DarFur - Enough Projectthe SPLM effort in Juba, which has the backing of the African Union and the...
7
SUMMARY The current situation on the ground in Darfur is worse than it was 13 months ago, when the Darfur Peace Agreement was signed. The two major rebel factions that did not sign the agreement have fractured into many; Sudan’s ruling National Congress Party continues to pursue a military solution in Darfur; and violence and displacement are on the rise. Meanwhile, efforts by the international community continue to be one-dimensional, often focusing on the military track—includ- ing details of the heavy support package and the acceptance by Khartoum of the unconditional deployment of the African Union/ United Nations hybrid force in Darfur—at the expense of the political track to ensure a durable peace agreement for Darfur. In June, President Al-Bashir again accepted—and shortly thereafter rejected—the unconditional deployment of the hybrid force. Current diplomatic efforts to negotiate a durable peace agree- ment have been uncoordinated, allowing Sudan’s ruling National Congress Party and the rebel groups to “forum shop” (i.e. be se- lective about where the negotiations should take place and who should mediate them rather than being forced to go along with the one and only peace forum out there). This lack of coordina- tion has also done little to encourage the rebel movements to reach the degree of political unity needed for a successful negoti- ated settlement to the crisis. In the absence of a new peace deal, violence and atrocities will continue unabated. Meanwhile, the NCP has continued to employ policies in Darfur that exacerbate the humanitarian situation and divide the opposi- tion. It has stalled the international community’s response with DARFUR confrontation and false promises, while pursuing its own policies in Darfur. Protesting that it is acting in the interest of peace, the NCP has been installing people loyal to its mission and buying off weak and isolated rebel commanders. As the recent experience of the Heavy Support Package shows (see ENOUGH’s May/June 2007 update), only concerted mul- tilateral pressure will force the NCP to recalculate its position. Therefore, the newly imposed U.S. sanctions are little more than symbolic as long as they remain unilateral. For Khartoum to change its calculations, the sanctions need to be supported by other members of the international community, by the United Kingdom and France, at the U.N. Security Council, and with in the European Union. More broadly, the link between the situation in Darfur and the situation in south Sudan regarding the Comprehensive Peace Agreement needs to be made clear. The success of the CPA has fundamental significance for peace in Darfur. Peace in Dar- fur can only succeed if the CPA is implemented, and the CPA provides the legal and constitutional bedrock on which a Darfur peace agreement will be built. On July 9, the Sudanese govern- ment missed an important deadline under the CPA by failing to redeploy the northern Sudanese Armed Forces to north Darfur; only two-thirds of the SAF forces have left the south, and their presence is likely to cause tension when the South resumes con- trol of its own security this month. Very active reengagement on the CPA is thus needed to ensure that key requirements of the CPA are fulfilled. Efforts are still underway to bring together the rebel lead- ers in order to form a joint political platform ahead of new political negotiations. Particular focus has now been given to the SPLM effort in Juba, which has the backing of the African Union and the United Nations. However, SPLM efforts suffered a setback when the SPLM-ap- pointed Ambassador to the United States, John Ukec Lueth ENOUGH FIELD UPDATE FOR DARFUR (continued on page 2) Uken, called the Darfur rebels “terrorists” at a recent press conference. JEM has since said it would boycott the SPLM organized talks, but said it is willing to engage in talks with the Sudanese government hosted by the African Union and United Nations. There is also resistance from other rebel groups—some have refused to come to Juba for the SPLM talks—and Eritrea has recently brought a number of key SLA commanders to Asmara to restart their own initiative.
Transcript of DarFur - Enough Projectthe SPLM effort in Juba, which has the backing of the African Union and the...
Summary
The current situation on the ground in Darfur is worse than it was 13 months ago when the Darfur Peace Agreement was signed The two major rebel factions that did not sign the agreement have fractured into many Sudanrsquos ruling National Congress Party continues to pursue a military solution in Darfur and violence and displacement are on the rise
Meanwhile efforts by the international community continue to be one-dimensional often focusing on the military trackmdashinclud-ing details of the heavy support package and the acceptance by Khartoum of the unconditional deployment of the African UnionUnited Nations hybrid force in Darfurmdashat the expense of the political track to ensure a durable peace agreement for Darfur In June President Al-Bashir again acceptedmdashand shortly thereafter rejectedmdashthe unconditional deployment of the hybrid force
Current diplomatic efforts to negotiate a durable peace agree-ment have been uncoordinated allowing Sudanrsquos ruling National Congress Party and the rebel groups to ldquoforum shoprdquo (ie be se-lective about where the negotiations should take place and who should mediate them rather than being forced to go along with the one and only peace forum out there) This lack of coordina-tion has also done little to encourage the rebel movements to reach the degree of political unity needed for a successful negoti-ated settlement to the crisis In the absence of a new peace deal violence and atrocities will continue unabated
Meanwhile the NCP has continued to employ policies in Darfur that exacerbate the humanitarian situation and divide the opposi-tion It has stalled the international communityrsquos response with
DarFurconfrontation and false promises while pursuing its own policies in Darfur Protesting that it is acting in the interest of peace the NCP has been installing people loyal to its mission and buying off weak and isolated rebel commanders
As the recent experience of the Heavy Support Package shows (see ENOUGHrsquos MayJune 2007 update) only concerted mul-tilateral pressure will force the NCP to recalculate its position Therefore the newly imposed US sanctions are little more than symbolic as long as they remain unilateral
For Khartoum to change its calculations the sanctions need to be supported by other members of the international community by the United Kingdom and France at the UN Security Council and with in the European Union
More broadly the link between the situation in Darfur and the situation in south Sudan regarding the Comprehensive Peace Agreement needs to be made clear The success of the CPA has fundamental significance for peace in Darfur Peace in Dar-fur can only succeed if the CPA is implemented and the CPA provides the legal and constitutional bedrock on which a Darfur peace agreement will be built On July 9 the Sudanese govern-ment missed an important deadline under the CPA by failing to redeploy the northern Sudanese Armed Forces to north Darfur only two-thirds of the SAF forces have left the south and their presence is likely to cause tension when the South resumes con-trol of its own security this month Very active reengagement on the CPA is thus needed to ensure that key requirements of the CPA are fulfilled
Efforts are still underway to bring together the rebel lead-ers in order to form a joint political platform ahead of new political negotiations Particular focus has now been given to the SPLM effort in Juba which has the backing of the African Union and the United Nations
However SPLM efforts suffered a setback when the SPLM-ap-pointed Ambassador to the United States John Ukec Lueth
ENOuGH FiElD upDatE FOr DarFur (continued on page 2)
Uken called the Darfur rebels ldquoterroristsrdquo at a recent press conference JEM has since said it would boycott the SPLM organized talks but said it is willing to engage in talks with the Sudanese government hosted by the African Union and United Nations There is also resistance from other rebel groupsmdashsome have refused to come to Juba for the SPLM talksmdashand Eritrea has recently brought a number of key SLA commanders to Asmara to restart their own initiative
2
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
Most significantly the recent SLA unification conference in North Darfur failed to lead to the emergence of a clear com-mon platform The rebels remain divided Khartoum repeat-edly bombed the meeting site as it has done since attempts to hold such a conference began last November
The United Nations recently reported that 140000 people had been identified as being newly displaced since the begin-ning of 2007 Ten thousand people have been on the move in May fleeing new violence The continuing displacement is creating an another layer to the crisis as IDP camps are swelling so much that many are no longer able to accept new arrivals Aid workers are also becoming the target of attacks with increased frequency
The NCP continues to adopt obstructive policies to impede the work of the humanitarian agencies still operating in the region The number of agencies operating has dropped and approximately 1 million people in need of relief are now thought to be out of reach of aid agencies Oxfam recently announced its plans to permanently withdraw from Gereida a town in south Darfur where a makeshift refugee camp has formed citing the fact that no action had been taken to punish the perpetrators of rebel attacks on three aid workers Like other aid organizations Oxfam is concerned that there is no assurance from the government that attacks on aid work-ers will not happen again Some figures now suggest that as many as 100000 people are dying annually in Darfur as a result of the conflict
