CSAT CurrentAffairs 2012 Part 1.PDF

8/13/2019 CSAT CurrentAffairs 2012 Part 1.PDF

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a n e s h ’ s i a s

CURRENT AFFAIRS (Preliminary) - 2012

NATIONAL ISSUES

Bindu-Sagar Lake

Bindusagar is one of the heritage and holy lakes in Bhubaneswar City. the

lake is located in the heart of the old city, and is surrounded by many temples and

monuments.

The Government has sanctioned funds for conservation of Bindu-Sagar

ake, under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of !ational ake Conservation "lan

for conservation and management of polluted and degraded lakes in urban and

semi-urban areas.

National Lake Conservation Plan

The !ational ake Conservation "lan #!C"$, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme

e%clusively aimed at restoring the water &uality and ecology of the lakes in

different parts of the country.

The scheme was, launched approved by Government of 'ndia during '( "lan

as )**+ Central Grant.

unding pattern under !C" has since been changed with effect from

ebruary, ** from )**+ central funding to */0* costs sharing between the

Central and the concerned State Government.

Main objectives under the programme would include the following:

"revention of pollution from point and non-point sources.

Catchment area treatment.

1esilting and weed control.

C.A.CSP2012 Anna Nagar/Chrompet 9840241118 / 9940244576

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2esearch 3 1evelopment studies on floral and faunal activities and related

ecological aspects.

4ther activities depending on the lake specific conditions such as

integrated development approach, including interface with human

populations.

SADHANA AMTE/SADHANA GULESHASTRI

"opularly known as Sadhana-5tai6, she is the wife of Baba 7mte. 6Tai6 in

8arathi language means 9elder sister9.

She supported Baba 7mte actively when he started a rehabilitation colony

for leprosy patients, 57nandwan6 and his other social works. She died.Samidha

't is the name of the autobiography of Sadhanatai 7mte. 't is also a tale of

her willing surrender in love without the slightest loss of her identity.

't is a document of the dreams they dreamt for humankind and their

struggle to put life into them.

Anandwan

ocated near :arora in Chandrapur district in 8aharashtra is an ashramand a community rehabilitation centre for leprosy patients and the disabled from

downtrodden sections of society. 't was founded in );th 1ecember )=?) and

died on )th !ovember, );


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'n );*0, 8alaviya was elected to the "rovincial egislative Council. @e was

subse&uently elected to the 'mperial egislative Council in );)* and continued to

be its member till );0*.

@e is the founder of the largest residential university in 7sia and one of thelargest in the world Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) at !aranasi in "#"$%

"andit 8alviya was one of the founders of Scouting in 'ndia. @e also

founded the Anglish-newspaper, &he Leader published from 7llahabad in );*;.

@e was editor of newspapers and ournals &he 'industan #a daily @indi

!ewspaper$, &he (ndian )nion Abhuda*a Mar*ada and the Leader%

@e was the 8anaging Aditor of the @industan Times #!ew 1elhi$ for long

many years.

:ith 8ahatma Gandhi he represented 'ndia at the irst 2ound Table

Conference in );0). 8alaviya popularised the famous slogan 9Satyameva Dayate9

#Truth alone will triumphs$.

Totally opposed to the politics of appeasement, 8alviya had opposed the

separate electorates for 8uslims under the ucknow "act of );)? and also

opposed the participation of Congress in the Ehilafat movement in early *6s.

The )>*th Birth 7nniversary year of 8ahamana 8adan 8ohan 8alaviya

will start on >th 1ecember *)) and will continue till >th 1ecember *).

+anaras 'indu )niversit* ,+')-

't is one of the Central Fniversities in 'ndia. 't is the largest residential

university in 7sia.

'n )=;= 7nnie Besant founded the Central @indu School in aranasi and

introduced the idea that there should be learning institutions based on ancient

@indu philosophy.

Banaras Hin! Fniversity "as #rea$e !ner $%e Parliamen$ary le&isla$i'n -

BHU A#$ 11* L'r C%arles Harin&e "as $%e +i#er'y ', Inia "%en $%e

Uniersi$y "as ,'rme


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8alaviya sought and received the support of the Eashi !aresh and

the 8aharaa Sir 2ameshwar Singh Bahadur to establish the university.

