D 1 2 - ISSMGE · Tunnelling in Sao Paulo, Brazil A. Negro Jr, L. E Sozio & AQA. Ferreira...
Transcript of D 1 2 - ISSMGE · Tunnelling in Sao Paulo, Brazil A. Negro Jr, L. E Sozio & AQA. Ferreira...
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTSOF UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION IN SOFT GROUND/ LONDON/ UK/ 15- 17 APRIL 1996
Geotechnical Aspects ofUnderground Constructionin Soft GroundEdited byR.J.MA1R _ tGeotechnical Consulting Group, London, United KingdomR. N.TAYLORGeotechnical Engineering Research Centre, City University London, United Kingdom
A.A. BALKEMA/ROTTERDAM/ BROOKFIELD/ 1996
The texts of the various papers in this volume were set individually by typists under the supervision of each of the authorsconcerned.
Authorization to photocopy items for intemal or personal use, or the intemal or personal use of specific clients, is granted byA.A.Balkema, Rotterdam, provided that the base fee of US$1.50 per copy, plus US$0.l0 per page is paid directly to CopyrightClearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopylicense by CCC, a separatesystem of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Serviceis: 90 5410 856 8/96 US$1.50 + US$0.l0.
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ISBN 90 5410 856 8
© 1996 A.A.Balkema, RotterdamPrinted in the Netherlands
Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground Mair & Taylor (eds)© 1996 Ba/kema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5410 856 8
Table of contents
Preface XVOrganisation XVIISession reports
Braced excavations and shafts 3O Kusakabe
Constnlction aspects of bored tunnels 11A. Negro Jr
Ground treatment for bored tunnels 19J N Shirlaw
Modelling and prediction for bored tunnels 27E Leca
Settlement effects of bored tunnels 43Rl Mair
l Braced excavations and shafts
Measurement of prop loads in a large braced excavation dtuing construction of the JLE 57station at Canada Water, East LondonMBatten, WPowrie, R. Boorman & I-LYu
The failure mechanism of a trench wall caused by additional soil pressure 63A. F Bolt, E Dembicki & GA. H orodecki
Deep open excavation in soft plastic ground in Salzburg, Austria 69I-L Breymann, M F uchsberger & H E Schweiger
Design of underground structure closed in plan erected with application of the Diaphragm 75Wall TechniqueN .Sl Bulycheu N N F otieva & A S Sammal
Jubilee Line Extension, Westminster Station design 81M D. Carter, R. RBailey & M R Dawson
V
Apparent pressure diagram for braced excavations in soft clay with diaphragm wallJ-D. Chang & K SWong
Westminster Station - Deep foundations and top down construction in central LondonJ D Crawley & C .Sf Stones
Jubilee Line Extension, Berrnondsey Station box: Design modihcations, instrumentationand monitoringM R Dawson, A. R. Douglas, L. FLinney M Friedman & R.Abraham
An underground tumiel beneath Amsterdam Central StationFde Boer & H Mvan der Eem
Evaluation of the performance of a multi-propped diaphragm wall during constructionE K De Moor & M C Stevenson
Earth pressure acting on a deep circular shaft wallA. Enami, H Morishita, M Ogihara, M H omma, HTezuka & Y H iramatsu
Case history of a deep ‘stepped box’ excavation in soft ground at the sea front- LangneyPoint, Eastbourne 'R. Fernie, RKingston, H D. St. John, KG Higgins & D. M Potts
Simplified approach for estimating lateral wall movement of embedded walls in UK groundR. Fernie & TSucking
Active failure mechanism of a deep circular shaft in dry sandTFujii, THagiwara & O Kasakabe
Observation of diaphragm wall movements in Lias Clay during construction of the A4/ A46bypass in Bath, AvonS Gourvenec, M Lac); WPowrie & M Stevenson
Settlement of soft ground and damage of wooden houses by braced excavationTHoriuchi & M Shimizu
The cases of measurement of the pressure of the open cut with earth retaining wallTlshida, ll/L,Saz‘o, TTaz‘sui & XNakagawa
Case historyof a ruptured multi tied-back retaining wallC E M Majfei, E. Da Silva Guerra & R.L. Leonardo Leite