The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has released a report stating that Sudanese security forces killed more than 100 people in indiscriminate attacks on vil-lages in south Darfur between January and March 2007 As detailed in the report ldquoIn all instances witnesses described hundreds of heavily armed attackers many of whom were identified as Border Intelligence personnelrdquo The Border Intelligence guards are part of a paramilitary unit that has in-tegrated a large number of Janjaweed militiamen The eight raids documented were between the Northern Rizeigatmdashbacked by Border Intelligence guardsmdashand members of the rival Targam tribe Tensions between these two Arab tribes have escalated in recent months as fighting has sprung up in North and south Darfur Janjaweed fighters have expanded their targets under orders from Khartoum In previous years attacks have been aimed at non-Arab tribes such as the Fur Zaghawa and Massaliet but Khartoum is now diversifying its targets to include Arab tribes This is not difficult to enforce
ENOuGH FiElD upDatE FOr DarFur (continued from page )
as the NCP-backed Janjaweed militias are attacking both Arab and non-Arab tribes in a quest to claim the land they believe is their reward for fighting the NCPrsquos war in Darfur This policy of divide and rule has long been used in Darfur and is con-tinuing to be used by the NCP with success Meanwhile the Sudanese government continues to claim that the humanitar-ian situation in Darfur is improving
Thousands continue to be haunted by the fear of being killed raped arbitrarily arrested or being enslaved In most cases these attacks go unpunished and to compound the trauma of rape many women are ostracized from their communities after the attacks take place As a result many women fear speaking out about their experiences and consequently many rapes go unreported Only eight offenders were tried and sentenced for rape crimes in Darfur by Sudanese courts in 2006 In Kalma camp alone estimates suggest that over 100 women are raped each month The frequency of sexual attacks mainly depends on whether the Janjaweed are present in the area One woman described how while she was out collecting firewood with her younger sister they were surrounded by eight Janjaweed militia She said she created a diversion so that her sister could escape and was then gang-raped by the eight men
Recently 1500 women and children from a town called Dafak in southern Darfur made a 125-mile journey to neighbor-ing Central African Republic The journey took 10 days The refugees said that their town was attacked repeatedly by Janjaweed militia between May 12 and May 18 There were further air attacks as they were fleeing However the suffer-ing of these people does not end on arrival There are further concerns about the city of Sam-Ouandija where many Dafak refugees have fled The city has been attacked twice by rebels in the last four months Rebels are believed to have crossed from bases in Darfur highlighting the spreading nature of this conflict Increasingly places where people thought they could run for safety are not safe anymore
Children continue to face unspeakable acts of violencemdashfrom rape abduction and torture to being recruited as fighters A report suggests that some Sudanese girls are trafficked within and out of Sudan to serve as commercial sexual workers while others are trafficked to work as domestic servants The Sudanese government stands accused of suppressing infor-mation and preventing agencies from collecting details on attacks against children Children are also forced to bear wit-ness to continuing acts of violence against members of their families and communities
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
pOlicy cHallENGES aND OppOrtuNitiES FOr DarFur
The main challenge hampering progress in Darfur has been the international communityrsquos tunnel-vision focus on a beefed-up peacekeeping force in the region at the expense of promoting a durable peace While ensuring the unconditional acceptance of the AUUN hybrid force is vital to bringing an end to the atrocities in Darfur a lasting peace can only be achieved if the rebels are unified and a solid framework for a peace process is designed and implemented
Deploying the hybriD forceThough Sudan agreed months ago to the first phase of former Secretary General Kofi Annanrsquos three-part plan the second phasemdasha light support package to beef up the AU force including UN police advisors civilian staff and additional re-sources and technical supportmdashis still not fully deployed The impediment in this instance is the United Nations which is still seeking personnel from member states
After five months of stalling Bashir gave the go-ahead for the heavy support package (the third phase) in mid-April which included 3000 UN troops police and civilian personnel along with aircraft and other equipment Because of delays and complications however it is unlikely that the forces will be on the ground before the end of the year
reviving the political processIn early June UN Special Envoy for Darfur Jan Eliasson unveiled the new UNAU roadmap for peace negotiations in Darfur The roadmap though vague focuses on three main points
1 To unify all negotiation initiatives behind the AUUN initiative
2 To conduct a ldquopre-negotiationrdquo phase where the mediators will consult with the parties on key issues for the future talks
3 To begin negotiations which Eliasson hopes can begin in Au-gust However failure to unify the rebel movements and signs of a continued NCP commitment to divide-and-rule policies in Darfur (and ultimately a military solution) make the new round of negotiations this summer extremely challenging
sanctions In late May President Bush placed unilateral targeted sanc-tions on three individuals two members of the government of Sudan and one rebel leader He also placed additional sanctions on 30 Sudanese companies owned by or directly connected to NCP leadership The European Union and some key member states such as the United Kingdom and France have suggested that they are open to consider new sanctions against Khartoum but recent discussions over the hybrid have convinced many that diplomacy should be given yet another chance In order for economic sanctions to be effective how-ever they will need to be multilateral President Bush is also seeking support for strengthening the arms embargo and putting a no-fly zone in place (see ENOUGH Strategy Paper 4
ldquoNo-Fly Zone for Darfur Be Careful What You Wish Forrdquo)
chinaIn early June the US House of Representatives passed a reso-lution on China stating that ldquoChina should act consistently with the Olympic standard of preserving human dignity in Darfur Sudan and around the worldrdquo and saying that China has stood in the way of halting the bloodshed It left the door open however on calling for a boycott of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing made by some politicians activists and ce-lebrities including New Mexico governor and Democratic presi-dential hopeful Bill Richardson In early May China appointed a special envoy career Africanist Liu Guijin to spearhead Chinese diplomacy with Sudan in response to international criticism of the enabling role it has played in Sudan in terms of its position as Sudanrsquos largest bilateral trading partner and for its obstruction of meaningful action at the UNSC (although it has never actually vetoed a UNSC resolution on Darfur) China does not typically appoint special envoys and the decision to do so also indicates that Beijing is feeling pressured to play a more constructive role in dealing with Khartoum and ultimate-ly resolving the crisis
As described in the ENOUGH strategy paper ldquoAn Axis of Peace for Darfur The United States France and Chinardquo recent US statements have also highlighted Beijingrsquos more
ldquoconstructiverdquo attitude regarding Darfur There is now an op-portunity for countries such as the United States and Francemdashwhere the new government has identified Darfur as a top priority and expressed a willingness to pursue the trans-Atlan-
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
ENOuGH pOlicy rEcOmmENDatiONS
peacemaking The United States France and China along with the European Union and the African Union should assemble a team of high-level diplomats based in the region to work full-time to support SPLM efforts to unify the Dar-fur rebels At the same time the United Nations and the African Union should determine what steps need to be taken to put their proposed framework for renewed negotiations between the government and the rebels into effect and should immediately implement this plan
The international community needs to help build the pillars for peace by devoting sufficient diplomatic and financial resources to support the SPLM-led efforts to unify the Darfur rebels The AUUN mediation team should establish a clear division of la-bor to put their proposed roadmap for the peace process into effect and should make sure that the right personnel are in place to move the various elements forward with appropriate urgency They should work with the government of south Sudan and other regional and international actors such as Chad Eritrea and Libya to exert coordinated pressure on the Darfur rebels to form a more cohesive political body to prepare for negotiations and to generate support for the new peace talks The United States France and also preferably China should play a major coordinated role in putting these strategies together and imple-menting them
A new agreement must provide
bull an effective mechanism to verify the governments dismantling of the Janjaweedbull increased individual compensation for victims of the conflictbull a process for safe and voluntary return of displaced peoplebull greater power sharing for the people of Darfur
