Cveen 3310 Notes

Textbooks (Required)

Reading Assignments and Class Participation

To facilitate the learning, each student will be required to read the assignment and be prepared to discuss in class the material that was read. Because it is nearly impossible to cover the material exactly according to the schedule, it is each student's responsibility to follow the lectures to determine what the appropriate reading assignment is for the next class period. PLEASE BRING THE TEXTBOOK, LECTURE NOTES, AND/OR OTHER APPROPRIATE REFERENCES TO EACH CLASS!

At various times during each lecture, students will be asked questions or be given the opportunity to answer questions posed by the instructor. Each student is expected to participate in these discussions during the lectures throughout the semester. Relevant information from students with practical working experience on a particular topic is encouraged. Sleeping or reading material not relevant to the class is not appropriate.

Hardcover: 775 pages•Publisher: Prentice Hall; 2 edition (March 30, 2008)

•

Language: English•ISBN-10: 0130317217•ISBN-13: 978-0130317216•

Pasted from <http://www.amazon.com/Introductio

n-Geotechnical-Engineering-Robert-Holtz/dp/0130317217>

Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

CVEEN 3310 NotesWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM

Course Info

http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Geotechnical-Engineering-Robert-Holtz/dp/0130317217




Lecture: Tuesday and Thursday (T, H) 12:25 – 1:45 p.m. WEB 1230 Laboratory: (4 Sections) - Monday 2:00-5:00; Tuesday, 2:00-5:00; Wednesday 2:00-5:00; HEDCO 109 (Geotech Laboratory).The first laboratory session will be held in CME 119

Class Meeting Schedule and Location:

Strength of Materials (CVEEN 2140 or equivalent), Chemistry II (CHE 1220 or equivalent) and Ordinary Differential Equations (MATH 2250 or equivalent). The instructor can waive these prerequisites in special circumstances.

Prerequisites:

Steven F. Bartlett, P.E., Ph.D., Associate Professor, 2nd Floor MCB , Phone: 587-7726, Fax: 585-5477, Home: 435-884-3935, e-mail: [email protected], Course website: http://www.civil.utah.edu/~cv3310/index.html; Office hours: T, Th 10:30 a.m. to 12: 00 p.m. and 2:00 to 3:00 p.m., or by e-mail appointment.

Instructor:

1983 B.S., Geology, BYU1992 Ph.D., Civil Engineering (geotechnical emphasis), BYU1984-1988 Construction and Materials, UDOT 1991-1995 Senior Engineer, Westinghouse Savannah River Company1995-1998 Project Engineer, Woodward Clyde Consultants1998-2000 Research Project Manager, UDOt2000-2007 Assistant Professor, CVEEN Department, University of Utah2007-2011 Associate Professor, CVEEN Department, University of Utah

Educational/Professional Experience:

Mike Platt, Kiewit Mentoring Center, [email protected], Office hrs., Thurs 9:00 to 11:00 a.m.

○

Roozbeh Gholizadeh, Kiewit Mentoring Center, [email protected], Office hrs., Mon and Wed, 9:00 to 11:00 a.m.

○

Teaching Assistants:

Introduction (cont)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM

Course Info

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.civil.utah.edu/~cv3310/index.html

http://www.civil.utah.edu/~cv3310/index.html


Course Objectives

To understand how geologic processes form and affect soil behavior.○

To gain knowledge of soil properties and geotechnical materials.○

To help foster and develop the engineering judgment required to the practice of geotechnical engineering.

○

Index and Classification Properties of Soils

Geological Process and Origin of Geomaterials

Clay Mineral, Soil and Rock Structures and Rock Classification

Compaction and Stabilization of Soils

Hydrostatic Water in Soil and Rock

Fluid Flow in Soil and Rock

Compressibility of Soil and Rock

Time Rate of Consolidation

Stress Distributions and Settlement Analysis

To gain a detailed knowledge of○

Introduction to Shear Strength of Soil and Rock○

Course Grading: (Total Score from All Assignments and Exams)

Weight Grade (%) Grade (%)

Homework............... (25% grade)

A 94-100

A- 90-93

Midterm Exam I ...... (15% grade)

B+ 87-89 B 84-86

Midterm Exam II...... (15% grade)

B- 80-83 C+ 77-79

Final C 74-76 C- 70-73

Introduction (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM

Course Info

Steven F. Bartlett, 2011Final Exam .............. (20% grade)

C 74-76 C- 70-73

Laboratory .............. (25% grade)

D+ 67-69 D 64-66

D- 60-63 E < 60

Course Info


Courtesy

Your instructor will treat you with courtesy at all times. In return, he expects you to give him the same respect. There should be no talking at any time during the lecture except to ask or answer questions of the instructor. The class begins promptly at 7:30 am and you should arrive on time. Students who arrive late to class disrupt the students who are already there and the instructor.

Homework and Laboratory Assignments

Start the homework early, so you can ask questions in class before the homework is due. Homework due dates are posted on the web. Homework is due at 5:00 p.m. on the due date, but it is preferred that you turn it in class. Homework will be assessed a penalty of 10% per day. Homework or lab assignments that are more than one week late will be assessed a 50 percent penalty and will be spot-checked, but thoroughly graded by the T.A. A grade of zero will be given on any homework that is copied from another student. Specific homework rules for properly completing the homework assignments are given on the department’s website.

Attendance

No seats will be assigned and no attendance taken during the semester. Attendance at the lectures and laboratories is necessary to learn the material. Nonattendance increases the amount of time you spend on the course and reduces the quality of your educational experience. You are responsible for all announcements and material covered in class. Some material covered or explained in class may not be found in the lecture notes and may be included on the exam.


Course Info


Honor Pledge

All homework submitted in this course is pledged as being your own work and is submitted individually. Laboratory exercises and reports will be done in groups. You may ask other students questions and have them assist you in understanding difficult concepts or areas where you may be making errors in your homework and laboratory assignments. However, you are individually responsible for doing, understanding and knowing the concepts and will be tested on that understanding. The honor code prohibits discussing any tests with anyone until the test is graded and returned. Also, consulting or copying homework and laboratory assignments from prior years is considered an honor code violation.

Cheating:

Cheating of any kind on homework, quizzes, laboratory reports, or exams will not be tolerated and will result in a grade of E for the course.


Course Info

UNIVERSITY OF UTAHDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGHOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS:PROCESS OF SOLUTION AND FORMATTING REQUIREMENTSEFFECTIVE DATE: SEPTEMBER 1, 2004

1. The completed homework assignments that you turn in for credit must be substantially your own work. It is permissible to discuss the basic concepts and how to solve the problem in a general sense with others prior to working on the assignment. Once you have started aproblem, you may ask questions of other students, but the questions should be limited tospecific aspects of a problem that you do not understand. It is not acceptable to work on theassignments with another person or in a group where the assignments are worked entirely together. You may get as much help from the Teaching Assistant and Professor for the class as they can legitimately give you during their regularly scheduled office hours or via e-mail (if the Teaching Assistant or Professor is willing to communicate via e-mail). It is notpermissible to use either solution manuals or solutions from past classes for homeworkassignments that are turned in for credit. All assignments must have the following signedpledge at the front of the assignment:

On my honor as a student of the University of Utah, I have neither given nor receivedunauthorized aid on this assignment.

If the pledge is missing or is not signed, the assignment will not be graded.

Note: These requirements may be modified by the instructor of any class to meet the needsof that class. Students will be notified by the instructor if there are any modifications to therequirements described in this section. If you have any questions regarding these equirements for any class, please ask the instructor for clarification.

2. The following format must be used to complete each problem requiring substantial numerical calculations:

GivenRequiredAssumptionsSolutionSummary of Answers

More information is given below regarding each section. An example showing a solvedproblem using this format is given on pp. 5-6. (Note: The problem statement is shown in the example on pp. 5-6 only to illustrate how to obtain the given and required information from the problem statement. The problem statement should not be included in actual solutions.)

Homework RulesWednesday, January 05, 20113:00 PM

Homework Rules

Given. Concisely list the important information given in the problem. Use appropriatesymbols whenever possible.