The Bom$a! High %our&'t was the second oldest @igh Court in 'ndia, established on 7ugust ).*=.)=?$ and the 7llahabad @igh Court

#)).*?.)=??$ were the other @igh Courts established under the same act.

The 'ndian @igh Courts 7ct, )=?) abolished the old Supreme Court and the

Aast 'ndia Company Courts and merged them in a new @igh Court. Dustice 8.C.

Chagla, the first 'ndian Chief Dustice of the Bombay @igh court.

The main architect of the udicial system during this period was Gerald

7ungier, the Governor of Surat actory. But the system of )?* was very

elementary and suffered from several drawbacks. The udicial system was too

much identified with the e%ecutive government of the 'sland.

The Bombay @igh Court has urisdiction over

the states of 8aharashtra 3 Goa, and, the Fnion Territories of 1aman and

1iu and 1adra and !agar @aveli. The @igh Court has regional

benchesat !agpur and 7urangabad in 8aharashtra and "anai, Goa.

'igh Courts: Constitutional Provisions

7rticle )


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#b$ The reference in article to the Governor shall, in relation to any rules,

forms or tables for subordinate courts in that territory, be construed as a

reference to the "resident.

7rticle 0)/ .stablishment of a common 'igh Court for two or more States.

#)$ !otwithstanding anything contained in the preceding provisions of this

Chapter, "arliament may by law establish a common @igh Court for two or more

States or for two or more States and a Fnion territory

Brahma (umari)

"raapita Brahma Eumaris 'shwariya ishwa idyalaya is a monastic,

renunciate 8illenarian new religious movement #!28$ of 'ndian origin. 't teaches

a form of meditation adherents called 2aa Ioga, but which differs from the

classical 2aa Ioga described by "atanali. The institution celebrates its >th year

1iamond Dubilee.

"*11-1" %iil Aia&ion %en&enar! +ear

'ndian Civil 7viation is completing )** years on )=th ebruary, *)). The

year *))-) is declared as the Civil 7viation Centenary Iear, starting from )=thebruary.

The historic first flight took place on ebruary )=, );)), when the first

commercial plane flew in the 'ndian skies between 7llahabad and !aini.

The first commercial international flight, connecting the 1elhi to Earachi

and beyond took place in );) and was operated by the erstwhile 'mperial

7irways. Today, 'ndia is the ninth largest civil aviation market in the world.

%on)umer ,ro&e&ion A&

The Consumer "rotection 7ct, );=? was enacted for better protection of

the interests of consumers. Consumer "rotection 7ct imposes strict liability on a

manufacturer, in case of supply of defective goods by him, and a service provider,

in case of deficiency in rendering of its services.


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't covers to all the sectors whether private, public, and cooperative or any

person. The provisions of the 7ct are compensatory as well as preventive and

punitive in nature and the 7ct applies to all goods covered by sale of goods act

and services unless specifically e%empted by the Central Government.

The 7ct enshrines the following rights of consumers

2ight to be protected against the marketing of goods and services which

are haJardous to life and propertyH

2ight to be informed about the &uality, &uantity, potency, purity,

standard and price of goods or services so as to protect the consumers

against unfair trade practicesH

2ight to be assured, wherever possible, access to a variety of goods and

services at competitive pricesH

2ight to be heard and to be assured that consumersK interests will

receive due consideration at the appropriate foraH

2ight to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or unscrupulous

e%ploitation of consumersH and right to consumer education.

The 7ct also envisages establishment of Consumer "rotection Councils at

the centre, state and district levels, whose main obectives are to promote and

protect the rights of consumers.

To provide a simple, speedy and ine%pensive redressal of consumer

grievances, the 7ct envisages three-tier &uasi-udicial machinery at the national,

state and district levels. These are the !ational Consumer 1isputes 2edressal

Commission known as !ational Commission, State Consumer 1isputes 2edressal

Commissions known as State Commissions and 1istrict Consumer 1isputes

2edressal orum known as 1istrict orum.

The Consumer "rotection 7ct in 'ndia celebrates its silver ubilee in *)).

I%MR - %en&enar! +ear



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The 'ndian Council of 8edical 2esearch #'C82$, !ew 1elhi, the ape% body

in 'ndia for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research,

is one of the oldest medical research bodies in the world.

7s early as in );)), the Government of 'ndia set up the 'ndian 2esearch

und 7ssociation #'27$ with the specific obective of sponsoring and coordinating

medical research in the country.

't was redesignated in ); scientists and )* logistic people

will remain throughout the year.

They will e%periment on movement of platonic plates, microbes surviving in

this atmosphere, magnetic properties, aerosol etc.

LBharatiM will undertake multi-disciplinary research and observation studies

including biological, geological, physical, chemical, suspended particulates in

oceans, aerosols, and meteorological sciences.

In&erna&ional A))oia&ion o2 %hemial Soie&ie)


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The 'nternational Council of Chemical 7ssociations #'CC7$ is the world-wide

organiJation of the chemical industry, representing chemical manufacturers and

producers all over the world.

'CC7 was created in );=; to coordinate the work of chemical companies

and associations on issues and programs of international interest. 'CC7 comprises

trade associations representing companies involved in all aspects of the chemical

industry.

'CC7 operates by coordinating the work of member associations and their

member companies, through the e%change of information and the development

of common positions on policy issues of international significance. Three main

issues were identified to focus on which are/

• Chemicals "olicy 3 @ealth

• Climate Change 3 Anergy

• 2esponsible Care

'CC7 also serves as the main channel of communication between the

industry and various international entities, such as inter-governmental

organiJations #'G4s$ and!G4s, that are concerned with these global issues. or

e%ample, 'CC7 has developed strong relationships with F!A",

the F!'T72 and 4AC1.

The year *)) also completes the successful hundred years of the

N'nternational 7ssociation of Chemical SocietiesK. The Fnited !ationKs Aducational

Scientific and Cultural 4rganiJation #F!ASC4$ and 'nternational Fnion for "ure

and 7pplied Chemistry #'F"7C$ have ointly accepted the responsibility of

successfully celebrating *)) as 'nternational Iear of Chemistry. The main themeis NChemistry for 8ankind/ 'nnovative 'deas in ife SciencesK.

Prafulla Chandra 0a* ,"1$"2"#33-


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@e represented 'ndia in the field of chemistry and later came to be known

as the 1oyen of Chemical Sciences in 'ndia. @e is credited with the discovery of

8ercurous !itrate and synthesiJing 7mmonium !itrite.

@is research on nitrates earned him the nick name, 9the !itrate 8an9, in

the international scientific community. @e established Bengal Chemical and

"harmaceuticals in the year );*) with a view to utiliJing science for generating

employment and livelihood for the unemployed youth.

2ay was a very popular teacher and some of his students like Satyendra

!ath Bose and 8eghanad Sahawere destined to play a very important part in the

future scientific research work in 'ndia. 2ay lived alone in a single room in the

university college of science, Eolkata till his death on Dune )?, );


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The 7runa 7ward *)) has been awarded to Shri Somdev Eishore

1evvarman for his outstanding achievements in Tennis.

1evvarman won Gold medal in 8enKs Singles at Commonwealth Games

*)*, Gold medal in 8enKs Singles at 7sian Games *)* and Gold medal in 8enKs

1oubles partnering with Shri Sanam Singh.

@e was member of the 'ndian tennis team that won 1avis Cup **; putting

'ndia back in the :orld Group after defeating hosts South 7frica. @e was also a

member of the 'ndian team that won 1avis Cup *)* by defeating BraJil.

@e reached the career high singles ranking of ) #7pril *))$, the highest by

any 'ndian in the 7T" rankings since eander "aesK 0 in 7ugust **=.

MI%HAEL 6A%( N7BBS

7ustralian 8ichael Dack !obbs was appointed as the 'ndian men6s hockey

team coach for an unprecedented five-year period in Dune *)). @is contract runs

till the *)? 4lympics in 2io de Daneiro.

@e was part of 7ustralia6s team for the );=< os 7ngeles 4lympic Games.

'ndia has been looking for a foreign coach since Spaniard Brasa6s contract

e%pired after the 7sian Games last year.

Siddhar&ha Mukher8ee

'ndia-born 8ukheree is a haematologist and oncologist at Columbia

Fniversity and a staff cancer physician at Columbia Fniversity 8edical Centre.

@is book on cancer, 4&he .mperor of All Maladies: A +iograph* of Cancer4

has won the prestigious 56"" Pulit7er Pri7e in the general non-fiction category.