The negotiation process itself should be strengthened reflecting the model that led to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005 by the government of Sudan and the southern-based Sudan Peoplersquos Liberation Army These talks had a small well-run mediation team with selective international involvement at critical junctures during the talks from a high-level US envoy the secretary of state and President Bush himself A similar strategy is needed now In addition the success of the CPA has fundamental significance for peace in Darfur as peace can only succeed if the CPA is fully implemented Therefore very active reengagement on the CPA is needed
The new negotiations should also be more inclusive than past efforts For a durable peace agreement future talks should include representatives from key Darfuri constituencies left out of earlier rounds This can be accomplished by putting in place a mechanism at the talks through which representatives of displaced persons women Darfurrsquos Arab tribes and civil society in general can have their voices heard by the negotiating parties
For a detailed analysis of how to build a durable peace process for Darfur see Crisis Grouprsquos April 2007 report ldquoDarfur Revital-izing the Peace Processrdquo
tic cooperation that their predecessors often avoidedmdashto work more closely with China on a coordinated diplomatic approach on Darfur which could be useful because of the immense leverage China has with the Khartoum government China is one of the countries that was invited by France to the minis-terial meeting in Paris on June 25 Its envoys attended along
with those of 17 other nations and international and regional organizations working for a negotiated settlement in Darfur This is a positive developmentmdashif China were to remain on the outside of peace-building efforts Beijing would be much more likely to play the role of spoiler
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
2 protection The United States France and China should collectively press Khartoum to accept the unconditional deployment of the AUUN hybrid force The United Nations should work in close coordination with the African Union to line up the forces necessary to reach the 20300-troop level agreed upon in November by the African Union the United Nations the Arab League and international donor countries The international community should also accelerate its contingency planning for military action if the situation worsens including plans for a no-fly zone and intervention in the event of large-scale massacres of civilians
Further pressure must be placed on Khartoum to accept the AUUN hybrid force Until then donor countries must continue to fund the AU mission at full capacity The United Nations should continue to push for the deployment of peacekeepers to protect civilians and humanitarian operations in eastern Chad After meeting with French Foreign Minister Kouchner Chadian President Idriss Deby has now agreed ldquoin principlerdquo to a UN presence but the composition mandate and many other details of the arrangement have yet to be hashed out France and the United States must also independently continue to put pressure on Deby to accept these forces if details of a plan are not announced or agreed to in conjunction with genuine political dialogue between the government and internal opposition groups
The international communitymdashin particular the United States and France working within NATOmdashmust also accelerate its plan-ning and increase its preparedness for military action even in the absence of Khartoumrsquos consent If the situation continues to deteriorate in Darfur the Security Council should have plans in place to deploy ground forces to the region with a mandate to stop the killing Although the international communityrsquos appetite for this type of military action is small the Sudanese govern-ment must understand that all options remain on the table A credible planning process will in itself be a point of leverage in pressing primary objectives forward
Displaced Sudanese children pray in the Kalma refugee camp near Nyala town in Sudanrsquos western Darfur region (AP)
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
punishment The United States and France working closely with China should lead the international community in altering the calculations of Sudanrsquos ruling NCP by working to impose multilateral punitive measures such as target-ed sanctions coupled with clear benchmarks for their removalmdashrein in its militias allow unrestricted humanitarian ac-cess facilitate full deployment of the hybrid force forge a peace deal with rebels and implement the CPAmdashand work closely with Khartoum on achieving them Such efforts should target senior NCP officials and the companies they control as well as rebel leaders who are obstructing peace and perpetrating atrocities Additional assistance should also be given to the International Criminal Court to execute indictments support the prosecution of those indicted and help accelerate the Courtrsquos preparation of additional cases against senior Sudanese officials
The following initiatives could be implemented immediately at little cost but would require a strong diplomatic effort to rally multilateral support and increases in staffing and resources to ensure assertive implementation
target sudanese officials multilaterally Impose targeted UN Security Council sanctions including asset freezes and travel bans against persons responsible for crimes against humanity in Darfur
target sudanese companies multilaterally Impose UNSC sanctions against the Sudanese companies already targeted unilaterally by the United States and establish a UN Panel of Experts to further investigate which companies are conducting the business necessary to underwrite Sudanrsquos war machine
press international banks to stop Doing business With sudan The United States should engage with a number of international banking institutions to strongly encourage them to stop supporting oil transactions with Sudan The implication should be that if such business continues all transactions by those banks with US commercial entities (and those of other countries willing to work with us) would eventually be banned
reinforce Divestment efforts President Bush should sign an executive order putting into law all of the legally possible elements of existing congressional bills in support of divestment the Darfur Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (HR180) and the Sudan Divestment Authorization Act of 2007 (S831)
support the icc indictment process Provide information and declassified intelligence to the International Criminal Court to help accelerate the process of building indictments against senior officials in the regime for their role in orchestrating mass atrocities in Darfur
For details on these punitive measures and an overall strategy to get negotiations back on track and the hybrid force deployed See ENOUGH Strategy Paper 2 ldquoA Plan B With Teeth for Darfurrdquo
ENOUGH is a project founded by the International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress to end genocide and crimes against humanity With an initial focus on the crises in Darfur eastern Congo and northern Uganda ENOUGHrsquos strategy papers and briefings provide sharp field analysis and targeted policy recommendations based on a ldquo3Prdquo crisis response strategy promoting durable peace providing civilian protection and punishing perpetrators of atrocities ENOUGH works with concerned citizens advocates and policy makers to prevent mitigate and resolve these crises To learn more about ENOUGH and what you can do to help go to wwwenoughprojectorg
1333 H Street NW 10th FloorWashington DC 20005
Phone 202-682-1611 Fax 202-682-1867wwwenoughprojectorg
2
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
Most significantly the recent SLA unification conference in North Darfur failed to lead to the emergence of a clear com-mon platform The rebels remain divided Khartoum repeat-edly bombed the meeting site as it has done since attempts to hold such a conference began last November
The United Nations recently reported that 140000 people had been identified as being newly displaced since the begin-ning of 2007 Ten thousand people have been on the move in May fleeing new violence The continuing displacement is creating an another layer to the crisis as IDP camps are swelling so much that many are no longer able to accept new arrivals Aid workers are also becoming the target of attacks with increased frequency
The NCP continues to adopt obstructive policies to impede the work of the humanitarian agencies still operating in the region The number of agencies operating has dropped and approximately 1 million people in need of relief are now thought to be out of reach of aid agencies Oxfam recently announced its plans to permanently withdraw from Gereida a town in south Darfur where a makeshift refugee camp has formed citing the fact that no action had been taken to punish the perpetrators of rebel attacks on three aid workers Like other aid organizations Oxfam is concerned that there is no assurance from the government that attacks on aid work-ers will not happen again Some figures now suggest that as many as 100000 people are dying annually in Darfur as a result of the conflict
The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has released a report stating that Sudanese security forces killed more than 100 people in indiscriminate attacks on vil-lages in south Darfur between January and March 2007 As detailed in the report ldquoIn all instances witnesses described hundreds of heavily armed attackers many of whom were identified as Border Intelligence personnelrdquo The Border Intelligence guards are part of a paramilitary unit that has in-tegrated a large number of Janjaweed militiamen The eight raids documented were between the Northern Rizeigatmdashbacked by Border Intelligence guardsmdashand members of the rival Targam tribe Tensions between these two Arab tribes have escalated in recent months as fighting has sprung up in North and south Darfur Janjaweed fighters have expanded their targets under orders from Khartoum In previous years attacks have been aimed at non-Arab tribes such as the Fur Zaghawa and Massaliet but Khartoum is now diversifying its targets to include Arab tribes This is not difficult to enforce