Required. Concisely summarize the task(s) required to solve the problem. If there is morethan one task, designate the tasks using a numerical or alphabetical character as appropriate.For example, if the problem number is numerical (1, 2, 3, etc.) designate the tasks using analphabetical character (a, b, c, etc.).

Assumptions. List all assumptions needed to solve the problem. If other assumptions couldbe made in place of any assumption you have make, discuss the logic used to select yourassumption rather than the alternative assumptions. If no assumptions are needed, write“None” after the heading.

Solution. Show the solution to the problem in a logical, well-organized, and neat manner.For handwritten solutions, it is highly recommended that you solve the problems first onscratch paper and then transfer the solutions neatly to engineering paper. Do not turn in thescratch paper.

Summary of Answers. At the end of each problem, provide a summary of answers for alltasks requiring numerical answers and tasks requiring text answers that can be summarized inthree sentences or less. If a task requires a text answer of more than three sentences, a figureor a large table, refer in the summary to the location of the answer by page number and figure or table number. Provide numerical answers with the appropriate number of significantfigures. As a general rule of thumb for Civil and Environmental Engineering, giving answersto more than three significant figures is usually not warranted. The number of significantfigures warranted in a particular problem may be more or less than this value. Ask yourinstructor for clarification of this rule of thumb for each class. When rounding off duringcalculations, it is good practice, if possible, to use at least one more significant figure in allrounded values than the desired number of significant figures for the final answer. Forexample, if the appropriate number of significant figures is three, use at least four significantfigures, where possible, for all rounded values used in the calculation of the final answer.

If a problem or question requires only a text answer, use the following three sections:GivenRequiredAnswerAn example is given on p. 7. In some instances it may be appropriate to use only twosections such as Required and Answer or Required and Solution.

3. Use engineering paper and pencil for every problem in which the solution is handwritten. Ifthe solution (or part of a solution) is done using a computer program, print out the solution(or the part of a solution done using the computer program) on white paper. In all otheraspects, computer-printed solutions must strictly adhere to the same formatting standards ashandwritten solutions. In some instances, the instructor may require you to turn in an

Homework Rules (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20113:00 PM

Homework Rules

electronic file in addition to the printout, only an electronic file, or electronic file plus partialprintout of the file.

4. Number, title, and label each figure or table produced for the assignment (for example,Figure 1, Table 3, etc.) Labels for figures go below the figure, while labels for Tables goabove the table. Continue with one numbering sequence for each assignment. For example,if there are two figures in Problem 1 and one figure in Problem 2, number the figures 1, 2,and 3. In a derivation where you need to refer to a previous equation, number the equationsand refer to them by number. Examples of a figure, a table, and proper numbering ofequations are shown on pp. 8-9.

5. Graphs should be drawn on a separate piece of paper (one graph per page) to a scale largeenough that the graph takes up most of the paper. Both axes should be labeled, includingunits. All straight lines (including axes and tick marks) must be drawn with a straight edge(triangle, ruler, etc.). Data points must be represented by a symbol (circle, square, etc.), withdifferent symbols used for different relationships. If drawn by hand, the symbols must bedrawn with a template. When drawing lines or curves through the data points, a straightedge,French curve, or other appropriate device must be used - freehand lines or curves are notacceptable. You may also use a computer program to draw your graphs. Some programs donot have the capability to draw smooth curves through data points. If the program you areusing does not have this capability, have the computer plot the data points but draw thecurves by hand with a French curve or other appropriate device. Do not draw straight linesfrom data point to data point when the relationship is actually curved. Also, make sure thatthe line or curve drawn by the computer program is appropriate for the relationship describedby the data. For labeling the tick marks on an axis, use the minimum number of decimalplaces required (for examples, use 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, etc. rather than 0.00, 5.00, 10.00, 15.00,20.00, etc.; use 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, etc. rather than 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, etc.).Note: If the line or curve you are drawing represents an equation or relationship with aninfinite or very large number of data points, do not use symbols to show data points on thegraph even if a finite number of data points are actually used to draw the graph.

