CultureMembers: Manahan, Matienzo, Manalo, Marcalas, Makaranas

Definition of Culture Etymology

• Came from the Latin word “cultura” which means “care”, or “cultus”; “civilization”

According to Sir Edward Taylor (1642 – 1729): • “Culture…refers to that complex whole which includes knowledge,

beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society”

According to Robert Redfield (1897 – 1958): • “…an organized body of conventional understandings manifested in

art and artifacts, which persisting through tradition, characterizes a human group.”

In Sociology • Culture is:• Man’s social heritage which consists of patterns, explicit and implicit,

acquired and transmitted through symbols (language) from one generation to another, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups

• A design for living or road map that guides the behavior of a society. It is the total configuration of institutions that people in a given society share in common.

• An interrelated network of norms and roles. It encompasses modes of thinking, feeling, and acting commonly found in a society, and include what man has acquired as a member of the society

Types of Culture • Material Culture• Includes physical objects or artifacts – things that human beings create

by altering the natural environment.• Refers to the concrete and tangible things man creates and uses

Non-material Culture• Consists of words people use (language), habits, ideas and behavior

to which they strive to conform• Meaning and substance inherent in culture

Nature of Culture Culture is acquired and learned.

• For something to be cultural, it must first be learned as well as shared. It is not instinctive, but acquired through the senses and from experience.

Culture is shared and transmitted.• The acquired learning of culture is passed on to succeeding

generations through language and other symbolic means Culture is Social

• Habits and knowledge are shared by the members of the group, and are kept relatively uniform by certain social mechanisms.

Culture is ideational• Man forms ideas and uses them to assign meanings to his environment

and experiences. Any individual approaches his world according to the standpoint of his culture.

Culture gratifies human needs• An individual is likely to utilize habitually a cultural technique which

gratifies him in some way. The patterns of culture continue to persist if they continue to satisfy man’s needs.

Culture is Adaptive• How does culture change?• The culture of any society is the people’s adjustment to the various

conditions of life which include their physical, social and supernatural environment. These changes may be in the form of discoveries, inventions or cultural borrowings.

Culture tends toward integration• Over a period of time, any culture will exhibit a tendency toward a

coherence of its elements; Elements or traits that make up culture are not just a random assortment of customs but are mostly adjusted to or consistent with one another. (adjustment)

Culture is cumulative• The people of any given place are able to retain certain features of

their culture that are significant in their relationship and interaction with their fellow humans.

Cultural Communities

A. Luzon 1

Community Language Spoken Point of Origin (Region)

Ivatan/Itbayat Chirin nu Ibatan Region II (Batanes)

Ilocano Ilokano Region 1 (Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union); Region II (Cagayan and Abra)

Tinggian Ilokano CAR (Abra)

Apayao Isneg CAR (Apayao)

Kalinga Kalinga CAR (Kalinga)

Balangao Balangao CAR (Mountain Province)

Community Language Spoken Point of Origin (Region)

Kankanay Kataugnan, Kalinga Region I (Ilocos Sur)

Kankanaey Kataugnan, Kalinga CAR (Benguet)

Bago Kataugan-Ilocano Region 1 (La Union)

Bontoc Bontok CAR (Mountain Province)

Ifugao Ifugao CAR (Ifugao)

B. Luzon 2

Community Language Spoken Point of Origin (Region)

Isneg Isnag CAR (Apayao)

Ibaloi Pangasinian Region 1 (Pangasinan)

Ikalahan/Kalanguya Kallahan, Tinoc Region 2(Nueva Viscaya)

Pangasinan Pangasinan, Ilokano Region 1(Pangasinan)

Ga’dang Gaddang Region 2 (Cagayan)

Ibanag Ibanag Region 2(Cagayan, Isabela)

Yogad Gaddang Region 2(Cagayan)

Ilongot Abaka, Aymuyu, Belansi, Benabe, Beqnad, Dekran, Kebinanan, Payupay, Pugu, Rumyad, Sinebran, Taan, and Tamsi

Region 2

C. Luzon 3

Community Language Spoken Point of Origin (Region)

Kapampangan Kapampangan Region 3(Pampanga)

Tagalog Tagalog NCR and Region 4a

Bicol Bikolano Region 5

D. Visayan

Community Language Spoken Point of Origin (Region)

Masbateno Masbateno Region 5 (Masbate)

Abaknon Abaknon Region 8 (Samar)

Rombloanon Rombloanon Region 4b (Romblon)

Hiligaynon Hiligaynon Region 6(Iloilo)

Boholano Cebuano Region 7 (Bohol)

Cebuano Cebuano Region 7 (Cebu)

Tagbanwa Tagbanwa Region 4b (Palawan)

Molbog Molbog Region 4b (Palawan)

E. Mindanao

Community Language Spoken Point of Origin (Region)

Jama Mapun Sama ARMM (Sulu)

Tausug Sama ARMM (Sulu)

Manobo Manobo CARAGA (Agusan and Surigao)

Maranao Maranao Region 10 (Bukidnon)

Maguindanao Maguindanao ARMM

Listings of Cultural Practices and Traditions (Dominant/Existing)

A Debut is a family affair that is celebrated whenever a Filipino girl turns 18. This is a signal that the girl is now ready to be wedded. A dinner is held, where friends and relatives of the debutant are catered, and often the girl practices with a group for the traditional dance, coining the dance “debut”

Child-Religious Concept. The baptism of a new born child, his first communion and confirmation are taken very seriously by the child’s family. After the events, a gathering is held at a certain venue of the family, to celebrate the acceptance of faith of the child.

Big deals to small things. A job promotion, winning from a competition, or simply having a new child is often celebrated so extravagantly, often coined as “blow-out” or “palibre” by most Filipinos.

The Days of the Dead. Being spiritual and religious, a family member’s death is taken full-heartedly by the Filipinos. Besides wearing black during the funeral, the family members would often not clean the household of the dead member to ensure the safe departure of his soul. In the member’s first death anniversary, the close family relatives would pray a novena (9-day prayer) and a mass in the succeeding years. The room or sanctuary of the dead member is not touched until it is said to be ‘cleared’. During all souls day (Nov. 1), Filipinos would wear solemn clothing in due respect for their dead loved ones.

Social Points: Pakikisama and Utang na Loob. Filipinos are very social, and in that the term pakikisama or social acceptance. In any occupation or task, a Filipino must have a good relationship among the people involved. In relation to doing tasks, whenever a favor is done by one, the other must repay it back by any means, thus coining “utang na loob” or debt to one’s inner self. The repayment is not counted as to its quality, but how it was done, how it satisfied or fulfilled the debt and what means it came from.

Festivals – Fiestas. Although adopted from Spanish Culture, Filipino festivals are entirely different. These are celebrated in commemoration of a particular saint, either locally or nationally accepted. Fairs, gatherings and prayer are primary points in Filipino fiestas. Sometimes, a fiesta is celebrated of a Filipino that came from abroad called balikbayan. Folk traditions, like the comedia, moro-moro and Ati-atihan come in play in fiestas. Fiestas are celebrated during specific holidays, saint commemorations and special days during the year.

The Bayanihan is an activity wherein the members of a community come together to accomplish a task. A perfect traditional example of bayanihan is the carrying of a kubo (nipa hut) of a certain family to a particular place.

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