+

Analysis of Physiological Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Through the

Understanding of the Self-Care Model

Daring to Defy Diabetes:

Christina M. Beyers, BS

Jillian Inouye, PhD James Davis, PhD

+Grant and Project Information Primary Investigator & Co-author: Jillian Inouye, PhD, APRN

School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene University of Hawaii

Biostatistician: James Davis, PhD

 Clinical Research Center John A. Burns School of Medicine

Christina Beyers, BS

University of Hawaii Masters of Public Health-Epidemiology Graduate Student

The project described was supported in part by Award Numbers RO07883 and P20NR010671 from the National Institute of Nursing Research and G11HD054969 from the National Institute of Child Health Development. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Nursing Research or the National Institutes of Health.

+Problem:

Drastic increase of reported cases of type 2 diabetes in patients every year

“The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has risen so sharply over the past-half century that it is now commonly referred to as an epidemic…”

Yates,T.,Davies,M., & Khunti,K.(2009).Preventing type 2 diabetes: can we make the evidence work? Post Graduate Medical Journal,85,475-480. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2008.076166

+Significance:

Research helps to further develop intervention programs

Increasing self-care/self-management

Increasing knowledge

Increasing self-efficacy/ disease control

Increasing patient quality of life

+Aim:

To determine if Asian Pacific Islander’s who have Type 2 Diabetes and have better

knowledge and self-management will have better baseline

Hemoglobin A1C and total cholesterol values.

+Review of the Literature

Research shows that lifestyle changes equal the greatest impact

Understanding why there is a disconnect between knowledge and self-care implementation

Recognition that persons with Type 2 Diabetes may require additional education to increase self-management

Significant that Asian Pacific Islanders (API) high risk population

AADE promotes a self-care model of 7 behavioral steps

+Self-Care Model

Below represents 5 behaviors analyzed within this study.

Figure1. Pictorially represents the five behaviors analyzed in this cross-sectional study as modified from the “AADE7™ Self-Care Behaviors Framework.” Adapted from “Measurable behavior change is the desired outcome of diabetes education” [Electronic Version] by American Association of Diabetes Educators, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2010 from http://www.diabeteseducator.org/ProfessionalResources/AADE7/

The American Association of Diabetes Educators promotes a “Self-Care Behavior Framework” in 7 steps

+Activities Involved in Self-Care

+Methodology

Study design is a descriptive cross sectional

Participants:207 Asian Pacific Islander’s with Type 2 diabetes that met the inclusion criteria for the study participated.

Subjects signed IRB approved consent form and assigned randomized numbers

The ages ranged from 18-75

Study involved analysis of pre-existing data set (baseline surveys)

+Measures

Initial questionnaire responses (T1) were used to test whether the research prediction held statistical significance.

2 Questionnaires:

“SDSCA”-The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (derived from Toobert,Hampson and Glasgow, 2007)

Survey questions relate to: general diet, specific diet, exercise, blood- glucose testing, foot care and smoking

“DKA”-Diabetes Knowledge Assessment (derived from Bielamowicz,Miller,Elkins &Ladewig, 1995)

Series of multiple choice questions regarding knowledge of the disease

+Procedures

“DKA”- 14 Multiple choice questions- where one point was awarded for each correct answer

“SDSCA”- asked the participant to recall out of the last 7 days how may days did he or she do the following…

- Scale of 0-7 and final score based on averages of each section

+Reliability and Validity

The Cronbach’s Alpha test

Each variable (SDSCA) or question (DKA) assessed through raw alpha and standardized alpha scores

Results placed in tables- outcome totals listed below

- SDSCA total Raw Alpha= 0.71 and Standardized Alpha= 0.72

- DKA total Raw Alpha=0.66 and Standardized Alpha=0.67

+Methodology:Analyses

Statistical analysis includes:

-Regressions run from knowledge to HbA1C and total cholesterol

-And regressions from self- care to HbA1C and total cholesterol

Patient confidentiality was maintained during the study as well as during any statistical analysis

+Limitations

No labs were drawn on site

Participants responses were based on his or her recall

Distinctions within the diverse API population were not addressed in this study

+Results

Data entered using double entry method

Scoring of surveys completed and regressions were run

Tables were constructed to display the results

+Regression of SDSCA

* Indicates Statistical Significance

Table 1. A total of 104 subjects’ labs were obtainable and the mean HbA1C level was 8.45%.

+Regression of SDSCATable 2. A total of 104 subjects’ labs were obtainable and the mean total cholesterol value was 174.7564 mg/dL

+Regression of DKA

Table 3. A total of 93 subjects’ labs and scores were obtainable and the mean HbA1C was 8.45%.A total of 78 subjects’ labs and scores were obtainable and the mean total cholesterol value was 174.7564 mg/dL.

*Indicates statistical significance

+Statistically Significant Findings

Self-efficacy with taking medications and the affect on the HbA1c

General diet affecting the HbA1C

Diabetes knowledge affecting HbA1C

+Discussion

Literature review after findings generally corroborates results

In particular positive outcomes related to:

Medication usage

Diabetes knowledge

General diet

Discrepancies included:

Exercise

Variables affecting total cholesterol

+Conclusion:Expected Outcome Prior knowledge may not necessarily lead to

self-management

Participants with initial active self-management regimens were expected to show better baseline lab values of HbA1C and total cholesterol, than those who did not implement self-management

+Conclusion:Inherent Outcome

Overcoming barriers to self-management and knowledge are meant to improve the desired inherent outcome of:

See improvements in lab values (such as HbA1C and total cholesterol)

Increasing patient quality of life

+Future Research Diabetes prevention

Additional barriers to self-management beyond knowledge/education

Other factors include:- Socio-economic status- Available support systems- Depression/psychological assessment- Religious/cultural beliefs- Accessibility to health care

Underprivileged or high risk populations as primary focus