ENOuGH FiElD upDatE FOr DarFur (continued from page )
as the NCP-backed Janjaweed militias are attacking both Arab and non-Arab tribes in a quest to claim the land they believe is their reward for fighting the NCPrsquos war in Darfur This policy of divide and rule has long been used in Darfur and is con-tinuing to be used by the NCP with success Meanwhile the Sudanese government continues to claim that the humanitar-ian situation in Darfur is improving
Thousands continue to be haunted by the fear of being killed raped arbitrarily arrested or being enslaved In most cases these attacks go unpunished and to compound the trauma of rape many women are ostracized from their communities after the attacks take place As a result many women fear speaking out about their experiences and consequently many rapes go unreported Only eight offenders were tried and sentenced for rape crimes in Darfur by Sudanese courts in 2006 In Kalma camp alone estimates suggest that over 100 women are raped each month The frequency of sexual attacks mainly depends on whether the Janjaweed are present in the area One woman described how while she was out collecting firewood with her younger sister they were surrounded by eight Janjaweed militia She said she created a diversion so that her sister could escape and was then gang-raped by the eight men
Recently 1500 women and children from a town called Dafak in southern Darfur made a 125-mile journey to neighbor-ing Central African Republic The journey took 10 days The refugees said that their town was attacked repeatedly by Janjaweed militia between May 12 and May 18 There were further air attacks as they were fleeing However the suffer-ing of these people does not end on arrival There are further concerns about the city of Sam-Ouandija where many Dafak refugees have fled The city has been attacked twice by rebels in the last four months Rebels are believed to have crossed from bases in Darfur highlighting the spreading nature of this conflict Increasingly places where people thought they could run for safety are not safe anymore
Children continue to face unspeakable acts of violencemdashfrom rape abduction and torture to being recruited as fighters A report suggests that some Sudanese girls are trafficked within and out of Sudan to serve as commercial sexual workers while others are trafficked to work as domestic servants The Sudanese government stands accused of suppressing infor-mation and preventing agencies from collecting details on attacks against children Children are also forced to bear wit-ness to continuing acts of violence against members of their families and communities
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
pOlicy cHallENGES aND OppOrtuNitiES FOr DarFur
The main challenge hampering progress in Darfur has been the international communityrsquos tunnel-vision focus on a beefed-up peacekeeping force in the region at the expense of promoting a durable peace While ensuring the unconditional acceptance of the AUUN hybrid force is vital to bringing an end to the atrocities in Darfur a lasting peace can only be achieved if the rebels are unified and a solid framework for a peace process is designed and implemented
Deploying the hybriD forceThough Sudan agreed months ago to the first phase of former Secretary General Kofi Annanrsquos three-part plan the second phasemdasha light support package to beef up the AU force including UN police advisors civilian staff and additional re-sources and technical supportmdashis still not fully deployed The impediment in this instance is the United Nations which is still seeking personnel from member states
After five months of stalling Bashir gave the go-ahead for the heavy support package (the third phase) in mid-April which included 3000 UN troops police and civilian personnel along with aircraft and other equipment Because of delays and complications however it is unlikely that the forces will be on the ground before the end of the year
reviving the political processIn early June UN Special Envoy for Darfur Jan Eliasson unveiled the new UNAU roadmap for peace negotiations in Darfur The roadmap though vague focuses on three main points
1 To unify all negotiation initiatives behind the AUUN initiative
2 To conduct a ldquopre-negotiationrdquo phase where the mediators will consult with the parties on key issues for the future talks
3 To begin negotiations which Eliasson hopes can begin in Au-gust However failure to unify the rebel movements and signs of a continued NCP commitment to divide-and-rule policies in Darfur (and ultimately a military solution) make the new round of negotiations this summer extremely challenging
sanctions In late May President Bush placed unilateral targeted sanc-tions on three individuals two members of the government of Sudan and one rebel leader He also placed additional sanctions on 30 Sudanese companies owned by or directly connected to NCP leadership The European Union and some key member states such as the United Kingdom and France have suggested that they are open to consider new sanctions against Khartoum but recent discussions over the hybrid have convinced many that diplomacy should be given yet another chance In order for economic sanctions to be effective how-ever they will need to be multilateral President Bush is also seeking support for strengthening the arms embargo and putting a no-fly zone in place (see ENOUGH Strategy Paper 4
ldquoNo-Fly Zone for Darfur Be Careful What You Wish Forrdquo)
chinaIn early June the US House of Representatives passed a reso-lution on China stating that ldquoChina should act consistently with the Olympic standard of preserving human dignity in Darfur Sudan and around the worldrdquo and saying that China has stood in the way of halting the bloodshed It left the door open however on calling for a boycott of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing made by some politicians activists and ce-lebrities including New Mexico governor and Democratic presi-dential hopeful Bill Richardson In early May China appointed a special envoy career Africanist Liu Guijin to spearhead Chinese diplomacy with Sudan in response to international criticism of the enabling role it has played in Sudan in terms of its position as Sudanrsquos largest bilateral trading partner and for its obstruction of meaningful action at the UNSC (although it has never actually vetoed a UNSC resolution on Darfur) China does not typically appoint special envoys and the decision to do so also indicates that Beijing is feeling pressured to play a more constructive role in dealing with Khartoum and ultimate-ly resolving the crisis
As described in the ENOUGH strategy paper ldquoAn Axis of Peace for Darfur The United States France and Chinardquo recent US statements have also highlighted Beijingrsquos more
ldquoconstructiverdquo attitude regarding Darfur There is now an op-portunity for countries such as the United States and Francemdashwhere the new government has identified Darfur as a top priority and expressed a willingness to pursue the trans-Atlan-
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
ENOuGH pOlicy rEcOmmENDatiONS
peacemaking The United States France and China along with the European Union and the African Union should assemble a team of high-level diplomats based in the region to work full-time to support SPLM efforts to unify the Dar-fur rebels At the same time the United Nations and the African Union should determine what steps need to be taken to put their proposed framework for renewed negotiations between the government and the rebels into effect and should immediately implement this plan
The international community needs to help build the pillars for peace by devoting sufficient diplomatic and financial resources to support the SPLM-led efforts to unify the Darfur rebels The AUUN mediation team should establish a clear division of la-bor to put their proposed roadmap for the peace process into effect and should make sure that the right personnel are in place to move the various elements forward with appropriate urgency They should work with the government of south Sudan and other regional and international actors such as Chad Eritrea and Libya to exert coordinated pressure on the Darfur rebels to form a more cohesive political body to prepare for negotiations and to generate support for the new peace talks The United States France and also preferably China should play a major coordinated role in putting these strategies together and imple-menting them
A new agreement must provide
bull an effective mechanism to verify the governments dismantling of the Janjaweedbull increased individual compensation for victims of the conflictbull a process for safe and voluntary return of displaced peoplebull greater power sharing for the people of Darfur
The negotiation process itself should be strengthened reflecting the model that led to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005 by the government of Sudan and the southern-based Sudan Peoplersquos Liberation Army These talks had a small well-run mediation team with selective international involvement at critical junctures during the talks from a high-level US envoy the secretary of state and President Bush himself A similar strategy is needed now In addition the success of the CPA has fundamental significance for peace in Darfur as peace can only succeed if the CPA is fully implemented Therefore very active reengagement on the CPA is needed
The new negotiations should also be more inclusive than past efforts For a durable peace agreement future talks should include representatives from key Darfuri constituencies left out of earlier rounds This can be accomplished by putting in place a mechanism at the talks through which representatives of displaced persons women Darfurrsquos Arab tribes and civil society in general can have their voices heard by the negotiating parties
For a detailed analysis of how to build a durable peace process for Darfur see Crisis Grouprsquos April 2007 report ldquoDarfur Revital-izing the Peace Processrdquo
tic cooperation that their predecessors often avoidedmdashto work more closely with China on a coordinated diplomatic approach on Darfur which could be useful because of the immense leverage China has with the Khartoum government China is one of the countries that was invited by France to the minis-terial meeting in Paris on June 25 Its envoys attended along
with those of 17 other nations and international and regional organizations working for a negotiated settlement in Darfur This is a positive developmentmdashif China were to remain on the outside of peace-building efforts Beijing would be much more likely to play the role of spoiler
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
2 protection The United States France and China should collectively press Khartoum to accept the unconditional deployment of the AUUN hybrid force The United Nations should work in close coordination with the African Union to line up the forces necessary to reach the 20300-troop level agreed upon in November by the African Union the United Nations the Arab League and international donor countries The international community should also accelerate its contingency planning for military action if the situation worsens including plans for a no-fly zone and intervention in the event of large-scale massacres of civilians
Further pressure must be placed on Khartoum to accept the AUUN hybrid force Until then donor countries must continue to fund the AU mission at full capacity The United Nations should continue to push for the deployment of peacekeepers to protect civilians and humanitarian operations in eastern Chad After meeting with French Foreign Minister Kouchner Chadian President Idriss Deby has now agreed ldquoin principlerdquo to a UN presence but the composition mandate and many other details of the arrangement have yet to be hashed out France and the United States must also independently continue to put pressure on Deby to accept these forces if details of a plan are not announced or agreed to in conjunction with genuine political dialogue between the government and internal opposition groups
The international communitymdashin particular the United States and France working within NATOmdashmust also accelerate its plan-ning and increase its preparedness for military action even in the absence of Khartoumrsquos consent If the situation continues to deteriorate in Darfur the Security Council should have plans in place to deploy ground forces to the region with a mandate to stop the killing Although the international communityrsquos appetite for this type of military action is small the Sudanese govern-ment must understand that all options remain on the table A credible planning process will in itself be a point of leverage in pressing primary objectives forward
Displaced Sudanese children pray in the Kalma refugee camp near Nyala town in Sudanrsquos western Darfur region (AP)
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
punishment The United States and France working closely with China should lead the international community in altering the calculations of Sudanrsquos ruling NCP by working to impose multilateral punitive measures such as target-ed sanctions coupled with clear benchmarks for their removalmdashrein in its militias allow unrestricted humanitarian ac-cess facilitate full deployment of the hybrid force forge a peace deal with rebels and implement the CPAmdashand work closely with Khartoum on achieving them Such efforts should target senior NCP officials and the companies they control as well as rebel leaders who are obstructing peace and perpetrating atrocities Additional assistance should also be given to the International Criminal Court to execute indictments support the prosecution of those indicted and help accelerate the Courtrsquos preparation of additional cases against senior Sudanese officials
The following initiatives could be implemented immediately at little cost but would require a strong diplomatic effort to rally multilateral support and increases in staffing and resources to ensure assertive implementation
target sudanese officials multilaterally Impose targeted UN Security Council sanctions including asset freezes and travel bans against persons responsible for crimes against humanity in Darfur
target sudanese companies multilaterally Impose UNSC sanctions against the Sudanese companies already targeted unilaterally by the United States and establish a UN Panel of Experts to further investigate which companies are conducting the business necessary to underwrite Sudanrsquos war machine
press international banks to stop Doing business With sudan The United States should engage with a number of international banking institutions to strongly encourage them to stop supporting oil transactions with Sudan The implication should be that if such business continues all transactions by those banks with US commercial entities (and those of other countries willing to work with us) would eventually be banned
reinforce Divestment efforts President Bush should sign an executive order putting into law all of the legally possible elements of existing congressional bills in support of divestment the Darfur Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (HR180) and the Sudan Divestment Authorization Act of 2007 (S831)
support the icc indictment process Provide information and declassified intelligence to the International Criminal Court to help accelerate the process of building indictments against senior officials in the regime for their role in orchestrating mass atrocities in Darfur
For details on these punitive measures and an overall strategy to get negotiations back on track and the hybrid force deployed See ENOUGH Strategy Paper 2 ldquoA Plan B With Teeth for Darfurrdquo
ENOUGH is a project founded by the International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress to end genocide and crimes against humanity With an initial focus on the crises in Darfur eastern Congo and northern Uganda ENOUGHrsquos strategy papers and briefings provide sharp field analysis and targeted policy recommendations based on a ldquo3Prdquo crisis response strategy promoting durable peace providing civilian protection and punishing perpetrators of atrocities ENOUGH works with concerned citizens advocates and policy makers to prevent mitigate and resolve these crises To learn more about ENOUGH and what you can do to help go to wwwenoughprojectorg
1333 H Street NW 10th FloorWashington DC 20005
Phone 202-682-1611 Fax 202-682-1867wwwenoughprojectorg
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
pOlicy cHallENGES aND OppOrtuNitiES FOr DarFur
The main challenge hampering progress in Darfur has been the international communityrsquos tunnel-vision focus on a beefed-up peacekeeping force in the region at the expense of promoting a durable peace While ensuring the unconditional acceptance of the AUUN hybrid force is vital to bringing an end to the atrocities in Darfur a lasting peace can only be achieved if the rebels are unified and a solid framework for a peace process is designed and implemented
Deploying the hybriD forceThough Sudan agreed months ago to the first phase of former Secretary General Kofi Annanrsquos three-part plan the second phasemdasha light support package to beef up the AU force including UN police advisors civilian staff and additional re-sources and technical supportmdashis still not fully deployed The impediment in this instance is the United Nations which is still seeking personnel from member states
After five months of stalling Bashir gave the go-ahead for the heavy support package (the third phase) in mid-April which included 3000 UN troops police and civilian personnel along with aircraft and other equipment Because of delays and complications however it is unlikely that the forces will be on the ground before the end of the year
reviving the political processIn early June UN Special Envoy for Darfur Jan Eliasson unveiled the new UNAU roadmap for peace negotiations in Darfur The roadmap though vague focuses on three main points
1 To unify all negotiation initiatives behind the AUUN initiative
2 To conduct a ldquopre-negotiationrdquo phase where the mediators will consult with the parties on key issues for the future talks
3 To begin negotiations which Eliasson hopes can begin in Au-gust However failure to unify the rebel movements and signs of a continued NCP commitment to divide-and-rule policies in Darfur (and ultimately a military solution) make the new round of negotiations this summer extremely challenging
sanctions In late May President Bush placed unilateral targeted sanc-tions on three individuals two members of the government of Sudan and one rebel leader He also placed additional sanctions on 30 Sudanese companies owned by or directly connected to NCP leadership The European Union and some key member states such as the United Kingdom and France have suggested that they are open to consider new sanctions against Khartoum but recent discussions over the hybrid have convinced many that diplomacy should be given yet another chance In order for economic sanctions to be effective how-ever they will need to be multilateral President Bush is also seeking support for strengthening the arms embargo and putting a no-fly zone in place (see ENOUGH Strategy Paper 4
ldquoNo-Fly Zone for Darfur Be Careful What You Wish Forrdquo)
chinaIn early June the US House of Representatives passed a reso-lution on China stating that ldquoChina should act consistently with the Olympic standard of preserving human dignity in Darfur Sudan and around the worldrdquo and saying that China has stood in the way of halting the bloodshed It left the door open however on calling for a boycott of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing made by some politicians activists and ce-lebrities including New Mexico governor and Democratic presi-dential hopeful Bill Richardson In early May China appointed a special envoy career Africanist Liu Guijin to spearhead Chinese diplomacy with Sudan in response to international criticism of the enabling role it has played in Sudan in terms of its position as Sudanrsquos largest bilateral trading partner and for its obstruction of meaningful action at the UNSC (although it has never actually vetoed a UNSC resolution on Darfur) China does not typically appoint special envoys and the decision to do so also indicates that Beijing is feeling pressured to play a more constructive role in dealing with Khartoum and ultimate-ly resolving the crisis