A study of empirical correlation for lateral deflections of diaphragm walls in deep excavationsTMasuda
Considerations in shaft excavation and peripheral grormd deformationMMuramatsu & XAbe
Case history and behavioural analyses of braced large scale open excavation in very softreclaimed land in coastal area
S Nakagawa, L Kamegaya, K Kureha & TYoshia'a
Prediction of earth pressure and settlements due to excavation: Influence of wall deflectionprocess and Wall frictionTNakai, HKawano & THashimoto
VI
Observed heave and swelling beneath a deep excavation in Gault clayD F1fNash, M L. Lings & CWWNg
Manezhnaya Square Project- Geotechnical aspectsVL Resin, L.A. B ibin, VA. I lyicheu S B. U khou S F Pankina, L VKolybine, VG Lerner,G VTrusov & M S Rudiak
Reinforcement effect of composite earth retaining wall system on releasing strutS Saji & K N urnakami
Earth and water pressures acting on the excavation side of a braced wall in soft groundTTamano, S Fukui, _S M izutani, H Tsuboi & M H isatake
Undrained shear strength for passive earth pressure in an excavation of soft clayHTanaka fPrismatic failure - A new method of calculating stability against boiling of sandwithin a cofferdamTfTanaka, E Toyokuni & E Ozaki
Failure characteristics of a- sheet pile wall in centrifuge tests
lf Toyosawa, N H orii, S Tamate & N S uemasa
In situ monitoring and analysis of a cut-and-cover tunnel on the Bay-Shore RouteH U eki, S Moue, S Kobayashi & K Sekiya
Earth pressures acting on flexible circular shafts in sandK U eno, lfYokoyama, A. Ohi & TFujii
2 Construction aspects of bored tunnels
CATSBY Collapse real-time prevention system for slurry tunnel boring machines in softgroundRAristaghes, FBerbet & R Michelon
Design of twin-tube tunnel through soft rockCI'Chang, MCLee & RCHou
Design and installation of special tunnel rings to monitor long term ground loadingH R. Davies & K H Bowers
Tunnel construction in Stuttgart: Problems of settlements and swelling rockR"Egger
Geotechnical aspects of the construction of the Heathrow Transfer Baggage System trurnelWJ Grose & C M Eddie
Experiences from the construction of the Athens MetroM Kavvadas, L. R. H ewison, R G Laskaratos, C Seferoglou & L M ichalis
Driving control and ground behaviour of triple circular face shield machineTKuzuno, HTakasaki, M Tanaka & TTamai
Geotechnical aspects of the L.A. Metro Red Line Contract C0331 - North Hollywood turmelDA. Louis
VII
Tunnelling in Sao Paulo, BrazilA. Negro Jr, L. E Sozio & AQA. Ferreira
Geotechnical aspects of tunnelling in soft ground in IrelandTL. L. Orr & E R. Farrell
Some aspects of contact stress measurements around tunnelsJ Pacovsky
Geotechnical experiences from previous tumrel projects in Bangkok soilsN Phienwej
Tunnel observations for the Muni Metro Tumback projectG Sherry R. Castro, D.A. Sutter & CL.Wu
Restoration of a distressed tunnel in the Northern section of the Calcutta Metro constmctionNN Som & A. KGupta
Slurry penetration into coarse grained soils and settlements from a large slun'y shield tunnelWSteiner
Discussion: Observations of lining load in a London clay tunnelK H Bowers & .Z D. Redgers
Discussion: Tunnelling in weathered rock - Rock or soil mechanics approaches?M Kavvadas
3 Ground treatment for bored 'tunnels
Application of compensation grouting to the St.Clair River Tumiel project, North AmericaJ Forbes & A. RFinch
Measures to limit structure settlements during construction of the station complexat SouthwarkM Friedman & A.McKie
Effects of pre-lining methods on the convergence of a tunnelA.Guillou,x, SBretelle & F Bienvenue
Construction' of low-level tunnels below Waterloo Station with compensation groutingfor the Jubilee Line Extension
D I Harris, A..l Poole); C O Menkiti & lA. Stephenson
Settlement of storehouses during the passage of two parallel shields through soft groundS Ikeda, TfSaito, Yf Huang & A. Mori