@e is also known for his work on the formation of blood, and theinteractions between the micro-environment #and 9niche9$ and cancer cells.

Cancer


1*


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Cancer is the second leading cause of death and disability around the globe.

8ore people now die of cancer than from all cases of 7'1S, tuberculosis and

malaria put together.

7ll cells in the body keep multiplying throughout life. !ormal cells multiply

under control. Cancer cells lose this control and start multiplying more than

re&uired. These cells can damage the organ where the cell multiplication is

occurring and can also spread to other sites.

Cancer is a non-communicable disease, which does not spread from one

person to another. 't occurs due to some changes in the cells due to which the

cell multiplication becomes uncontrolled.

Certain cancers may have a hereditary causation which means a person may

be at higher risk of getting cancer if hisR her relatives have had that particular

cancer. These cancers are breast, ovarian, colorectal, and other less common

cancers.

Some common Risk factors for Cancer:

• Tobacco/

Smoking/ Cigarette, Bidi, Cigar, @ukka, others

Smokeless/ arda, Gutka, Ehaini, Snuff, etc.

• 7lcohol

• 'nfections #viruses, parasites, bacteria$

• 1iet #dietary carcinogens$

• 2eproductive hormones

Common symptoms of cancer are/ ). ump or swelling . 7 sore that doesnKt

heal 0. 2ecent change in a wartRmole .Changes in bladder or bowel habits ?. !agging cough or hoarseness . 1ifficulty

in swallowing or dyspepsia.

'uman Papillomavirus ,'P!-


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@" is a virus from the papillomavirus family that is capable of infecting

humans. ike all papillomaviruses, @"s establish productive infections of

the skin or mucous membranes.

:hile the maority of the known types of @" cause no symptoms in most

people, some types can cause warts #verrucae$, while others can O in a minority of

cases O lead to cancers of the cervi%, vulva, vagina, penis, oropharyn% and anus.

2ecently, @" has been linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.

National Cancer Control Programme

The !ational Cancer Control "rogramme was launched in );>-? with the

obectives of primary prevention, early detection, treatment and rehabilitation.

There are > schemes under the 2evised "rogramme/

• 2ecognition of new 2egional Cancer Centres #2CCs$.

• Strengthening of e%isting 2CCs.

• 1evelopment of 4ncology :ing in 8edical Colleges as well as government

hospitals.

• 1istrict Cancer Control "rogramme.

• 1ecentralised !G4.

9:Su$$iah-;reedom ;igh&er < %ommuni)& Leader

Subbiah is considered as doyen of the trade unionist movement in

"uducherry #"ondicherry$.

@e is a veteran Communist leader and freedom fighter. Subbiah started his

political career as a supporter of the 'ndian !ational Congress.

7 great orator, he mobiliJed the student and labor communities against the

rench rule in the Fnion Territory and was also imprisoned several times for his

efforts in organising anti-rench and anti-British protests.

The greatness of Subbiah was the fact that he was sensitive towards the

poor and the marginaliJed in society.


1"

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The year *)) marks the birth centenary of veteran Communist leader and

freedom fighter . Subbiah.

Puducherr*

't is a former rench colony, consisting of four non-contiguous enclaves, or

districts, and named for the largest, "ondicherry.

"ondicherry consists of four small unconnected

districts/ "ondicherry, Earaikal and Ianam on the Bay of Bengal and 8ahP on

the 7rabian Sea. 't is also known as 9The rench 2iviera of the Aast9.

"ondicherry was ceded to 'ndia by the rench in 8arch );>?.

't was ratified by the rench "arliament in 8ay );?. 4n 7ugust )?, );?

'ndia and rance e%changed the instruments of ratification under which rance

ceded to 'ndia6s full sovereignty over the territories it held.

"ondicherry and other enclaves of Earaikkal, 8ahe and Ianam came to be

administered as Fnion Territory of "ondicherry from Duly ), );?0.

The "uducherry legislature and the Council of 8inisters was created under

article 0;7. 7rticle 0;7 was inserted by the Constitution #)


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'ndia now has its worst-ever child se% ratio/ there are ust ;)< girls for every

),*** boys, according to the *)) Census. Ten years ago, the **) Census found,

it was ;/),***.

