Dairy Facilities and Cow Comfort for the Next DecadeDairy Facilities and Cow Comfort for the Next...
Transcript of Dairy Facilities and Cow Comfort for the Next DecadeDairy Facilities and Cow Comfort for the Next...
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Dairy Facilities and Cow Comfort for the Next Decade
John F. Smith, Joe Harner, Kevin Dhuyvetter & Mike Brouk
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Factors that Determine Decisions Concerning Dairy Facilities
• The two big factors– Economics
• Dairy industry trends• Investment per cow• Milk production per cow
– Cattle performance• Milk production• Reproduction• Health
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Summary of U.S. Dairy Industry
• Fewer dairies• Larger dairies• Cow numbers are flat• More milk• Higher milk production per cow• Industry is moving west• Consolidation • Structural change
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Cow ComfortInvestment
Per Cow
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Sensitivity of Return on Assets to Production and Investment
Production Investment per cow*
level (lbs/cow) $3,000 $3,500 $4,000 $4,500 $5,000
22,000 9.2% 7.5% 6.1% 4.9% 3.8%
23,000 11.3% 9.5% 7.9% 6.6% 5.4%
24,000 13.5% 11.4% 9.7% 8.2% 7.0%
25,000 15.6% 13.4% 11.5% 9.9% 8.5%
26,000 17.7% 15.3% 13.3% 11.6% 10.1%
* Investment per cow in herd equals investment per lactating cow divided by 1.18.
** Costs vary by production level due to varying feed and hauling and promotion costs
Dairy Enterprise – 2,400 Lactating Cows – Freestall1
1 Based on K-State Dairy Budget MF-2442
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Return on Assets vs. Production LevelSource: 2005 KSU Dairy Budgets
-4%
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
20%
24%
18,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 26,000
Milk Production, lbs/cow/yr
RO
A
Freestall Drylot
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Cow Comfort & Behavior
• Under U.S. conditions we improve cow comfort or take advantage of behavior when it improves performance– Milk production– Reproduction– Health
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Cow Handling Facilities
Cow Comfort & Behavior
Management Strategies
Stocking Density
Feedline Surfaces
Freestall Design & Bedding
Grouping Strategies
Time Budgets
Heat Stress
Cold Stress
Flooring Surfaces
Feeding Strategies
Walking Distance
Travel Lanes
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Improving Cow Comfort
• How you intervene is crucial– Order of steps to improve cow comfort
• Rubber vs. managing heat stress
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Cow Comfort & Behavior
• Time budgets• Core body temperature• Number of group changes
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Time Budgets for Dairy Cows Milked 3XC with Different Travel Times
11.211.712.212 – 14Resting
3.03.03.03.0Socialization & Standing
0.50.50.50.5Water
5.35.35.35.3Feeding
4.03.53.01.2 - 3.2Milking Parlor
40 min.B30 min.B20 min.BRecommendedA
ARick Grant, Miner InstituteBTravel time to and from the parlorCTime required to milk a group of cows is 40 minutes
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Factors Influencing Time Budgets
• Grouping strategies– Group size
• Travel time to and from the parlor– Travel lane width– Distance from the parlor
• Stocking density– May not be enough time for individual cows
to meet feeding and resting requirement
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Number of Group Changes
Group changes in the transition period appear to be detrimental– Move cows to maternity at the time of
calving
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Core Body Temperature (CBT)
• Heat stress– Is a problem all year
• Heat stress audits– Cows experience big swings in CBT
• Occurs on many dairies that believe they are managing heat stress
• May be why we do not obtain the health and reproductive performance we desire
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Effects of Heat StressShort Term
Respiration RateRectal TemperatureWater IntakeSweating
Rate of Feed PassageDry Matter IntakeBlood Flow to Internal
OrgansMilk Production
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Effects of Heat StressLong Term
• Future milk production?– Lower peaks
• Poor reproductive performance• Health
– Udder health– Lameness
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Total dry matter intake1 and pounds of dry matter required for maintenance with increasing environmental
temperature (dew point = 30)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
68 77 86 95 104
Temperature
Poun
ds o
f Dry
Mat
ter
Dry Matter IntakeMaintenance Req.