6. When providing a table, use the same orientation of the text and/or data for all columns(centered or left justified). In most cases, all numerical values within any column shouldhave the same number of significant figures. However, the number of significant figures in acolumn may be different for one column compared to other columns in the table. In someinstances, it is appropriate to use the same number of decimal places for all values in acolumn.

7. If you use a spreadsheet program to do a problem, which may be encouraged or required insome cases, you MUST provide sample calculations for each type of calculation. Thesesample calculations can be provided within the spreadsheet itself (but must be within thesection that will be printed and turned in) or on a separate page or pages.


Homework Rules

8. Your solutions should be neatly written, well-organized, and coherent. Lack of neatness,organization, or coherency will result in reduced credit. Examples of techniques andconditions that are unacceptable include the following:

a. Parts of the solution are deleted using a line or an “X”b. Erasures are dirty, smudgy, or incompletec. Arrows are used to show where a portion of a solution should be located rather than itsactual locationd. Printing is sloppy, too small, or too light to reade. Inappropriate comments are included in the solutionf. Computer generated input and output are not properly integrated into your solution

9. Only one problem should be worked on each page. Start each problem on a separate piece of paper. Use only one side of the paper. Each page should consist of a full piece of paper ofsize 8.5 by 11 in. or A4.

10. Staple the pages of your assignment. Do not use paper clips because they come off easilyand some pages of your assignment may become lost.

11. Put your name, course number, assignment number, and problem number on each sheet of the assignment. Number the pages for each problem. For handwritten solutions, list the page number, followed by a slash, followed by the total number of pages for the problem in the upper right hand side of the paper (see pp. 5-6). For a solution to a problem done entirelyusing a computer program, use the following format centered in the footer: “Page # of ##”(see p. 7).

The following abbreviations can be used, if desired, when referring to numbered pages,figures, or equations:Term AbbreviationPage p.Pages pp.Figure Fig.Figures Figs.Equation Eq.Equations Eqs.

13. Homework that does not comply with any of the requirements described herein will result in reduced credit. If the instructor or grader believes that the violations are substantial, flagrant, or habitual, a grade of zero (no credit) for the assignment will be given.


Homework Rules


Homework Rules

Evert C. Lawton 2001

Significant FiguresWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM

Significant Figures

Evert C. Lawton 2001

Significant Figures (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM

Significant Figures


Introduction to Geotechnical EngineeringWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM

Introduction


Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM

Introduction

Learning ObjectivesTuesday, January 18, 20118:51 AM

Ch. 2 Index and Classification


SymbolsWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Symbols (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



DefinitionsWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Definitions (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



rUseful Relations and ConversionsWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Helps

To switch sides on the phase diagram, you must know the mass density of the solids and water. The mass density of the soils is obtained from the specific gravity (Gs) and the mass density of water is 1 Mg / m^3. If you need to assume a specific gravity, then 2.7 is a typical value. This means that the mass density of the soil is 2.7 Mg/m^3.

Phase DiagramsWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Phase Diagrams (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Phase Diagrams Example 1Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Phase Diagrams Example 1 (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Holtz, Kovacs and Sheahan, Ch. 2.1 to 2.4○

Reading AssignmentWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Learning ObjectivesWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Texture is the "feel" or appearance of the soil and depends on the size, shape and distribution of the soil particle size.

Cohesion is the stickiness of the soil. It is caused by the presence of clay particles that cause the soil fabric to stick together. A soil with high cohesion is called cohesive. Cohesionless soils are not sticky and have a granular fabric.

Characteristics of Soils

Soil TextureWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



The angularity of granular soils greatly affects their frictional (strength) properties and their ability to compact.

Soil Angularity - Granular SoilsWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Soil Classification System Using Predominate Grain SizeWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Relative Frequency Histogram

Cumulative Relative Frequency Histogram

Grain Size DistributionsWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Grain Size Distributions (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



(ASTM D421)

Test performed by stacking a series of screens (sieves) of various sizes.○

For particle size less than 0.075 mm (No. 200 sieve), the hydrometer test is performed.