The decline has continued apace since );?), and though things are

improving in some States among them "unab, @aryana, @imachal "radesh,

Guarat, Tamil !adu, 8iJoram and the 7ndaman and !icobar 'slands the

overall picture is grim.

'ndia is now made up of two contrasting demographic nations/ 7ndhra

"radesh, Earnataka, Eerala and Tamil !adu have already achieved the

replacement level fertility of .) children per woman re&uired to initiate the

process of population stabilisation, while the four large north 'ndian States

Bihar, 8adhya "radesh, 2aasthan and Fttar "radesh have a long way to go.

)nited Nations Population 8und ,)N8P-

F!" is an international development agency that promotes the right of

every woman, man and child to enoy a life of health and e&ual opportunity.

F!"7 supports countries in using population data for policies and

programmes to reduce poverty and to ensure that every pregnancy is wanted,every birth is safe, every young person is free of @'R7'1S, and every girl and

woman is treated with dignity and respect.

Two frameworks guide its efforts/ the "rogramme of 7ction adopted at the

);;


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• 8illennium 1evelopment Goals report

)N8PA 9oals

The goals of F!"7 O

achieving universal access to se%ual and reproductive health #including

family planning$, promoting reproductive rights, reducing maternal mortality and

accelerating progress on the 'C"1 agenda and 81G > - are ine%tricably linked.

F!"7 also focuses on improving the lives of youths and women by

advocating for human rights and gender e&uality and by promoting the

understanding of population dynamics.

"opulation dynamics, including growth rates, age structure, fertility and

mortality and migration have an effect on every aspect of human, social and

economic progress.

7nd se%ual and reproductive health and women6s empowerment all

powerfully affect and are influenced by population trends.

Mohan Dharia

@e is a former Fnion minister, a lawyer and social worker. @e currently

stays at "une and is environmentalist and run a non-government organisation

anrai. @e has been awarded the ?th 'ndira Gandhi 7ward for !ational

'ntegration. The award is presented on 'ndira Gandhi6s death anniversary.

**= / Balra "uri #"olitical commentator and human rights activist$

**; / 72 2ahman and 2amakrishna 8ission 7shram.

Bhu=en Ha>arika

7ssamese 8usician Bhupen @aJarika passes away. @e was a ballad singer,

composer, lyricist, litterateur and ournalist. @e is nicknamed as the Loice of

BrahmaputraM .@e was posthumously awarded the "adma ibhushan *).

9andhi to 'itler


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;ear 8riend 'itler


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Arguments 8or

There can be no denying that !2's are a part of the greater 'ndian society.

The right to vote must, therefore, be as inalienable in their case as in the case of

resident citiJens of 'ndia.

:ith voting power !2's feel they are part of the process and can make a

difference.

't will increase the voting percentage which is drastically low in 'ndia

't can help in reverse brain drain and get back people who have settled in

abroad, and also this can bring good investments in coming days to 'ndia.

7llowing !2's to vote is arguably enhancing their involvement in the nation-

building process and the opportunities that 'ndia holds for them.

7round the world, many countries do allow their citiJens to vote from

abroad.

't would be ridiculous to deny the fact that absence of their physical

presence and interaction notwithstanding, in many matters not inconsiderable,

!2's and the 1iaspora are more aware of political changes. Their

international e%posure not only makes them more sensible but also more

balanced in the development of perspectives regarding the future of 'ndian

politics. 't would be naive to pretend that voting rights to !2's will not bring a

significant change in the countryKs political affairs.

Article =5$

The elections to the @ouse of the "eople and to the egislative 7ssembly of

every State shall be on the basis of adult suffrage.

Avery person who is a citiJen of 'ndia and who is not less than eighteenyears of age and is not otherwise dis&ualified under this Constitution or any law

made by the appropriate egislature on the ground of non-residence,

unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice, shall be entitled to be

registered as a voter at any such election.


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>verseas Citi7enship of (ndia Scheme

'n response to persistent demands for 9dual citiJenship9 particularly from

the 1iaspora the 4verseas CitiJenship of 'ndia #4C'$ Scheme was introduced by

amending the CitiJenship 7ct, );>> in 7ugust **>.

