Cycle 3: Describing MatterHoward/Tuskegee

Videos on Matter …

• What is Matter (Discovery Channel) (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYFAj50c7xM)

• States of Matter Rap (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBBmdqti_Kg)

What is Matter?

1. Matter – Anything that has mass AND volume (occupies space)

Examples of things that are matter: Anything that can be expressed with a chemical formula from the elements on the periodic table (e.g. Water = H2O, Table Salt = NaCl, Nicotine = C10H14N2)

Examples of things that are NOT matter: Energy (e.g. sound, heat, light, etc.), rainbows, information, (mirror) reflections, emotions

Properties of Matter

2. Physical Property – a characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance

-Intensive Physical Property – a physical property which does not depend on the amount of matter

Examples: color, density, electrical conductivity, hardness, luster, texture, magnetism, melting point, boiling point

-Extensive Physical Property – a physical property which depends on the amount of matter being measured

Examples: length, mass, volume, weight, # of particles

Properties of Matter (cont.)

3. Chemical Property – a characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into a different substance

Examples: Reactivity with other chemicals, toxicity, flammability (combustibility), chemical stability, types of chemical bonds that can form

Physical Property vs. Chemical Property

4. A physical property can be observed/measured without changing the original matter.

5. A chemical property can only be observed by changing the chemical identity of the original matter.

• Properties of Matter – Physical & Chemical Properties (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oF0lN0jZYx0)

Specific Physical Properties Definitions

6. Temperature – a measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) in the particles of a substance

• SI unit for temperature is Celsius (⁰C) or Kelvin (K)

7. Mass – a measure of how much matter is in an object• SI unit for mass is grams

8. Volume – the amount of space matter takes up• SI unit for volume is cubic meters (m3) or liters; 1 cubic meter = 1000 liters

9. Density – the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume (i.e., Mass/Volume); density of water = 1 g/mL or 1 g/cm3

• SI unit for density is kg/m3

Changes in Matter

10. Physical Change – a change in a substance that does not change its identity; a change in any physical property of a substance, not in the substance itself

Examples: Molding clay, crumpling paper, water freezing into ice, rock melting into lava, dissolving sugar into water, mixing red and green marbles

Changes in Matter (cont.)

11. Chemical Change – a change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances

Examples: Iron rusting, burning wood, digesting food, baking a cake, mixing an acid and a base

Signs that a chemical change has occurred include: 1) New color, 2) New smell, 3) Gas bubbles or smoke, 4) An increase or decrease in temperature

Physical Change vs. Chemical Change

• How to Tell Chemical & Physical Changes Apart

• A chemical change makes a substance that wasn't there before. There may be clues that a chemical reaction took place, such as light, heat, color change, gas production, odor, or sound. The starting and ending materials of a physical change are the same, even though they may look different.

• “Physical & Chemical Changes” (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW9of4JYHY0 )

States of Matter

12. States of Matter – forms in which matter can exist

• Solid – a state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume

• Liquid – a state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume

• Gas – a state of matter with no definite shape or volume

• Plasma – a gas-like state of matter consisting of a mixture of free electrons (negatively-charged subatomic particles) and atoms that have lost their electrons

How are physical properties related to physical changes?How are chemical properties related to chemical changes?

• A physical change is a change in any physical property of a substance, not in the substance itself

• Physical properties describe how a substance behave during a physical change like ice melts at 0 degrees C is the property while actual melting is the change

• Chemical properties describe how a substance behave during a chemical change like iron may rust is the property while actual rusting of iron is the change 

Phase Changes

Phase Change

Definition Example Reverse Phase Change

Freezing Liquid => Solid Water freezing into ice Melting

Melting Solid => Liquid Ice melting into water Freezing

Condensation Gas => Liquid Water vapor condensing into water on a mirror

Vaporization

Vaporization Liquid => Gas Water boiling and turning into steam

Condensation

Deposition Gas => Solid Cold air turning into ice crystals

Sublimation

Sublimation Solid => Gas Dry ice changing into carbon dioxide gas

Evaporation – Vaporization occurring only on the surface level

Factors which Affect Phase Changes

• States of Matter & Phase Change – 3:08-5:40 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjyXIZtlHFo)

• Water Boiling @ Room Temperature, under a Vacuum (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoOQNwcrDWE)

(*Pressure Cookers …)

How Pressure Cookers Work

Resources

• http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_changes.html

• (How do we use properties to help us describe matter?) http://www.mcgrawhill.ca/school/learningcentres/file.php/9780070726901/olc2/dl/699403/2_2.pdf

Charles’ Law – (Gas Behavior)

• “Liquid Nitrogen Experiments: The Balloon” (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgTTUuJZAFs)