in international water law and address concerns of some member statesaddress concerns of some member states

Revised protocol came into force in September 2003Revised protocol came into force in September 2003

Regional Protocol on Shared Regional Protocol on Shared Watercourses:Watercourses:

THE SADC PROTOCOL THE SADC PROTOCOL

The Main Objectives of the Protocol is to:The Main Objectives of the Protocol is to: – ““Foster closer cooperation for judicious, sustainable and Foster closer cooperation for judicious, sustainable and

coordinated management, protection and utilization of shared coordinated management, protection and utilization of shared watercourses and advance the SADC agenda of regional watercourses and advance the SADC agenda of regional integration and poverty alleviation”integration and poverty alleviation”

The Protocol seeks to advance the sustainable, equitable The Protocol seeks to advance the sustainable, equitable and reasonable utilization of shared watercourses;and reasonable utilization of shared watercourses;

Shared Watercourse: “Shared Watercourse: “a system of surface and ground a system of surface and ground waters cwaters consisting by virtue of their physical onsisting by virtue of their physical relationship a unitary whole normally flowing into a relationship a unitary whole normally flowing into a common terminus such as the sea, lake or aquifercommon terminus such as the sea, lake or aquifer;;

Gives the right to use coupled with the duty to protect the Gives the right to use coupled with the duty to protect the watercourse;watercourse;

Obligate parties to notify each other on planned Obligate parties to notify each other on planned measures;measures;

THE REGIONAL WATER POLICY & THE REGIONAL WATER POLICY & STRATEGYSTRATEGY

Provide a frame work for cooperation on Water Provide a frame work for cooperation on Water Resources Management and Development at Resources Management and Development at National, Transboudary Levels (Shared National, Transboudary Levels (Shared Watercourses);Watercourses);

Was Developed to address the need to consolidate policy provisions on water into one single document

to establish inter-sectoral coordination on water related management issues at regional, river basin and national levels.

A Strategy for its implementation has been A Strategy for its implementation has been Developed and approved by ICM June 2006.Developed and approved by ICM June 2006.

SADC Regional Integration and

Poverty Eradication

SADC Regional Integration and

Poverty Eradication

IndustrialDevelopment

Food Security

Access to Water & Sanitation

EnergySecurity

Safety from Disasters

Development without compromising the Environment

Integrated Water Resources Management

Institutions at national and

regional levels

CapacityBuilding

StakeholderParticipation

Water ResourcesInformationManagement

GOAL  OBJECTIVES

APPROACH

TOOLS

IWRMPlans

ConflictResolution

EnvironmentalManagement

                                 

WATER POLICY CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Water for Peace

RSAP 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKRSAP 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

RSAP III

IWRM as an Approach

Capacity Development

Climate Change Adaptation

Social Development

Enabling Environment

Risk ReductionAwareness Resilience

ImpactEmpowerment

UnderstandingFacilitation

Benefit Sharing

Capa

city

Dev

.

Clim

ate

Chan

ge.

Soci

al D

ev.

Governance Infrastructure Management

RSAP1

SADC Vision for Water Life & the

environment

Relationships between Various Instruments in SADC Governing Relationships between Various Instruments in SADC Governing Water Resources Management & DevelopmentWater Resources Management & Development

SADC Revised Protocol on

Shared Watercourses

Regional Framework for Action

National

National Water Policy

National Water legislation

Regional Water Strategy

SADCRISDP

SADC Treaty

Regional

National Water Strategy

Other SADC Sector Policies & Strategies

National Sector Policies

River Basin Plans

IWRM Plans

Guidelines on National Water

policies and strategies

formulation

RSAP3

RSAP2

RegionalRegionalWaterWaterPolicyPolicy

SADC Region WaterSADC Region Water 15 Transboundary 15 Transboundary

River Basins between River Basins between the 12 continental the 12 continental member statesmember states

20Transboundary 20Transboundary Aquifers (currently Aquifers (currently identified)identified)

Aquifers and river Aquifers and river basins are not basins are not coincidentcoincident

Aquifers generally not Aquifers generally not well understood or well understood or defineddefined

IGRAC, 2008

SADC Groundwater Management Program

Developed through a consultative process in 1997/98 with UNEP Support;

Made up of 10 Specific Activities:

1. Capacity Building in the Context of a Regional Groundwater Management Programme.

2. Formulation of Minimum Common Standards for Groundwater Development in the SADC Region.

3. Establishment of a Regional Groundwater Information System.

1. Establishment of a Regional Groundwater Monitoring Network.

2. Establishment of a Regional Groundwater Research Institute/Commission.

3. Construction of a Website on Internet and publication of quarterly Newsletters.

4. Regional Groundwater Resource Assessment of Karoo Aquifers.

5. Regional Groundwater Resource Assessment of Precambrian Basement Aquifers.

6. Compilation of a Regional Hydrogeological Map and Atlas for the SADC Region.

7. Groundwater Assessment of the Limpopo/Save Basin

SADC Groundwater Management challenges

Groundwater plays a major role in present and future water supply for rural and urban areas,

Groundwater must be protected and developed in a sustainable way.

Varying development levels and appreciation of sustainable development of groundwater

Water resources, including aquifers, are shared between countries.

Groundwater should be part of integrated water resources management.

Expected Outcomes of the SADC Groundwater Management Programme

Information, experience, expertise shared Common understanding of groundwater

resource management Harmonised data/information processing and

practices Better research, assessment, development

and management through combined efforts Sound use and protection of groundwater

resources in SADC, primarily in drought prone areas

SHORTCOMINGS AND CHALLENGES

Variable level of GW understanding, Poor consideration given to GW Poor reliance on Groundwater from water

planners, Low human and financial resources, Low understanding of transboundary impacts, Low understanding of interaction between

Surface and Groundwater Harmonisation of strategies and policies Implementation mechanisms

What is Threatening GW in SADCWhat is Threatening GW in SADC

It is currently mined in some of the Member statesIt is currently mined in some of the Member states– Dropping water levelsDropping water levels

Very limited resources allocated GW protection and Very limited resources allocated GW protection and managementmanagement

PollutionPollution Recharge areas impactedRecharge areas impacted Perceived not to have an economic valuePerceived not to have an economic value Is out of sight and difficult to quantifyIs out of sight and difficult to quantify Saltwater intrusionSaltwater intrusion Resources are being spent on surface water but Resources are being spent on surface water but

groundwater is usually and after thoughtgroundwater is usually and after thought

COMMUNICATION: DIFFERENT INTERESTSCOMMUNICATION: DIFFERENT INTERESTS

Reliablesupply and

good quality

Full costrecovery

Enough water at low cost

Equal access for

the poor

Protect Base flows

Aquiferrecharge

& safe yield

Reduce conflicts

Regionaldevelopment

Farmers

WaterUtilities

Industry

Local NGO Environmental NGOS

GroundwaterExperts

Regional/LocalWater Managers

National WaterPolicy Makers

Groundwater Resources

Communication ChallengesCommunication Challenges

Policy

UsersTechnical

Groundwater Community Users/ Other stakeholders

Policy Level •Policies•Strategies •Regulatory framework•Resource allocation

•Water needs & provision •Demand side management•Economic incentives

•Knowledge•Understanding • Technical solutions

SADC ToolsSADC Tools

Target water supply programs to areas, which are Target water supply programs to areas, which are vulnerable to GW droughtvulnerable to GW drought

Identify areas dependant on groundwaterIdentify areas dependant on groundwater Highlight areas of cooperationHighlight areas of cooperation Regional/local maps could be further developed to Regional/local maps could be further developed to

identify water-insecure areasidentify water-insecure areas Highlight areas where the monitoring of water availability Highlight areas where the monitoring of water availability

and access is important, perhaps through widening the and access is important, perhaps through widening the scope of existing food security assessmentsscope of existing food security assessments

Support regional/transboundary collaborationSupport regional/transboundary collaboration Highlight importance of GW in drought management in Highlight importance of GW in drought management in

SADCSADC Highlight the value of GWHighlight the value of GW

Groundwater Dependant Ecosystem Groundwater Dependant Ecosystem MappingMapping

Product Ecosystems Habitats Data

Different ecosystems – not recognisable as GDEsInform regional groundwater resource protection and strategic

planning.Limit impact on communities dependent on GDE goods and

services.