Tumiel face reinforcement by bolting: Soil bolts homogenization, strain approachC./assionnesse, RDubois & A Saitta
Observation and control of movements in works constructed by ground freezingR. I-[Jones
The NATM and compensation grouting trial at Redcross WayJ R Kirnmance & R.Allen
VIII
Storebzelt Eastern Railway Tunnel, Denmark ~ Ground freezing for tunnels and crosspassagesN Kofoed & S R. Doran
Protection of buildings from tunnelling induced settlement using penneation groutingL. F Linney & M Friedman
Urban tunnel in beach sand, BilbaoIR. Madinaveitia
Geotechnical aspects related to construction of a 5.5 km turmel excavated in sedimentaiy soilsof Sao Paulo Basin _C E M Majfei & L. R. Martinati
Ground movements and vertical compensation grouting during shaft construction - JubileeLine Extension, Green Park Station, Contract 101.C M urugamoorthy G S M urray RBall, A. Bracegirdle & Q..l Leiper
The use of jet grouting to improve soft clays for open face tunnelling
G Pellegrino & D.NAdams \Monitoring during the construction of the Allen Sewer Tunnel, Toronto, Canada
J N Snirlam B. N Pennington`& XY i
Discussion: Control of ground movements - Risk issues and instrumentationQ.l Leiper
Discussion: Quality control during jet grouting.L R. Madinaveizia
4 Modelling and prediction for bored tunnels
Twin tunnel construction - Ground movements and lining behaviourTfLAddenbrooke & D M Potts
Finite element simulation of shield tunnelling processes in soft ground
HAkagi & K Kolnjya
Face stability in slnny and EPB shield tunnellingGAnagnostou & IC Kovdri
Predictions and a monitoring scheme with respect to the boring of the Second HeinenoordTunnel
K1 Bakker, Wvan Schelt & lWPlekkenpol
Numerical modelling of tunneling in soft soilS Bernat, B. Cambou & R Dubois
Centrifuge models of tunnel construction and compensation groutingM D. Bolton, lf C Lu & I S Sharma
Experimental and numerical tests on the excavation of a railway tunnel in grouted soilin MilanG Canetta, B. Cavagna & R. Nova
IX
Back analysis of an urban tunnelC Casarin, A. R O Pureza, C MA Prado & L. Tescarolo
Numerical modelling of a NATM tunnel construction in London ClayG R. Dasari, C G Rawlings & M D. Bolton
Two- and three-dimensional numerical modelling of a guided pipe-jacking in soft soilR. de Borst, WL.A Hvan den Broek & A E Groen
Numerical simulation of a tunnel excavated in a porous collapsible soilM M F arias & A RAssis
Centrifuge modelling of ground movements due to tunnelling in layered groundRl Grant & R. N Taylor
Back analysis for shield tunnel using beam-joint modelTHashimoto, .lNagaya, TTamura, TKishio, H HZhu, L. D. Yang & WM Cai
Ground movements due to tunnelling: Influence on pile foundationsHJA M H ergarden, .L Tfvan der Poel & 1 Svan der Schrier
Numerical modelling of the influence of the Westminster Station excavation and tunnellingon the Big Ben clock towerK G Higgins, D. M Potts & RJ Mair
Design and development of underground construction equipment in a centrifugeS Imamura, lfNomoto, K Mito, K U eno & O Kusakabe
An improvement of FEM analysis in ground settlement prediction in shield tunnellingA. I nokuma & A. F u jimoto
Interaction between closely spaced tunnels in claySH Kim, HlBurd & GWE Milligan
Numerical modelling of a tunnel in soft porous clayR. Kochen & A Negro Jr
Numerical modelling of the NATM and compensation grouting trials at Redcross Way1\LKovacevic§V H E Edmonds, RJ Mair, K G Higgins & D. M Potts
Prediction of subsidence above shield driven tunnels in cohesive soilsK -M Lee
Centrifuge modelling of construction processes of shield tunnelTNomoto, K M ito, S Imamura, K U eno & O Kusakabe
The influence of an existing surface structure on the ground movements due to tunnellingD. M Potts & TLAddenbrooke
A multi-stage finite element analysis of a complex tunnel section in London ClayD J Reddish, A Benbia & J F K Thompson
Analytical and geotechnical consideration on ground settlement induced by tail void closureof shield tunnel construction
