Current & Future Opportunities for Wi-Fi in a 4G World
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Transcript of Current & Future Opportunities for Wi-Fi in a 4G World
ITU Vision for 3G
Satellite
Macrocell Microcell
UrbanIn-Building
Picocell
Global
Suburban
Basic TerminalPDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
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“3G” Services• 3G-324M Video telephony• Location-based services• Push-to-Talk (VoIP w/o QoS)• Rich presence (instant messaging)• Fixed-mobile convergence (FMC)• IP Multimedia Services (w/ QoS)
– Video sharing (conversational video on IP)
• Converged “All IP” networks – the Vision
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Limited adoption
Bypassed !
No traction
Too late …
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The Internet is the killer platform
• Mobile Internet access drives 3G data usage
• Future business models an open question– Walled garden – too late !– Advertising ?– Other 2-sided business
models ?
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Mobile Internet Access• For PC’s under restrictive
terms of service, e.g. no servers, no P2P, no substitution for private lines or frame relay
• AT&T: 5GB @ $60/mo• Verizon: ditto• Sprint: ditto• No US operator offers
flat rate unlimited plans
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iPhone glimmer of what’s possible
• Controlled eco-system– Apps must meet unpublished
Apple & AT&T requirements,e.g., VoIP over Wi-Fi, not 3G
• Explosive growth in mobile broadband usage
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iPhone traffic
US data traffic
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US 3G performance• Novarum Inc. (1/2010)
– Measurements in 36 cities (Anaheim, …, Boston, …, Philly, …, Raleigh, …, Tempe)
– 8-2007: 507/195 Kbps & 340 ms delay
– 12-2009: 1.5 Mbps down• Doubling < 24 months
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Increasing capacity
Operator Services
Femtocell
Wi-Fi
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Internet
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1. Add Cellsites ($$$)2. Newer radios ($$)3. More backhaul ($$$)
4. Femtocells ($$)5. Wi-Fi ($)
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Spectrum history
• 1920: Primitive radio receivers– Needed to restrict who transmits
• 1927- 1934: Origin of FCC, spectrum licensing– Ensuing decades - almost all spectrum assigned– Three bands reserved for “junk” uses
• 1985: FCC authorizes spreadspectrum communications in theISM, or “junk” bands, i.e. – 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz
Wi-Fi History1985 FCC permits communications in “junk bands” at 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 5.8 GHz
1988 - 1997 IEEE bodies iterate; eventually publish first 802.11 specThree alternate solutions for 1 Mbps operation with a 2 Mbps option
1999 802.11a – 54 Mbps at 5.8 GHz using OFDM modulation
1999 802.11b – 11 Mbps at 2.4 GHz using DSSS modulation
1999 Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) formed– Focuses on interoperability and a certification program
2001 802.11d – extends the spec for other regulatory domains (EU, Japan, etc.)
2003 802.11g – 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz using OFDM modulation
2003 WECA adopts new name: Wi-Fi Alliance
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2004 view of Wi-Fi market• Rampant growth
however…• Article in ‘The
Economist’ warns Wi-Fi under threat:
• WiMAX in wide area• WiMedia in home
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Additional highlights• 1997: FCC authorizes Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
(U-NII) radio band providing 200 MHz more spectrum in 5 GHz band• 2003: FCC adds 255 MHz to 5 GHZ bringing total spectrum to 555 MHz• 2003-2009: Task Group n works to dramatically improve Wi-Fi
performance, in part via MIMO and Beamforming• 2007: 802.11n draft 2 products certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance• 2009: 802.11n specification approved
Wi-Fi has pioneered the commercial deployment of the
key ‘4G’ wireless technology,
i.e. OFDM, MIMO, Beamforming
In-Stat (Nov 09)
• Worldwide hotspots reach 245,000 venues in 2009• Hotspot connects increased in 2009 by 47 percent,
bringing total worldwide 1.2 billion connects• Wi-Fi handset shipments grew 50%, 2007 to 2008• Wi-Fi-enabled entertainment device (cameras,
gaming devices, and personal media players) shipments projected to increase from 108.8 million in 2009 to 177.3 million in 2013
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ABI Research (August 2009)
• ABI projects 1 billion Wi-Fi chips in 2011• Global shipments of Wi-Fi-enabled cell phones
to double between 2009 and 2011– 144 million in 2009 to 300 million in 2011
• 90% of smart phones Wi-Fi capable by 2014
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Increasing capacity
Operator Services
Femtocell
Wi-Fi
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Internet
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1. Add Cellsites ($$$)2. Newer radios ($$)3. More backhaul ($$$)
4. Femtocells ($$)5. Wi-Fi ($)
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Femtocells: too little, too late• Primary users of 3G/4G data also have Wi-Fi
– Laptops, smart phones• Corporate IT prefers Wi-Fi they control• Consumers deploying Wi-Fi anyway
– For PCs, for gaming, for home media– Pay extra to help carrier improve their network?