As described in the ENOUGH strategy paper ldquoAn Axis of Peace for Darfur The United States France and Chinardquo recent US statements have also highlighted Beijingrsquos more
ldquoconstructiverdquo attitude regarding Darfur There is now an op-portunity for countries such as the United States and Francemdashwhere the new government has identified Darfur as a top priority and expressed a willingness to pursue the trans-Atlan-
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
ENOuGH pOlicy rEcOmmENDatiONS
peacemaking The United States France and China along with the European Union and the African Union should assemble a team of high-level diplomats based in the region to work full-time to support SPLM efforts to unify the Dar-fur rebels At the same time the United Nations and the African Union should determine what steps need to be taken to put their proposed framework for renewed negotiations between the government and the rebels into effect and should immediately implement this plan
The international community needs to help build the pillars for peace by devoting sufficient diplomatic and financial resources to support the SPLM-led efforts to unify the Darfur rebels The AUUN mediation team should establish a clear division of la-bor to put their proposed roadmap for the peace process into effect and should make sure that the right personnel are in place to move the various elements forward with appropriate urgency They should work with the government of south Sudan and other regional and international actors such as Chad Eritrea and Libya to exert coordinated pressure on the Darfur rebels to form a more cohesive political body to prepare for negotiations and to generate support for the new peace talks The United States France and also preferably China should play a major coordinated role in putting these strategies together and imple-menting them
A new agreement must provide
bull an effective mechanism to verify the governments dismantling of the Janjaweedbull increased individual compensation for victims of the conflictbull a process for safe and voluntary return of displaced peoplebull greater power sharing for the people of Darfur
The negotiation process itself should be strengthened reflecting the model that led to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005 by the government of Sudan and the southern-based Sudan Peoplersquos Liberation Army These talks had a small well-run mediation team with selective international involvement at critical junctures during the talks from a high-level US envoy the secretary of state and President Bush himself A similar strategy is needed now In addition the success of the CPA has fundamental significance for peace in Darfur as peace can only succeed if the CPA is fully implemented Therefore very active reengagement on the CPA is needed
The new negotiations should also be more inclusive than past efforts For a durable peace agreement future talks should include representatives from key Darfuri constituencies left out of earlier rounds This can be accomplished by putting in place a mechanism at the talks through which representatives of displaced persons women Darfurrsquos Arab tribes and civil society in general can have their voices heard by the negotiating parties
For a detailed analysis of how to build a durable peace process for Darfur see Crisis Grouprsquos April 2007 report ldquoDarfur Revital-izing the Peace Processrdquo
tic cooperation that their predecessors often avoidedmdashto work more closely with China on a coordinated diplomatic approach on Darfur which could be useful because of the immense leverage China has with the Khartoum government China is one of the countries that was invited by France to the minis-terial meeting in Paris on June 25 Its envoys attended along
with those of 17 other nations and international and regional organizations working for a negotiated settlement in Darfur This is a positive developmentmdashif China were to remain on the outside of peace-building efforts Beijing would be much more likely to play the role of spoiler
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
2 protection The United States France and China should collectively press Khartoum to accept the unconditional deployment of the AUUN hybrid force The United Nations should work in close coordination with the African Union to line up the forces necessary to reach the 20300-troop level agreed upon in November by the African Union the United Nations the Arab League and international donor countries The international community should also accelerate its contingency planning for military action if the situation worsens including plans for a no-fly zone and intervention in the event of large-scale massacres of civilians
Further pressure must be placed on Khartoum to accept the AUUN hybrid force Until then donor countries must continue to fund the AU mission at full capacity The United Nations should continue to push for the deployment of peacekeepers to protect civilians and humanitarian operations in eastern Chad After meeting with French Foreign Minister Kouchner Chadian President Idriss Deby has now agreed ldquoin principlerdquo to a UN presence but the composition mandate and many other details of the arrangement have yet to be hashed out France and the United States must also independently continue to put pressure on Deby to accept these forces if details of a plan are not announced or agreed to in conjunction with genuine political dialogue between the government and internal opposition groups
The international communitymdashin particular the United States and France working within NATOmdashmust also accelerate its plan-ning and increase its preparedness for military action even in the absence of Khartoumrsquos consent If the situation continues to deteriorate in Darfur the Security Council should have plans in place to deploy ground forces to the region with a mandate to stop the killing Although the international communityrsquos appetite for this type of military action is small the Sudanese govern-ment must understand that all options remain on the table A credible planning process will in itself be a point of leverage in pressing primary objectives forward
Displaced Sudanese children pray in the Kalma refugee camp near Nyala town in Sudanrsquos western Darfur region (AP)
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
punishment The United States and France working closely with China should lead the international community in altering the calculations of Sudanrsquos ruling NCP by working to impose multilateral punitive measures such as target-ed sanctions coupled with clear benchmarks for their removalmdashrein in its militias allow unrestricted humanitarian ac-cess facilitate full deployment of the hybrid force forge a peace deal with rebels and implement the CPAmdashand work closely with Khartoum on achieving them Such efforts should target senior NCP officials and the companies they control as well as rebel leaders who are obstructing peace and perpetrating atrocities Additional assistance should also be given to the International Criminal Court to execute indictments support the prosecution of those indicted and help accelerate the Courtrsquos preparation of additional cases against senior Sudanese officials
The following initiatives could be implemented immediately at little cost but would require a strong diplomatic effort to rally multilateral support and increases in staffing and resources to ensure assertive implementation
target sudanese officials multilaterally Impose targeted UN Security Council sanctions including asset freezes and travel bans against persons responsible for crimes against humanity in Darfur
target sudanese companies multilaterally Impose UNSC sanctions against the Sudanese companies already targeted unilaterally by the United States and establish a UN Panel of Experts to further investigate which companies are conducting the business necessary to underwrite Sudanrsquos war machine
press international banks to stop Doing business With sudan The United States should engage with a number of international banking institutions to strongly encourage them to stop supporting oil transactions with Sudan The implication should be that if such business continues all transactions by those banks with US commercial entities (and those of other countries willing to work with us) would eventually be banned
reinforce Divestment efforts President Bush should sign an executive order putting into law all of the legally possible elements of existing congressional bills in support of divestment the Darfur Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (HR180) and the Sudan Divestment Authorization Act of 2007 (S831)
support the icc indictment process Provide information and declassified intelligence to the International Criminal Court to help accelerate the process of building indictments against senior officials in the regime for their role in orchestrating mass atrocities in Darfur
For details on these punitive measures and an overall strategy to get negotiations back on track and the hybrid force deployed See ENOUGH Strategy Paper 2 ldquoA Plan B With Teeth for Darfurrdquo
ENOUGH is a project founded by the International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress to end genocide and crimes against humanity With an initial focus on the crises in Darfur eastern Congo and northern Uganda ENOUGHrsquos strategy papers and briefings provide sharp field analysis and targeted policy recommendations based on a ldquo3Prdquo crisis response strategy promoting durable peace providing civilian protection and punishing perpetrators of atrocities ENOUGH works with concerned citizens advocates and policy makers to prevent mitigate and resolve these crises To learn more about ENOUGH and what you can do to help go to wwwenoughprojectorg