GW Drought VulnerabilityGW Drought Vulnerability

Determine areas of SADC that are vulnerable to Determine areas of SADC that are vulnerable to Groundwater Drought to assist in resource planningGroundwater Drought to assist in resource planning

weight

weight

weight

1

Climate

Biophysical

Human

GWD Vulnerability

GW ValuationGW Valuation

– Groundwater often taken for granted Groundwater often taken for granted – Usually not associated with an economic valueUsually not associated with an economic value– Increasing stresses on the water resources Increasing stresses on the water resources – Need for a better understanding of the value of Need for a better understanding of the value of

groundwater by policy makers, water managers and groundwater by policy makers, water managers and budget holders budget holders

– Facilitate optimal decisions on use and Facilitate optimal decisions on use and management. management.

GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PROJECT GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PROJECT PH2: PH2: Sustainable Groundwater Management

in SADC Member States – 2014 - 18 CONSISTS FOUR COMPONENTS:CONSISTS FOUR COMPONENTS:

– A. A. Operationalisation of the Groundwater Management

Institute for Southern Africa

– B. Strengthening institutional frameworks for

sustainable groundwater management;

– C. Advancing knowledge, monitoring and information

sharing on transboundary and national groundwater;

– D. Infrastructure solutions for sustainable and more

climate resilient groundwater management;

Other ToolsOther Tools SADC Hydrogeologic map (2010)SADC Hydrogeologic map (2010)

– a comprehensive, interactive web-based hydrogeological a comprehensive, interactive web-based hydrogeological map and atlas of the SADC region as well as enhanced map and atlas of the SADC region as well as enhanced institutional capacity in SADC member states for producing institutional capacity in SADC member states for producing and using hydrogeological maps in water resources and using hydrogeological maps in water resources planning, development and management.planning, development and management.

SADC Regional Monitoring Network SADC Regional Monitoring Network Policy Review (2010)Policy Review (2010) Regional GW Statistics (2010)Regional GW Statistics (2010) Guidelines for GW development(2001Guidelines for GW development(2001))

SADC ModelSADC Model

Groundwater Management Institute

Awareness Raising

Capacity Building

Action oriented Research

Coordination Financing

• Develop and execute of short courses.

• Develop regional protocols/guidelines (Water Sampling, Well construction, borehole logging…).

• Develop best practices guidelines.

• Disseminate existing technical material.

• Develop awareness material for Parliamentarians and policy makers.

• Initiate short briefings w/ policy makers.

• Promote groundwater in the Media.

• Disseminate existing awareness material.

• Develop Bankable projects to present to donors

• Coordinate w/ SADC and donors to identify and fund projects at a regional/country level to move forward the goals of the GMP

• Assist member States in securing funds for groundwater projects

• Piloting community based groundwater management.

• Climate change adaptability using and protecting groundwater.

• Methods for identifying Groundwater Dependant Ecosystems.

• Economic valuation of groundwater as applied regionally.

• Develop Meta databases of projects on groundwater in the region

• Convene Member State groundwater Managers Forum

• Coordinate GMIs activities with regional and international initiatives (AGN, CAP-Net, Water-Net…)

GEF Phase II Project - Sustainable Management of Transboundary Groundwater Resources in the SADC GEF Phase II Project - Sustainable Management of Transboundary Groundwater Resources in the SADC

CONCLUDING REMARKSCONCLUDING REMARKS

Groundwater is already a vital resource for many Groundwater is already a vital resource for many countries. However if we are unable to communicate countries. However if we are unable to communicate its value, its need for management and protection, as a its value, its need for management and protection, as a technical community we will not raise the funds technical community we will not raise the funds required due to lack of appropriate, clear and target required due to lack of appropriate, clear and target communication.communication.

CONCLUSIONS…CONCLUSIONS…

Water resources in SADC are seen as an Water resources in SADC are seen as an opportunity for cooperation and peace rather than opportunity for cooperation and peace rather than cause for conflict;cause for conflict;

Groundwater resources are less understood but Groundwater resources are less understood but needs to be properly managed;needs to be properly managed;

All other sectors and role players should take part All other sectors and role players should take part in the development of our shared water resources;in the development of our shared water resources;

With a multiplicity of shared watercourses (which With a multiplicity of shared watercourses (which includes groundwater) in SADC it is imperative includes groundwater) in SADC it is imperative that there is collective and collaborative to water that there is collective and collaborative to water development and management;development and management;

I THANK YOU FORI THANK YOU FOR

YOUR ATTENTIONYOUR ATTENTION