• Femtocell’s only value may be voice coverage
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What’s next?• Wireless tipping point
– 5 GHz becomes as valuable as 2.4 GHz or 700 MHz– Spatial reuse → incredible density increments
• Wi-Fi leads the way– Leveraging Moore’s law and existing 802.11n spec.– Task Grp ac – Very high throughput <6GHz (2012?)
New biz ops!
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Spectrum MythTV Spectrum is “beach front” spectrum
• Based on legacy technology, not physics!– Travels farther thru the air – No!– Thru windows – roughly the same– Goes thru masonry – yes, this is better …
Free space path loss
But this equation encapsulates two effects:① Actual path loss② Receiving antenna aperture (assumed to be ½ wavelength)
Seems to say more , more loss
5 GHz photons go just as far as 700 MHz photons !
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Refraction and reflections
Shorter wavelength - more reflections, refraction “MultiPath” “Ghosts” if a single receiver
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MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output
• Multiple paths improve link reliability and increase spectral efficiency (bps/Hz), range & directionality
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Rich Indoor MIMO Multipath
Wall
Reflector
Moving reflector
Direct ray
Tx
Rx
Reflector
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
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Municipal Multipath Environment
Source: Fanny Mlinarsky, Octoscope
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Multiple channels per chipLike CPU cores …• 2x2 MIMO – 2008• 4x4 MIMO – 2010-11then• 8 radios, 16 radios?, …
how to use silicon?
Better and better beam-forming !
Intel
Fujitsu
AMD
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Beamforming• Select among multiple predefined antenna elements
– Widely used with single radios (2G, 3G, Wi-Fi – Vivato, Ruckus Wireless)
• Adaptive antenna arrays– Dynamically compute phase and amplitude for each antenna element– Adapts for desired signal while also reducing interference
8 antenna elementsspread over 3.5 λs, i.e. ~18 cm, or < 7.5” at 5.8 GHz
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Beamforming~2014: >300 Mbps Wi-Fi to ~1 Km at mass market prices ?
4x4 MIMOwith 8-12 antenna elements
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Commercial beamforming Wi-Fi beams, before silicon support …• Vivato (’02-’06)
– Technical success, but expensive – Connect with 11g clients up to 2 km– Vivato-to-Vivato up to 18 km
• Ruckus Wireless (today) – 12 elements – selectively switched to
two channels on 2x2 silicon– Dramatically outperforms conventional
2x2 systems
• 11n wireless networking solutions in silicon• Founded 2006; customers include Netgear• 4x4 MIMO with beamforming
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TVWS – Beach-front Property?• MIMO antenna element
separation >= ½ wavelength– 2.1 meters at 70 MHz– 21 cm at 700 MHz
• But only– 2.5 cm for 5.8 GHz Wi-Fi
Wavion Networks
D-Link DAP-2553
Ruckus Wireless
Wi-Fi• Stationary clients or
pedestrian motion
• Data centric (VoIP an afterthought)
• Wide-open market, many vendors, many market segments, many customers
3G / 4G• Supports mobile use
at auto speeds
• Voice centric (voice revenues still king)
• 4-6 vendors, 1 application,<700 customers
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Wi-Fi markets evolving• Well established in enterprises and on campus• Mesh products emerge to fill coverage gaps
– Aruba Networks, BelAir Networks, Bluesocket, Cisco, Clearsite Communications, Firetide, Locust World, Meraki, Mesh Dynamics, Motorola, Nortel, Open-Mesh, Packet Hop, Ruckus Wireless, SkyPilot Networks, Strix and Tropos
• Mesh node as bridge from outdoor to indoor
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Muni Wi-Fi• Wireless broadband access networks
– Take 2; recovering from early Metro Wi-Fi– Dozens of US cities now succeeding
• Cities bring real estate, look to save current $– Communications for police & other city services
• But strong pressure for “free” in some form– 40% of APs are open (espc. Consumer APs)
