Data Communication Analog Transmition Behrouz A. Forouzan 1Data Communication - Analog Transmition.

Data Communication - Analog Transmition 1

Data CommunicationAnalog Transmition

Behrouz A. Forouzan


Index

• DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION– Amplitude Shift Keying– Frequency Shift Keying– Phase Shift Keying– Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

• ANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION– Amplitude Modulation– Frequency Modulation– Phase Modulation


Analog Transmission

• digital transmission is desirable, low-pass channel needed.

• analog transmission is the only choice if we have a bandpass channel.

• Converting digital data to a bandpass analog signal is called digital-to-analog conversion.

• Converting low-pass analog signal to bandpass analog signal called analog-to-analog conversion


Digital-to-analog conversion


Digital-to-analog conversion

• QAM is the mechanism commonly used today


Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion

• Data Element Versus Signal Element– data element • smallest piece of information to be exchanged, bit

– signal element • smallest unit of a signal that is constant• a little bit different in analog transmission compare to

digital transmission

• Data Rate Versus Signal Rate



• Data Element Versus Signal Element• Data Rate Versus Signal Rate

– L is the type of signal element, not the level.– In analog transmission of digital data, baud rate is

less than or equal to bit rate



• Example: An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud rate of 1000 baud.

• How many data elements are carried by each signal element? How many signal elements do we need?



• Carrier Signal– sending device produces a high-frequency signal

that acts as a base for the information signal• Bandwidth– The required bandwidth for analog transmission of

digital data is proportional to the signal rate except for FSK


Amplitude Shift Keying

• amplitude of carrier signal is varied to create signal element

• Binary ASK (BASK)• Multilevel ASK


Amplitude Shift KeyingBinary ASK (BASK)

• Also called on-off keying (OOK)• Although can have several levels of signal,

each with a different• Binary 0: signal level is 0• Binary 1: same as amplitude of carrier

frequency



• Bandwidth?• Point is, the location of bandwidth which The

middle of the bandwidth is where center of the carrier frequency, is located

• d, depends on modulation and filtering process – value of d is between 0 and 1



• Implementation?• Multiplying NRZ digital signal by carrier signal



• Example: available bandwidth of 100 kHz, which spans from 200 to 300 kHz.

• What are the carrier Frequency? bit rate using ASK with d =1 and r=1?


Amplitude Shift KeyingMultilevel ASK

• there are more than two levels. • use 4,8, 16, or more different amplitudes

using 2, 3, 4, or more bits at a time (r = 2, r = 3, r =4, and so on )

• it is implemented with QAM


Frequency Shift Keying

• requency of carrier signal is varied to represent data

• Binary FSK (BFSK)• Multilevel FSK


Frequency Shift KeyingBinary FSK (BFSK)

• new carrier frequencies (fc is carrier frequency)– f1 = fc + ∆f– f2 = fc - ∆f

• Binary 0: use first carrier • Binary 1: use second carrier



• Bandwidth?



• minimum value of 2∆f? • at least S for proper operation of modulation

and demodulation


Frequency Shift Keyingcomparing BASK and BFSK



• BASK

• BFSK



• Implementation?• Noncoherent BFSK– two ASK modulations, using two carrier frequencies

• may be discontinuity in the phase, when one signal element ends and the next begins

• coherent BFSK– voltage-controlled oscillator, that changes its

frequency according to input voltage• phase continues through the boundary of two signal

elements


Frequency Shift KeyingMultilevel FSK

• MFSK is not uncommon (use more than two frequencies)

• use four frequencies fI,f2,f3, f4 to send 2 bits at a time or use 8 frequencies to send 3 bit.

• remember that frequencies need to be 2∆f apart. – minimum value of 2∆f needs to be S



• Bandwidth?

• If d=0



• Example: send data 3 bits at a time at bit rate of 3 Mbps, carrier frequency is 10 MHz

• number of levels (different frequencies), the baud rate, and the bandwidth? (d=0)


Phase Shift Keying

• phase of the carrier is varied to represent two or more different signal elements

• PSK is more common than ASK or FSK• Binary PSK (BPSK)• Quadrature PSK (QPSK)


Phase Shift KeyingBinary PSK (BPSK)

• Binary 0: phase of 0°• Binary 1: phase of 180°• Binary PSK is as simple as binary ASK with one big

advantage-it is less susceptible to noise



• Bandwidth? • The same as that for binary ASK, but less than

that for BFSK• No bandwidth is wasted for separating two

carrier signals.