1333 H Street NW 10th FloorWashington DC 20005
Phone 202-682-1611 Fax 202-682-1867wwwenoughprojectorg
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
ENOuGH pOlicy rEcOmmENDatiONS
peacemaking The United States France and China along with the European Union and the African Union should assemble a team of high-level diplomats based in the region to work full-time to support SPLM efforts to unify the Dar-fur rebels At the same time the United Nations and the African Union should determine what steps need to be taken to put their proposed framework for renewed negotiations between the government and the rebels into effect and should immediately implement this plan
The international community needs to help build the pillars for peace by devoting sufficient diplomatic and financial resources to support the SPLM-led efforts to unify the Darfur rebels The AUUN mediation team should establish a clear division of la-bor to put their proposed roadmap for the peace process into effect and should make sure that the right personnel are in place to move the various elements forward with appropriate urgency They should work with the government of south Sudan and other regional and international actors such as Chad Eritrea and Libya to exert coordinated pressure on the Darfur rebels to form a more cohesive political body to prepare for negotiations and to generate support for the new peace talks The United States France and also preferably China should play a major coordinated role in putting these strategies together and imple-menting them
A new agreement must provide
bull an effective mechanism to verify the governments dismantling of the Janjaweedbull increased individual compensation for victims of the conflictbull a process for safe and voluntary return of displaced peoplebull greater power sharing for the people of Darfur
The negotiation process itself should be strengthened reflecting the model that led to the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005 by the government of Sudan and the southern-based Sudan Peoplersquos Liberation Army These talks had a small well-run mediation team with selective international involvement at critical junctures during the talks from a high-level US envoy the secretary of state and President Bush himself A similar strategy is needed now In addition the success of the CPA has fundamental significance for peace in Darfur as peace can only succeed if the CPA is fully implemented Therefore very active reengagement on the CPA is needed
The new negotiations should also be more inclusive than past efforts For a durable peace agreement future talks should include representatives from key Darfuri constituencies left out of earlier rounds This can be accomplished by putting in place a mechanism at the talks through which representatives of displaced persons women Darfurrsquos Arab tribes and civil society in general can have their voices heard by the negotiating parties
For a detailed analysis of how to build a durable peace process for Darfur see Crisis Grouprsquos April 2007 report ldquoDarfur Revital-izing the Peace Processrdquo
tic cooperation that their predecessors often avoidedmdashto work more closely with China on a coordinated diplomatic approach on Darfur which could be useful because of the immense leverage China has with the Khartoum government China is one of the countries that was invited by France to the minis-terial meeting in Paris on June 25 Its envoys attended along
with those of 17 other nations and international and regional organizations working for a negotiated settlement in Darfur This is a positive developmentmdashif China were to remain on the outside of peace-building efforts Beijing would be much more likely to play the role of spoiler
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
2 protection The United States France and China should collectively press Khartoum to accept the unconditional deployment of the AUUN hybrid force The United Nations should work in close coordination with the African Union to line up the forces necessary to reach the 20300-troop level agreed upon in November by the African Union the United Nations the Arab League and international donor countries The international community should also accelerate its contingency planning for military action if the situation worsens including plans for a no-fly zone and intervention in the event of large-scale massacres of civilians
Further pressure must be placed on Khartoum to accept the AUUN hybrid force Until then donor countries must continue to fund the AU mission at full capacity The United Nations should continue to push for the deployment of peacekeepers to protect civilians and humanitarian operations in eastern Chad After meeting with French Foreign Minister Kouchner Chadian President Idriss Deby has now agreed ldquoin principlerdquo to a UN presence but the composition mandate and many other details of the arrangement have yet to be hashed out France and the United States must also independently continue to put pressure on Deby to accept these forces if details of a plan are not announced or agreed to in conjunction with genuine political dialogue between the government and internal opposition groups
The international communitymdashin particular the United States and France working within NATOmdashmust also accelerate its plan-ning and increase its preparedness for military action even in the absence of Khartoumrsquos consent If the situation continues to deteriorate in Darfur the Security Council should have plans in place to deploy ground forces to the region with a mandate to stop the killing Although the international communityrsquos appetite for this type of military action is small the Sudanese govern-ment must understand that all options remain on the table A credible planning process will in itself be a point of leverage in pressing primary objectives forward
Displaced Sudanese children pray in the Kalma refugee camp near Nyala town in Sudanrsquos western Darfur region (AP)
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
punishment The United States and France working closely with China should lead the international community in altering the calculations of Sudanrsquos ruling NCP by working to impose multilateral punitive measures such as target-ed sanctions coupled with clear benchmarks for their removalmdashrein in its militias allow unrestricted humanitarian ac-cess facilitate full deployment of the hybrid force forge a peace deal with rebels and implement the CPAmdashand work closely with Khartoum on achieving them Such efforts should target senior NCP officials and the companies they control as well as rebel leaders who are obstructing peace and perpetrating atrocities Additional assistance should also be given to the International Criminal Court to execute indictments support the prosecution of those indicted and help accelerate the Courtrsquos preparation of additional cases against senior Sudanese officials
The following initiatives could be implemented immediately at little cost but would require a strong diplomatic effort to rally multilateral support and increases in staffing and resources to ensure assertive implementation
target sudanese officials multilaterally Impose targeted UN Security Council sanctions including asset freezes and travel bans against persons responsible for crimes against humanity in Darfur
target sudanese companies multilaterally Impose UNSC sanctions against the Sudanese companies already targeted unilaterally by the United States and establish a UN Panel of Experts to further investigate which companies are conducting the business necessary to underwrite Sudanrsquos war machine
press international banks to stop Doing business With sudan The United States should engage with a number of international banking institutions to strongly encourage them to stop supporting oil transactions with Sudan The implication should be that if such business continues all transactions by those banks with US commercial entities (and those of other countries willing to work with us) would eventually be banned
reinforce Divestment efforts President Bush should sign an executive order putting into law all of the legally possible elements of existing congressional bills in support of divestment the Darfur Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (HR180) and the Sudan Divestment Authorization Act of 2007 (S831)
support the icc indictment process Provide information and declassified intelligence to the International Criminal Court to help accelerate the process of building indictments against senior officials in the regime for their role in orchestrating mass atrocities in Darfur
For details on these punitive measures and an overall strategy to get negotiations back on track and the hybrid force deployed See ENOUGH Strategy Paper 2 ldquoA Plan B With Teeth for Darfurrdquo
ENOUGH is a project founded by the International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress to end genocide and crimes against humanity With an initial focus on the crises in Darfur eastern Congo and northern Uganda ENOUGHrsquos strategy papers and briefings provide sharp field analysis and targeted policy recommendations based on a ldquo3Prdquo crisis response strategy promoting durable peace providing civilian protection and punishing perpetrators of atrocities ENOUGH works with concerned citizens advocates and policy makers to prevent mitigate and resolve these crises To learn more about ENOUGH and what you can do to help go to wwwenoughprojectorg
1333 H Street NW 10th FloorWashington DC 20005
Phone 202-682-1611 Fax 202-682-1867wwwenoughprojectorg
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