S Saka jo, TYoshimaru & M Kamimura
X
The influence of anisotropy on calculations of ground settlements above tunnelsB. Simpson, lHAtkinson & Vfoviéié
A finite element studyof ground movements measured in centrifuge model tests of tunnelsS E. Stallebrass, R..lGrant & R.NTaylor
Design of turmel liners: How important are bending moments?WSteiner & M Meier
Soil properties based on in-situ data of the shield driven methodM Sugimoto, N TI-L Luong
Measurement of earth and water pressures acting on the great depth shield tunnel segmentsMSuzuki, TKamaa'a, I-LNakagawa, THashimoto & YSatsukawa
Pore pressure generation and equalization around a circular tunnel in soft claysG Urciuoli, C Russo, A. Desideri & L. Picarelli
Soil loads acting on shield tunnels: Comparison between bedded beam model and finiteelement calculations
J Tvan der Poel, HJA. M H ergarden & H R. E DekkerDiscussion: Comments on the use of non-linear elastic stiffness
K G Higgins, D WHight, R. J Mair, D. M Ports & RJ Jardine
Discussion: Comments on the numerical modelling of settlements above tunnelsM R O’Reilly
Discussion: Reply to discussion by M. R O’ReillyRJ Mair
5 Settlement ejfects of bored tunnels
Performance of a shield driven sewer tumiel in the Val-de-Marne, FranceCAz‘ahan, E Leca & A. Guilloux
Ground movement over three years at the Heathrow Express Trial TunnelKHBQwers, D IW]-Iiller & B MNew
The investigation of acid generation within the Woolwich and Reading Beds at Old Streetand its effect on tunnel liningsA. Bracegirdle, SA. J ejferis, PITedd, Nl Crammond, L Chudleigh & N Burgess
A methodology for evaluating potential damage to cast iron pipes induced by tunnellingA.Bracegira'le, R.lMair, R..lNyren & R. NTaylor
Ground movements associated with pipejacking operationsD N Chapman
Sudden Valley Sewer: A case historyM R. Dyer, M TfHutchinson & N Evans
Hong Kong Island Line - Predictions and performanceR.A. Forth & C B B. Thorley
XI
Some aspects of ground movement during shield tunnelling in JapanYfHashimoto, K Hayakawa, K Kurihara, TNomot0, M Ohtsuka & Tlfamazaki
Field measurements from two tunnels in ShanghaiXX Hou, .SfLiao & YZhao
Pore pressures induced in soft ground due to tunnellingR.NHwang, Z-CMoh & MChen
In situ monitoring of the Lyons Metro D line extensionR. Kastner, C Ollier & GGuibert
Observations of deformations created in existing tunnels by adjacent and cross cuttingexcavations
.L R K immarice, S Lawrence, G Hassan, Nl Purchase & G Tollinger
Prediction of ground movements and assessment of risk of building damage due to boredtunnellingRJ Mair, R. N Taylor & J B Burland
Movements and stress changes in London Clay due to the construction of a pipe jackMA. Marshall, GWE Milligan & R..LMair
Ground movements aroimd tunnels in soft groundZ~CMoh, D.I-[Ju & R.NHwang
Some Spanish experiences on measurement and evaluation of ground displacements aroundurban tunnels
C S Oreo & C Sagaseta
Monitoring of tunnels, surrounding ground and adjacent structuresG Price, L EWara'le & Nde Rossi
Ground behaviour and potential damage to buildings caused by the construction of a largediameter tunnel for the Lisbon MetroD Simic & GGilt0es
'lfhe measurement of ground movements due to tunnelling at two control sites alongthe Jubilee Line Extension
J R. Standing, RJ Nyren, TL Longworth & .Z B. Burland
Recorded settlements from the DLR tunnels to BankA.R. Umney & G R. Heath
Discussion: Comments on the risk of damage to structuresM R O’Reilly
Discussion: Reply to discussion by M. R O’ReillyR..l Mair, R. N Taylor & J B. Burland
Discussion: Stability of eleclrolevels used to monitor movementsG Price
Discussion: The effect of ground movements on rigid masonry facadesB. Simpson & WJ Grose
XII
6 Overview of the Jubilee Line Extension Project
A collaborative research prograinme on subsidence damage to buildings: Predictionprotection and repair u1 B. Burland, RJ Mair, L. E Linney F M Jardine & J R. Standing