• Implementation?• polar NRZ signal instead of unipolar NRZ signal• polar NRZ signal is multiplied by carrier

frequency


Phase Shift KeyingQuadrature PSK (QPSK)

• use 2 bits at a time in each signal element• Binary 00: 45°• Binary 01: -45°• Binary 10: 135°• Binary 11: -135°



• use 2 bits at a time in each signal element• Implementation?• uses two separate BPSK modulations

1. The incoming bits are first passed through a serial-to-parallel conversion that sends one bit to one modulator and the next bit to the other modulator.

2. Send each bit to a BPSK modulator3. When they are added, result is sine wave, with four

possible phases: 45°, -45°, 135°, and -135°.



• Example:• Find the bandwidth? signal transmitting at 12 Mbps

for QPSK. The value of d =O


Constellation Diagram

• four pieces of Information– X axis defines the peak amplitude of the in-phase component; – Y axis defines the peak amplitude of the quadrature

component. – The length of the vector, that connects the point to the origin is

the peak amplitude of the signal element– angle the line makes with the X axis is, phase of signal element

– .


Constellation Diagram


Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

• PSK has limited bit rate, because of the ability of equipments to distinguish small differences in phase.

• QAM is combination of ASK and PSK


QAM

• possible variations of QAM


QAM

• Bandwidth?• minimum bandwidth required is the same as

that required for ASK and PSK transmission.


ANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

• Modulation is needed if only a bandpass channel is available

• example: radio. – government assigns a narrow bandwidth to each

radio station.– analog signal produced by each station is a low-

pass signal, all in the same range


ANALOG-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION


Amplitude Modulation

• carrier signal is modulated so that its amplitude varies with the changing amplitudes of the modulating signal



• Implementation:– simple multiplier, because amplitude of carrier

signal needs to be changed according to amplitude of modulating signal.



• Bandwidth– twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal– covers a range centered on the carrier frequency– However, the signal components above and below

the carrier frequency carry exactly the same information

– some implementations discard one-half of the signals and cut the bandwidth in half.


Bandwidth Allocation of AM radio

• bandwidth of an audio signal (speech and music) is usually 5 kHz.

• AM radio station needs a bandwidth of 10kHz.• AM stations are allowed carrier frequencies

anywhere between 530 and 1700 kHz (1.7 MHz)


Frequency Modulation

• frequency of carrier signal is modulated to follow the changing voltage level (amplitude) of the modulating signal (as amplitude of information signal changes, frequency of carrier changes correspondingly)

• .



• Implementation • using a voltage-controlled oscillator as with

FSK. • The frequency of the oscillator changes

according to the input voltage which is the amplitude of the modulating signal



• Bandwidth• The actual bandwidth is difficult to determine• shown empirically:

• ß is a factor depends on modulation technique with a common value of 4.


Bandwidth Allocation of FM radio

• bandwidth of an audio signal (speech and music) broadcast in stereo is almost 15 kHz

• 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) for each station. ß = 4 with some extra guard band

• allowed carrier frequencies anywhere between 88 and 108 MHz

• FCC requires that in a given area, only alternate bandwidth allocations may be used. The others remain unused to prevent any possibility of two stations interfering with each other.

• there are 100 potential PM bandwidths in an area, of which 50 can operate at anyone time


Phase Modulation

• phase of carrier signal is modulated to follow changing voltage level (amplitude) of modulating signal

• proved mathematically, PM is same as FM with one difference. – In FM, instantaneous change in carrier frequency is

proportional to amplitude of modulating signal; – in PM instantaneous change in carrier frequency is

proportional to derivative of amplitude of the modulating signal


Phase Modulation


Phase Modulation

• Implementation• using a voltage-controlled oscillator along with

a derivative• frequency of the oscillator changes according

to the derivative of input voltage (amplitude)


Phase Modulation

• Bandwidth

• ß is around 1 for narrowband and 3 for wideband

Data Communication Analog Transmition Behrouz A. Forouzan 1Data Communication - Analog Transmition.

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