2 protection The United States France and China should collectively press Khartoum to accept the unconditional deployment of the AUUN hybrid force The United Nations should work in close coordination with the African Union to line up the forces necessary to reach the 20300-troop level agreed upon in November by the African Union the United Nations the Arab League and international donor countries The international community should also accelerate its contingency planning for military action if the situation worsens including plans for a no-fly zone and intervention in the event of large-scale massacres of civilians
Further pressure must be placed on Khartoum to accept the AUUN hybrid force Until then donor countries must continue to fund the AU mission at full capacity The United Nations should continue to push for the deployment of peacekeepers to protect civilians and humanitarian operations in eastern Chad After meeting with French Foreign Minister Kouchner Chadian President Idriss Deby has now agreed ldquoin principlerdquo to a UN presence but the composition mandate and many other details of the arrangement have yet to be hashed out France and the United States must also independently continue to put pressure on Deby to accept these forces if details of a plan are not announced or agreed to in conjunction with genuine political dialogue between the government and internal opposition groups
The international communitymdashin particular the United States and France working within NATOmdashmust also accelerate its plan-ning and increase its preparedness for military action even in the absence of Khartoumrsquos consent If the situation continues to deteriorate in Darfur the Security Council should have plans in place to deploy ground forces to the region with a mandate to stop the killing Although the international communityrsquos appetite for this type of military action is small the Sudanese govern-ment must understand that all options remain on the table A credible planning process will in itself be a point of leverage in pressing primary objectives forward
Displaced Sudanese children pray in the Kalma refugee camp near Nyala town in Sudanrsquos western Darfur region (AP)
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
punishment The United States and France working closely with China should lead the international community in altering the calculations of Sudanrsquos ruling NCP by working to impose multilateral punitive measures such as target-ed sanctions coupled with clear benchmarks for their removalmdashrein in its militias allow unrestricted humanitarian ac-cess facilitate full deployment of the hybrid force forge a peace deal with rebels and implement the CPAmdashand work closely with Khartoum on achieving them Such efforts should target senior NCP officials and the companies they control as well as rebel leaders who are obstructing peace and perpetrating atrocities Additional assistance should also be given to the International Criminal Court to execute indictments support the prosecution of those indicted and help accelerate the Courtrsquos preparation of additional cases against senior Sudanese officials
The following initiatives could be implemented immediately at little cost but would require a strong diplomatic effort to rally multilateral support and increases in staffing and resources to ensure assertive implementation
target sudanese officials multilaterally Impose targeted UN Security Council sanctions including asset freezes and travel bans against persons responsible for crimes against humanity in Darfur
target sudanese companies multilaterally Impose UNSC sanctions against the Sudanese companies already targeted unilaterally by the United States and establish a UN Panel of Experts to further investigate which companies are conducting the business necessary to underwrite Sudanrsquos war machine
press international banks to stop Doing business With sudan The United States should engage with a number of international banking institutions to strongly encourage them to stop supporting oil transactions with Sudan The implication should be that if such business continues all transactions by those banks with US commercial entities (and those of other countries willing to work with us) would eventually be banned
reinforce Divestment efforts President Bush should sign an executive order putting into law all of the legally possible elements of existing congressional bills in support of divestment the Darfur Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (HR180) and the Sudan Divestment Authorization Act of 2007 (S831)
support the icc indictment process Provide information and declassified intelligence to the International Criminal Court to help accelerate the process of building indictments against senior officials in the regime for their role in orchestrating mass atrocities in Darfur
For details on these punitive measures and an overall strategy to get negotiations back on track and the hybrid force deployed See ENOUGH Strategy Paper 2 ldquoA Plan B With Teeth for Darfurrdquo
ENOUGH is a project founded by the International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress to end genocide and crimes against humanity With an initial focus on the crises in Darfur eastern Congo and northern Uganda ENOUGHrsquos strategy papers and briefings provide sharp field analysis and targeted policy recommendations based on a ldquo3Prdquo crisis response strategy promoting durable peace providing civilian protection and punishing perpetrators of atrocities ENOUGH works with concerned citizens advocates and policy makers to prevent mitigate and resolve these crises To learn more about ENOUGH and what you can do to help go to wwwenoughprojectorg
1333 H Street NW 10th FloorWashington DC 20005
Phone 202-682-1611 Fax 202-682-1867wwwenoughprojectorg
Darfur upDate JulyAugust 2007
The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity
punishment The United States and France working closely with China should lead the international community in altering the calculations of Sudanrsquos ruling NCP by working to impose multilateral punitive measures such as target-ed sanctions coupled with clear benchmarks for their removalmdashrein in its militias allow unrestricted humanitarian ac-cess facilitate full deployment of the hybrid force forge a peace deal with rebels and implement the CPAmdashand work closely with Khartoum on achieving them Such efforts should target senior NCP officials and the companies they control as well as rebel leaders who are obstructing peace and perpetrating atrocities Additional assistance should also be given to the International Criminal Court to execute indictments support the prosecution of those indicted and help accelerate the Courtrsquos preparation of additional cases against senior Sudanese officials
The following initiatives could be implemented immediately at little cost but would require a strong diplomatic effort to rally multilateral support and increases in staffing and resources to ensure assertive implementation
target sudanese officials multilaterally Impose targeted UN Security Council sanctions including asset freezes and travel bans against persons responsible for crimes against humanity in Darfur
target sudanese companies multilaterally Impose UNSC sanctions against the Sudanese companies already targeted unilaterally by the United States and establish a UN Panel of Experts to further investigate which companies are conducting the business necessary to underwrite Sudanrsquos war machine
press international banks to stop Doing business With sudan The United States should engage with a number of international banking institutions to strongly encourage them to stop supporting oil transactions with Sudan The implication should be that if such business continues all transactions by those banks with US commercial entities (and those of other countries willing to work with us) would eventually be banned
reinforce Divestment efforts President Bush should sign an executive order putting into law all of the legally possible elements of existing congressional bills in support of divestment the Darfur Accountability and Divestment Act of 2007 (HR180) and the Sudan Divestment Authorization Act of 2007 (S831)
support the icc indictment process Provide information and declassified intelligence to the International Criminal Court to help accelerate the process of building indictments against senior officials in the regime for their role in orchestrating mass atrocities in Darfur
For details on these punitive measures and an overall strategy to get negotiations back on track and the hybrid force deployed See ENOUGH Strategy Paper 2 ldquoA Plan B With Teeth for Darfurrdquo
ENOUGH is a project founded by the International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress to end genocide and crimes against humanity With an initial focus on the crises in Darfur eastern Congo and northern Uganda ENOUGHrsquos strategy papers and briefings provide sharp field analysis and targeted policy recommendations based on a ldquo3Prdquo crisis response strategy promoting durable peace providing civilian protection and punishing perpetrators of atrocities ENOUGH works with concerned citizens advocates and policy makers to prevent mitigate and resolve these crises To learn more about ENOUGH and what you can do to help go to wwwenoughprojectorg
1333 H Street NW 10th FloorWashington DC 20005
Phone 202-682-1611 Fax 202-682-1867wwwenoughprojectorg
ENOUGH is a project founded by the International Crisis Group and the Center for American Progress to end genocide and crimes against humanity With an initial focus on the crises in Darfur eastern Congo and northern Uganda ENOUGHrsquos strategy papers and briefings provide sharp field analysis and targeted policy recommendations based on a ldquo3Prdquo crisis response strategy promoting durable peace providing civilian protection and punishing perpetrators of atrocities ENOUGH works with concerned citizens advocates and policy makers to prevent mitigate and resolve these crises To learn more about ENOUGH and what you can do to help go to wwwenoughprojectorg
1333 H Street NW 10th FloorWashington DC 20005
Phone 202-682-1611 Fax 202-682-1867wwwenoughprojectorg