Site investigation for the tunnels and stations of the Jubilee Line Extension, LondonL. ELinney & D. Page
Author index
XI I I
Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground Mair & Ta y/or (eds)© 1996 Ba/kema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 54 10 856 8
Preface
/
Technical Committee TC28 on Underground Construction in Soft Ground was established by theInternational Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering in 1989. lts main pl11`pOS€ wasto provide a forum for interchange of ideas and discussion using representatives in many countrieswith active interest in tunnelling and deep excavations. In 1994, TC28 organised a very successfulSymposium which coincided with the International Conference then being held in New Delhi. Theone-day Symposium was principally aimed at discussing codes of practice and methods ofconstruction of underground excavation adopted in different countries. National Reports werecanvassed and also more general papers were included. The success of that Symposium led to thestrong feeling that organising a second event would be both productive and well received. TheSymposium in April 1996 organised at City University, London and these Proceedings are theoutcome of that decision to hold a second event.
The themes for the Symposium were established in line with the terms of reference of TC28 as:l. Case histories and other information concerning the design and construction of tunnels and
deep excavations in the urban enviromnent, with special emphasis on the relationships betweenground improvement schemes and excavation methods used and the displacement of surroundingground and of the adjacent structures. _
2. The roles and interrelationships of analysis and physical and numerical modelling.The call for papers drew an overwhelming response and over 130 abstracts were received. This
resulted in 116 refereed papers being included in the Symposium, which were received from 23countries. The Symposirun attracted an attendance of 235 delegates from 27 countries.
TheSymposium was organised over a period of three days. The tirst two days were dedicated to 5main discussion sessions covering braced excavations and shafts, and construction aspects, groundtreatment, modelling and prediction, and settlement effects of bored tunnels; a sixth session gave anoverview of the Jubilee Line Extension Project (JLEP), under construction for London UndergroundLtd, and served as an introduction to the third day of the Symposium which was devoted to visits to anumber of different construction sites of the JLER The papers of the Symposium were circulated inadvance as a pre-print volume and papers were taken as read. Each session was introduced by areporter who summarised the main points of the papers in a session; the remainder of the session wasthen devoted to open discussion on key points identified by the reporter. This volume of theproceedings includes the written versions of the session reports, and any written contributions todiscussion received after the Symposium. The papers cover a wide range of topics, and it isparticularly pleasing that there are so many papers concerning case histories which give veryvaluable insights and detailed tield measurements associated with underground construction.
The success of the Symposium was due in no small part to the efficiency and hard work of themembers of the organising committee and the tremendous support from all members of the
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Geotechnical Engineering Research Centre at City University Special thanks are due to LondonUnderground Ltd (LUL). In particular, Mr M.C.ESmith, Project Manager (Construction) for ILERgave invaluable support in arranging linancial sponsorship, publication of iindings from JLEP andthe site visits. Also, Mr L.ELinney provided an important link between the organising committeeand LUL and ensured smooth running of the site visits.