1 Holter, West, and McGilliard. 1997. Journal of Dairy Science 80:2188.
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Peak Milk Production by Lactation and Month of Calving, 1997
60
70
80
90
100
110
1/1 2/1 3/1 4/1 5/1 6/1 7/1 8/1 9/1 10/1 11/1 12/1
Test Dates
lbs
of M
ilk P
er C
ow
Peak Milk L1 Peak Milk L2 Peak L3+
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In a commercial dairy we never want to let a cow get hot!
• Cows start to get hot at 70o F• We need to cool cows before they get hot!
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Three Ways to Cool Cows
• Cool the cow – Primary method in naturally ventilated
barns• Cool the air• Cool the cow and the air
– Combination systems
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Cooling the Cow
• Soak the cow and dry the cow• Maximize the number of wet/dry cycles• Combinations of soakers and fans• Soak the cow until the skin is wet• Evaporate the water off the skin• Primary method in naturally ventilated
facilities• Water usage?
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Locations
• Holding pens• Exit lanes• Feedlines
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Cooling the Air
• Provide a cooler environment for the cow
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Systems that Cool the Air
• Korral Kool• Fans and high pressure misters• Tunnel ventilation with evaporative pads• High pressure misters on feedlines
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Cooling the Air
• High Humidity Limits Our Ability to Take Advantage of Using Evaporative Cooling to Cool the Air
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Potential Temperature Change at 90o F Due to Water Evaporation in a Low
Relative Humidity Environment
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temperature Change
10 20 30 40% Relative Humidity
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Potential Temperature Change at 90o F Due to Water Evaporation in a High
Relative Humidity Environment
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Temperature Change
50 60 70 80% Relative Humidity
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Tunnel or Cross Ventilation with Evaporative Pads
• 100% Tunnel or cross ventilation– 24 hrs a day , 7 days a week, 365 days a year
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Fully Tunnel Ventilated Freestall Barn,Western Kansas
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6065707580859095
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Hour of Day
o F Evap + TunnelAmbient
Average Temperature of Evaporative Cooled and Tunnel Ventilated Four Row Freestalls Located in
Western KansasJuly and August of 2003
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2030405060708090
100
0 4 8 12 16 20Hour of Day
RH
% Evap +TunnelAmbient
Average Relative Humidity of Evaporative Cooled and Tunnel Ventilated Four Row Freestalls Located in
Western KansasJuly and August of 2003
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Average THI of Evaporative Cooled and Tunnel Ventilated Four Row Freestalls Located in
Western KansasJuly and August of 2003
646668707274767880
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Period
TH
I
Barn Ambient
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Effect of Cow Cooling on Respiration Rate
50556065707580859095
Breaths/min
Morning Afternoon Night AverageTime of Day
Evap + TunnelDry Lot
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Fully Tunnel Ventilated with Evaporative Pads Located in Northern Indiana
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Average Temperature of Evaporative Cooled and Tunnel Ventilated Four Row Freestalls Located in Indiana
July and August of 2003
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 16 20 22
Hour
Tem
pera
ture
BarnAmbient
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Average Relative Humidity of Evaporative Cooled and Tunnel Ventilated Four Row Freestalls Located in Indiana
July and August of 2003
30405060708090
100110
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Hour
% R
elat
ive
Hum
idity
AmbientBarn
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Average THI of Evaporative Cooled and Tunnel Ventilated Tunnel Ventilated Four Row Freestalls Located in Indiana
July and August of 2003
6264666870727476
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Period
TH
I
Barn Ambient
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Eight Row Cross VentilatedLow Profile Freestall Facilities
John F. Smith and Joe HarnerKansas State University
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Barn Specifics
• Located in SE North Dakota• 210 ft wide and 420 ft long• Sand bedding• Crossbred cows• Tail to tail stalls• Crossovers
– 20 feet– 2 waterers
• 5 ft perimeter walkway
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Barn Specifics, Cont.