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Variations on Free• Retail business giveaway
– Coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, retail– Harvard Sq. Business Association
• Sponsorship – locations, events
• Carrier supported– e.g. Cablevision’s
Optimum Wi-Fi
By kumasawa
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More free Ad supported • Didn’t work in 2005; working now…
– Costs way down; usage and interest up• Freerunr in UK (& NL, RS, ZA)
– Splash screens, limited duration free periods, …• JiWire in US – Ad platform for free Wi-Fi
– Used by Microsoft Bing nationwide Wi-Fi offer• Sputnik in US – Ad supported model growing
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100x mesh performance coming• Wi-Fi mesh performance has been extremely limited
– Multi-path limited link capacity & favored 2.4 GHz – Single radios with omni antennas mean all links share one
20 MHz channel, so mesh capacity drops ~x2 per node
• Pt-to-pt links = dramatic increase in mesh capacity– Directional antennas today; software beamforming soon
• Multi-radio mesh nodes– Separate channels for each link; note: there are eleven
40 MHz channels available at 5 GHz
Enterprise design adapted for BB
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ILEC price umbrella• Cost of Internet transit @ urban IXPs
– <$4 /Mbps /month (multi-Gbps quantities)– <$9 /Mbps /month (<=100 Mbps)
• Elsewhere, even 1 block away, very expensive– T1 $299, 5Mbps $599, 10 Mbps $1299 /month– This is $120-$200 /Mbps /month 20x-50x markup
• Fosters wireless bypass– WISPs operating 20%-50% under ILEC price umbrella
Wireless ISPs• > 2000 WISPs, in fast growing segment
– Most use license-exempt spectrum
– Mix of pre-WiMAX, WiMAX and, increasingly, Wi-Fi gear
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Wi-Fi for wireless broadband• WISPs already use license-exempt spectrum
– Sometimes with a few licensed microwave links• 11g & 11a, rapidly migrating to 11n technology
– Performance advantage is significant• Dramatically lower cost
– 5x or more vs WiMAX or pre-WiMAX systems– Increasing reliability, similar performance
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Ubiquiti targets Wireless ISPs
Point-to-point$180-$600
Point-to-multipoint~$240 & $88
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Example Wi-Fi Pt-2-Pt LinkUbiquiti BULLET-M5-HP With 28dbi Grid Antenna 802.11n
Purchased through distribution:
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Community WISP, Inc.
• Wireless broadband Internet access for all of Brevard County
• Served from 4 locations
• 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz & 5 GHz, i.e. all license-exempt spectrum
• 30/10 Mbps in many areas
• Expanding into Volusia and Seminole counties
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Summary• Wi-Fi will dominate 3G/4G data offload
– Triple play operators already bundling “free” Wi-Fi– 3G/4G service providers will follow
• Eventually, high speed Wi-Fi will be the norm– 3G/4G coverage, merely a fallback
• Wi-Fi fosters resurgence in independent ISPs– Wireless ISPs offering wireless broadband access
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Thank You
Brough [email protected]@ashtonbrooke.com
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Credits, References• Image credits, beyond those noted in-line…
– Office building facade: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Beek100– Laptop icon: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ichibod/– Microwave oven: http://www.flickr.com/photos/code_martial/
• Other useful references– Novarum Inc. measurements: http://www.novarum.com/publications.php
– NIST Electromagnetic Signal Attenuation in Construction Materials http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build97/PDF/b97123.pdf
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802.11n in-the-field• Ken Biba:
– The King is Dead, Long Live the King: 802.11n dramatically improves Wi-Fi outdoors
– Real world measurements show muni Wi-Fi networks outperform WiMAX and cellular
• Tom’s Hardware– Reviews Ruckus Wireless 11n access point with beamforming,
http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/beamforming-wifi-ruckus,2390.html
• Net, net – it really works!