The collection of papers and reports contained Within this volume should provide a major sourceof reference on underground construction in soft ground. We are grateful to the International Societyof Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering and to TC28 to have been given the opportunity tohold the Symposium and to gather together and exchange ideas with so many people concerned withdeep excavations and tunnels.
R.J. Mair, Chairman TC28R. N.Taylor, Secretary TC28Editors
XVI
Organisation
Geotechnical Aspects ol Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Mair & Ta y/or (eds)© 1996 Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5410 856 8
The Symposium organised by the International Society for Soil Mechanics and FoundationEngineering, Technical Committee TC28 on Underground Construction in Soft Ground.
ORGAN ISIN G COMMITTEE
K. Fujita, ChairmanR.J. Mair, Co-ChairmanR.N.Taylor, Secretary
A.GuillouxE M. JardineO. Kusakabe
L. E LinneyTW MellorsA. Negro JrB. M. New
SPONSORSHIP
British Geotechnical SocietyBritish Tunnelling SocietyConstruction Industry Research & Information AssociationInstitution of Civil EngineersLondon Underground Limited
XVII
Author index
Abe, Y 173Abraham, R. 99Adams, D. N. 423Addenbrooke, T.I. 441Akagi, H. 447Allen, R. 385Anagnostou, G. 453Aristaghes, R 245Assis, A.R 501Atahan, C. 641Atkinson, J.H. 591
Bailey, R.R 81Bakker, K.J. 459Ball, R 417Batten, M. 57Benbia, A. 579Berbet, E 245Bemat, S. 465Bibin,L.A. 197Bienvenue, E 355Bolt, A.E 63Bolton, M.D. 471, 491Boorrnan, R. 57
,5
Bowers, K.H. 257, 335, 647Bracegirdle, A. 417, 653, 659Bretelle,>_S. 355Breymann, H. 69Bulychev, N.S. 75Burd, H.J. 543Burgess, N. 653Burland, J.B. 713, 751, 765, 773
Cai, W M. 513Cambou, B. 465Canetta, G. 479Carter, M.D. 81Casarin, C. 485Castro, R. 317Cavagna, B. 479Chang, C.T. 251Chang, J.-D. 87Chapman, D. N. 665Chen, M. 695Chudleigh, I. 653Crammond, N.J. 653Crawley, J.D. 93
Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in So/t Ground, Ma/r & Taylor (eds)
Da Silva Guerra, E. 161Dasari, G.R. 491Davies, H.R. 257Dawson, M.R 81, 99de Boer, E 105de Borst, R. 497De Moor, E.K. 11 1de Rossi, N. 737Dekker, H.R.E. 627Dembicki, E. 63Desideri, A. 621Doran, S.R. 391Douglas, A.R. 99Dubois, R 373, 465Dyer, M._R. 671
Eddie, C.M. 269Edmonds, H.E. 553Egger, R 263Enami, A. 117Evans, N. 671
Farias, M.M. 501Farrell, E.R. 301Femie, R. 123, 131Ferreira, A.A. 295Finch, A.R 343Forbes, J. 343Forth, R.A. 677Fotieva, N. N. 75Friedman, M. 99, 349, 399Fuchsberger, M . 69Fujii, '11 137, 237Fujimoto, A. 537Fukui, S. 207
Gittoes, G. 745Gourvenec, S. 143Grant, R.J. 507, 595Groen, A. E. 497Grose, WJ. 269, 769Guibert, G. 701Guilloux, A. 355, 641Gupta, A.K. 323
Hagiwara, TI 137Hanis, D. I. 361
785
© 1996 Ba/kema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5410 856 8
Hashimoto, T. 185, 513, 613 683Hassan, O. 707Hayakawa, K. 683Heath, G.R. 757Hergarden, H.J.A.M. 519 627Hewison, L.R. 277Higgins, K.G. 123, 525, 553 633Hight, D.W 633Hiller, D. M. 647Hiramatsu, Y 117Hisatake, M. 207Homma, M. 117Horii, N. 225Horiuchi,'[1 149Horodecki, G.A. 63Hou, RC. 251Hou, X.Y. 689Huang, Y. 367Hutchinson, M.'I1 671Hwang, R. N. 695, 725
lkeda, S. 367Ilyichev, VA. 197Imamura, S. 531, 567Inokuma., A. 537Ishida,T 155
Jardine, EM. 773Jardine, R.J. 633Jassionnesse, C. 373Jefferis, S.A. 653Jones, R.H. 379Joviéié, V 591Ju, D.H. 725
Kamada, '11 613Kamegaya, I. 179Kamimura, M. 585Kastner, R. 701Kavvadas, M. 277, 337Kawano, H. 185Kim, S.H. 543Kimmance, J.R 385,707Kingston, R 123Kishio, T 513Kobayashi, S. 231Kochen, R. 549
Kofoed, N. 391Ko1ybine,I.V 197Komiya, H. 447Kovacevic, N. 553Kovéri, K. 453Kureha, K. 179Kurihara, K. 683Kusakabe, O. 3, 137, 531, 567Kuzuno, T. 283
Lacy, M. 143Laskaratos, PG. 277Lawrence, S. 707Leca, E. 27, 641Lee, K.-M. 561Lee, M.C. 251Leiper, Q.J. _417, 435Leonardo Leite, R.L. 161Lemer, VG. 197Liao, S. 689Lings, M.L. 191Linney, L.E 99, 399, 773, 779Longworth, T I. 751Louis, D.A. 289Lu, YC. 471Luong, N.T H. 607
Madinaveitia, J. R. 405, 437Maffei, C.E.M. 161, 411Mair, R.J. 43, 525, 553, 633, 637, 659,
713, 719, 765, 773Marshall, M.A. 719Martinati, L.R. 411Masuda, T. 167McKie, A. 349Meier, M. 601Menkiti, C.O. 361Michalis, I. 277Michelon, P 245Milligan, G.W E. 543, 719Mito, K. 531,567Mizutani, S. 207Moh, Z.-C. 695, 725Mori, A. 367Morishita, H. 117Moue, S. 231Muramatsu, M. 173Murray, G.S. 417Murugamoorthy, C. 417
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Nomoto, T 531,567,683Nova, R. 479Numakami, K. 203Nyren, R.J. 659,751
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633Powrie, W 57, 143Prado, C.M.A. 485Price, G. 737, 767Purchase, N.J. 707Pureza, APO. 485
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Sagaseta, C. 731Saito, T. 367Saitta, A. 373Saji, S. 203Sakajo, S. 585Sammal, A.S. 75Sato, M. 155Satsukawa, Y 613Schweiger, H. E 69Seferoglou, C. 277Sekiya, K. 231Sharma, J.S. 471Sherry, G. 317Shimizu, M. 149Shirlaw, J.N. 19,429Simic, D. 745Simpson, B. 591, 769Som, N. N. 323Sozio, L.E. 295St.John, H.D. 123Stallebrass, S.E. 595
786
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Wardle, LE 737Wong, K.S. 87Wu, C. L. 317
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Zhao, Y 689Zhu, H.H. 513
3
This volume contains a collection of 116 papers and 5 reports presented at theInternational Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Constructionin Soft Ground held at City University, London in 1996, organized by the TechnicalCommittee 28 of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and FoundationEngineering. The papers have been contributed by research workers and practitionersfrom 23 countries who are involved with the design and construction of undergroundstructures in soft ground. The contributions cover braced excavations and shafts,together with construction aspects, ground treatment, modelling and prediction,and settlement effects of bored tunnels; the final section includes an overview ofthe Jubilee Line Extension Project, recently constructed in London. The volumeprovides a valuable source of reference on the current practice of analysis, designand construction of deep excavations and tunnels in soft ground.
Cover photographs courtesy Jubilee Line Extension Project:Top: Cofferdam and excavation for the Canary Wharf StationBottom: Tunnel enlargement for eastbound platform tunnel, Bermondsey Station