• Eave height– 11 ft 6 in
• Roof slope– .5 in 12
• Baffles– Located on front of stalls next to the feedlines– Metal– Parallel to the feedlines– 8 ft above alley– 6 ft 6 in above beds
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Barn Specifics, Cont.
• Evaporative pads– Two 5 ft pads– Six inches thick
• Fans– Fifty one inch fans every 6 feet– Thirty inch minimum ventilation fans
• R-12 Insulation– Ceiling and sidewalls
• Florescent lighting– Two rows per pen– White baffles
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32'-2"45'-4"
55'
10' Evaporative Pad
210'
11'-6"
16'
0.5/12 Roof Slope
Structural support post of roof not shown
FeedDrive
FeedDrive Alley
Feed CowAlley
FeedAlley
CowAlley
CowAlley
CowAlley
FeedAlley
FeedAlley
Source: Joe Harner, K-State
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420'
84 - 51" fans located along west side
Baffle
184 Freestalls per Pen (46" stall width)
18'
20' Cross Alley (2 8' Water Troughs)
210'
156"
133"100"
97"
NORTH
Entrance Doors
34'-7"
42'-11"
46'-8"
53'-8"
32'-2"
Basic Layout of Cross Ventilated Low Profile Free Stall Building at MCC Dairy
398' Evaporative Pad
To
Milk
Par
lor
Bottom of Baffle 8' above alley floor (6'4" opening)
200 Cows
217 Cows
215 Cows
179 Cows
197 Headlocks
Source: Joe Harner, K-State
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Advantages of Cross Ventilation with Evaporative Pads
– Reduces the distance you have to pull air (as compared to tunnel)
• Increase number of air exchanges per minute– Fresher air– More consistent temperatures
– Air can be baffled to the cow level– May be able to put the dairy under one roof
• Permitting – 25 year storm event– Controlling runoff– Emissions
– Consistent Environment• Summer and winter
– Cost less to construct then naturally ventilated barns– Water usage of evaporative pads may be less as compared to
soakers?
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Advantages of Cross Ventilation with Evaporative Pads
– Reduces runoff to the lagoon– Flexibility to cool the cow, air or both– Lower electrical cost (as compared to fans and soakers)– Fans are easy to service– Site selection
• Smaller foot print• Orientation is not an issue• Earth moving cost may be reduced
– Fly control– Starling control– Walking distance to parlor
• Reduces time away from feed and water– Ability to control lighting– Air quality can be improved
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Disadvantages of Cross Ventilation with Evaporative Pads• Cost as compared to dry-lots• Tied to mechanical ventilation
– 24 hrs/day, 7 days/week, 365 days/year• Airborne diseases?• Need for generators is increased
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Dairy Facilities of the Future
• Must provide an environment that cows can maintain normal CBT
• Time budgets will be essential– Cows must have adequate time to rest, eat,
etc.
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Ammonia Emission Rate in an Eight Row Cross Ventilated Barn
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Low, 21 Fans Medium, 40 Fans High, 78 Fans
Ventilation Rate
NH3 ppm
a,b,c a,b,c P<.0001Source: Ron Sheffield, Univ. of ID
ca b
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Summary
• Dairy facilities in the future will need to provide a consistent environment– Maintain normal CBT
• Time budgets are essential• Cross ventilated low profile freestall
facilities allow us to manage CBT and time budgets
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Thank You!
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Comparison of Fan Electrical Cost for Naturally Ventilated and Cross Ventilated Freestall Barns
$10.65$16,097151251170Cross Ventilation (16-row)2
$21.26$16,09775651170Cross Ventilation (8-row)2
$26.25$19,84575636.75140Natural Ventilation (4-Row)1
Annual Electrical Cost/Cow3
Annual Electrical
Costs3
# of Cows
Fan Size (in)
H P# of Fans
1 2 Rows of fans/ pen, Fan usage of 150 days/ 24 hrs/ day2 Average 50% of fans running3 $0.07 KW and .75 KW per HP per hour