○

The initial sample is weighed to determine the total mass.○

Sieve with the largest opening is placed on the top of the stack.○

Sieves with finer openings are placed consecutively toward the bottom of the stack.

○

Pan is used at the bottom to catch particles that fall through the bottom sieve.

○

Lid is placed on the top sieve.○

Stack is placed in shaker and the shaker is operated and segregates the soil according to particle size.

○

After shaking is stopped, the weight of soil retained on each sieve is weighed and the data plotted as a cumulative relative frequency histogram to show the particle size distribution.

○

Determining Grain Size (Sieve Analysis)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Determining Grain Size (Sieve Analysis) (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Coefficient of Uniformity, Cu

Coefficient of Curvature, Cc

Determining Grain Size (Sieve Analysis) (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



–

Well graded soils generally compact to a higher density than poorly graded soils

□

Grain size distribution or gradation is important for compaction

Soils with significant non-plastic fines are susceptible to retaining water and heaving upon freezing. This can damage foundations.

□

Preventing frost heave

High fines content and the presence of plastic soils is undesirable in many engineering applications because of poorer compaction and the lower shear strength of soils with high fines content.

□

Controlling the amount of fines

Permeability is strongly affected by the fines content□

Controlling permeability

Very fine soil particles are easily transported in suspension by percolating water. This can cause drain systems to plug. The grain size or gradation of the filter is important so that it allows for proper flow of water but does not allow for migration of small particles and the plugging of the drain.

□

Design filter and drain systems from soils

Suitability criteria - Determine if the soil is suitable for use in roads, levees, dams and embankments or in other cases where the particle size and distribution of the soil is important for engineering performance.

○

"French" drain system at the base of a footing.

Perforated pipe

Application of Grain Size DistributionWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Plasticity increases with increasing water content.

Shear strength decreases with increasing plasticity and water content

Permeability decreases with increasing plasticity

Shrinkage and swelling of the soil increases with plasticity.

The presence of water in the soil fabric can make some fine grained soils behave plastically. Water greatly affects the engineering behavior of the soil

○

Atterberg was a Swedish soil scientist who studied how the properties of clay change with clay type and moisture content for the ceramic industry.

Atterberg developed a series of test to determine the "states" of clays according to their behavior as the moisture content increased. These limit states are known as Atterberg limits.

Atterberg's tests were later modified by K. Terzaghi and A. Casagrande for application in geotechnical engineering.

Measuring Plasticity○

Determining the Plasticity of SoilsWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Definition of shear stress and shear strain used on plot on previous page.

These limits work best for predicting the behavior of remolded soils, fill, clay liners, etc.

○

They can also be used to judge the compressibility and initial stiffness of soils.

Used to judge shrinkage and swell

They are an indication of shear strength and other properties.

However, despite the remolding done in the test, the Atterberg limits when compared to the natural moisture content of the soil in place can be used to judge the behavior of the undisturbed sample.

○

Atterberg limits are conducted on fully remolded soil. Because of this the natural fabric and structure of the soil is destroyed.

Determining the Plasticity of Soils (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Plastic Limit Test




Liquid Limit Test

The liquid limit (LL) is defined as the water content at which a standard cut grove (see above) will close over a distance of 13 mm (0.5 in) at 25 blows in a cup falling 10 mm on a hard rubber or micarta plastic base.

The best fit line for this test can be determined using regression analysis (i.e., trendline feature in Excel). Make sure that use a semi-log plot as is shown in this figure.




Example grain size distribution and Atterberg limits in geotechnical report.




Example ProblemWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Plot of grain size distribution from previous page

Example Problem (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Example Problem (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Learning ObjectivesWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Soil Classification - USCSWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Soil Classification - USCS (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM





wade

Highlight

wade

Highlight




wade

Highlight


Soil Classification - USCS - Field ClassificationWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Soil Classification - USCS - Field Classification (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Soil Classification - AASHTO Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Soil Classification - AASHTO (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Soil Classification - ExampleWednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM



Soil Classification - Example (cont.)Wednesday, January 05, 20111:48 PM


Cveen 3310 Notes

Documents

Transcript of Cveen 3310 Notes