The Scheme provides for registration as 4verseas CitiJen of 'ndia #4C'$ of all

"ersons of 'ndian 4rigin #"'4s$ who were citiJens of 'ndia on ?th Danuary, );>*

or thereafter or were eligible to become citiJens of 'ndia on ?th Danuary, );>*

e%cept who is or had been a citiJen of "akistan, Bangladesh or such other country

as the Central Government may, by notification in the 4fficial GaJette, specify.

4C' is not to be misconstrued as Ndual citiJenshipK. 4C' does not confer

political rights. The registered 4verseas CitiJens of 'ndia shall not be entitled to

the rights conferred on a citiJen of 'ndia under article )? of the Constitution with

regard to e&uality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

+enefits to 0egistered >C(s

Grant of multiple entry life-long visas for visiting and staying in 'ndia for any

purpose.

A%emption from registration with oreign 2egional 2egistration 4fficer or

oreign 2egistration 4fficer for any length of stay in 'ndia.

"arity with !on-2esident 'ndians in the matter of inter-country adoption of

'ndian children.

"arity with !on-2esident 'ndians in the matter of tariffs in air fares in

domestic sectors in 'ndia.

"arity in entry fees with domestic 'ndian visitors to visit national parks and

wildlife sanctuaries in 'ndia. The registered 4verseas CitiJens of 'ndia shall not be entitled to the rights

conferred on a citiJen of 'ndia under article )? of the Constitution with regard

to e&uality of opportunity in matters of public employment. !o separate work

visa is re&uired for working in the private sector in 'ndia.


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2egistered 4C's are allowed to work in educational institutions in 'ndia on a

contractual basis.

"arity with non-resident 'ndians in respect of /

• Antry fees for visiting the national monuments, historical sites and

museums in 'ndiaH

• "ractising the following professions in 'ndia, in pursuance of the

provisions contained in the relevant 7cts, namely 1octors, dentists, nurses

and pharmacists 7dvocates, 7rchitects and Chartered accountants

Antitlement to appear for the 7ll 'ndia "re-8edical Test or such other tests

to make them eligible for admission in pursuance of the provisions contained

in the relevant 7cts.

@e shall be eligible to apply for 'ndian CitiJenship.

General parity with non-2esident 'ndians in respect of all facilities available

to them in economic, financial and educational fields e%cept in matters

relating to ac&uisition of agricultural or plantation properties. Specific benefits

would be notified by the 8inistry of 4verseas 'ndian 7ffairs.

There is no restriction on 4C's inheriting agricultural or plantation property.

2egistered 4verseas CitiJens are not allowed to undertake activities such as

mountaineering, missionary and research work in 'ndia.

UNES%7 mem$er)hi= 2or ,ale)&ine

Fntil now, "alestine enoyed only observer status at the F.!. agency for

education, science and culture.

The demand for full membership was made by the "alestinian 7uthority

and won the approval of )* member states with )< votes against and >

abstentions at the organisation6s General Conference. 7 )=> of F!ASC46s );<

member states were eligible to vote.


15


20/41


Political (mplications

ull membership of F!ASC4 is a small but significant step forward for the

"alestinians in their attempts to gain international recognition and statehood. The

vote took place with the backdrop of increased 'sraeli-"alestinian violence.

The F.S. and 'srael are scheduled to withdraw their funding for F!ASC4,

which will result in a budget shortfall of per cent. F.S. law prohibits

:ashington from funding any F.!.-affiliated body that accepts "alestinian

membership.

F!ASC4 1irector-General 'rina Bokova warned the F.S. against

LdisengagementM from the organisation, arguing that it supported Lcore F.S.

interestsM in a number of key countries, including 7fghanistan and 'ra&.

E-,a!men& S!)&em Launhed ?,u$li Admini)&ra&ion@

1eveloped by the Controller General of 7ccounts #CG7$, a maor initiative

towards good governance as it would help in increasing transparency and

reducing corruption.

't would provide a transparent payment trail and the entire payment

processes would be trackable.

4nce fully functional, the e-payment system will ensure that all payments

by the government will be made electronically and thus obviate the need for

transactions through che&ues.

akhs of individuals and entities engaged with the government will have

their dues credited into their bank accounts directly by the ministries and

departments concerned.

Gorakna&h Tem=le

The Goraknath Temple is located in the Gor Eattri archaeological comple%,

which traces its origins to the pre-Christian era and has associations with

Buddhist, 8ughal, Sikh and @indu traditions.


"*


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The Gor Eattri comple% was best known for the display of Gautam Buddha6s

begging bowl before it became a centre of @indu worship. There is a reference to

the comple% in Babarnama.

Since the area was at the crossroads of an old trading route, a

Ncaravansarai6 #rest house for caravans$ and a mos&ue were built later as per the

orders of Dehanara, daughter of Shah Dehan.

This mos&ue was destroyed during the Sikh rule and replaced with a temple

to Goraknath.

The temple dates back to )=0 and which had been closed for the past ?*

years.

Tiangong-1 ?0Heaenl! ,alae@

Space laboratory module launched by China. China is planning launch of a

permanent space station by **. China becomes only the third nation, after the

Fnited States and 2ussia, to accomplish this feat.

Tuni)ia Ele&ion)

Tunisian electors voted on 0 4ctober in the first comprehensive generalelection to emerge from the 97rab Spring9 - this year6s pro-democracy protests in

!orth 7frica and the 8iddle Aast.

The elections follow the ousting of "resident ine al-7bidine Ben 7li and his

1emocratic Constitutional 2ally #2C1$ this Danuary, after 0 years in power.

oters chose representatives for the new Constituent 7ssembly which will

draw up a new constitution and appoint a new transitional government until

further elections return a permanent government.The Constituent 7ssembly will have a one-year mandate to draft a

constitution.

't is free to decide how it goes about drafting the constitution and whether

it will subect it to a referendum.


"1


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The original constitution, dating from );>;, was heavily weighted in favour

of the president.

The 7ssembly is also e%pected to appoint the transitional government of

the country for the duration of its term.

ictory in the Tunisian general election has been claimed by the 'slamist

party 7n-!ahda, led by 2achid Ghannouchi.

&he Main Parties

Annahdha #The 2enaissance$, the "rogressive 1emocratic "arty #"1"$ and

the 1emocratic orum for abour and iberties, or Attakatol were the main

political parties in the elections.

.nnahdha ,&he 0enaissance-

's an 'slamist party which is widely acknowledged as having the largest

support network and public profile of all the Tunisian parties. 't has won the

largest number of seats.

Annahdha was previously banned under 8r Ben 7li, and its leader, 2ached

Ghannouchi, recently returned home from * years in e%ile in the FE. 8r

Ghannouchi has said that his party would 9respect democracy and modernity9,adding that his movement was one that could 9find a balance between modernity

and 'slam9.

@e also promised to show tolerance towards 9women6s e&uality and liberal

moral attitudes9. Tunisia is considered one of the most liberal 7rab countries,

with high levels of female participation in public and political life.

&he Progressive ;emocratic Part* ,P;P-

's the most well-established secular party and was one of the few that were

legal under 8r Ben 7li. 'ts founder and spiritual leader, Naguib Chebbi , has been

Tunisia6s regional development minister since Danuary.

@e had been barred from running in the **; presidential elections. The

party, which describes itself as social-democratic, has been less than enthusiastic


""

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about the prospect of sharing power with Annahdha but has not reected it

outright.

&he ;emocratic 8orum for Labour and Liberties or .ttakatol

's a social democratic party which has been gaining ground in recent weeks

and is now almost level with the "1" in the opinion polls. 'ts leader, Mustafa Ben

Jafar , was briefly health minister this year.

Attakatol was founded in );;< but did not become a legally registered party

until **. 'ts stated core values are transparency and openness and the party

has said it is willing to form coalitions with other democratic parties.

9eograph*

't is located in !orthern 7frica, bordering the 8editerranean Sea between

7lgeria and ibya. 't lies midway between the 7tlantic 4cean and the !ile 1elta.

The Sahel, a broadening coastal plain along Tunisia6s eastern

8editerranean coast, is among the world6s premier areas of olive cultivation.

The 1orsal 8ountain, the eastern e%tension of the 7tlas 8ountains, runs

across Tunisia in a northeasterly direction from the 7lgerian border in the west to

the Cape Bon peninsula in the east.The 7urs refers to an 7maJigh language-speaking region in Aast 7lgeria, as

well as an e%tension of the 7tlas mountain range that lies to the east of

the Saharan 7tlas in eastern 7lgeria and northwestern Tunisia.

The Tell 7tlas is a mountain chain over ),>** kilometers in length,

belonging to the 7tlas mountain ranges in !orth 7frica, stretching from 8orocco,

through 7lgeria to Tunisia. 't parallels the 8editerranean coast.

Maghreb

The 8aghreb is the region of !orthwest 7frica, west of Agypt. 't includes

five countries - 8orocco, 7lgeria, Tunisia, ibya, and 8auritania - and the

disputed territory of :estern Sahara #mostly controlled by 8orocco$.


"#

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'n medieval times in Spain, the 8aghreb6s inhabitants, 8aghrebis, were

known as 98oors9 or simply as 9BerbersM.

The five modern states of !orth 7frica established the 8aghreb Fnion in

);=; to promote cooperation and economic integration in a common market.

't is a trade agreement aiming for economic and some sort of future

political unity in !orth 7frica between the 7rab countries 7lgeria, ibya,

8auritania, 8orocco and Tunisia.

't was envisioned initially by 8uammar Gaddafi as an 7rab superstate,

ignoring the Berber identity of many !orth 7fricans.

The union included :estern Sahara implicitly under 8orocco6s

membership, putting 8orocco6s long cold war with 7lgeria to a rest. @owever,

this progress was short-lived, and the union is now froJen.

Tensions between 7lgeria and 8orocco over :estern Sahara re-emerged

strongly, reinforced by the unsolved borderline issue between the two countries.

These two main conflicts have hindered progress on the union6s oint goals

and practically made it inactive as a whole.

Li$!a %ri)i)

Col 8uammar Gaddafi ruled ibya with an iron fist since he seiJed power in

a );?; coup. Students were forced to study his political theories, as set out in his

Green Book. "olitical parties were banned and his critics imprisoned, tortured and

on some occasions killed.

7fter the overthrow of the leaders of ibya6s neighbours, Tunisia and Agypt,

some ibyans staged protests in ebruary to demand change. But Col Gaddafi6s

government used overwhelming force against the demonstrators in Tripoli and

then started to move on the second city, BenghaJi, where the rebels had seiJed

control.


"'

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't was feared that an assault on BenghaJi, a city of a million people, would

be brutal. 4ver the years, Col Gaddafi had fallen out with both his neighbours and

the :est, although he had bankrolled many 7frican leaders.

The 7rab eague asked the Fnited !ations to intervene to protect the

civilians in BenghaJi. 'n 8arch, the F! Security Council passed a resolution which

authoriJed 9all necessary measures9 - e%cept troops on the ground - to enforce a

no-fly Jone and protect civilians.

!7T4 planes then started bombing government forces, who retreated from

the outskirts of BenghaJi.

!7T4 officials strongly deny that they acted as the 9opposition6s air

force9 or even that they had direct contact with them. @owever, reporters noted

that pro-Gaddafi forces in front of rebel positions would often be bombed,

making the advance of the opposition National Transitional Council (NTC) fighters

much easier.

Since Tripoli fell in 7ugust, the FE has confirmed that !7T4 was providing

9intelligence and reconnaissance9 to help the !TC track down Col Gaddafi. Aarlier,

the rench admitted giving weapons to the rebels, while other countries have

provided training and logistical support to the !TC, who are mostly civilians. Both

:estern and 7rab leaders openly said they wanted Col Gaddafi to go.

't took five months after the !7T4 air strikes began before rebel forces

entered Tripoli. Col Gaddafi6s forces were a real army with heavy weapons, while

the rebels were mostly untrained civilians who had managed to get hold of some

light arms such as 7E-


26/41


'n the end, they advanced on Tripoli from three fronts, surrounding the

coastal city, where they were met by ubilant crowds. 8any were surprised at

how little resistance they met outside the capital.

Col Gaddafi6s death should mark the end of the fighting. The !TC said that

when Col Gaddafi6s hometown of Sirte fell, as it has, it would declare ibya fully

9liberated9.

't would then name a new government within a month, while the

transitional authority would resign. But it faces a challenge reining in different

military groups and limiting rivalries between potentially competing interests and

allegiances, including 'slamists, moderates and those who want to see a secular

state.

:ithout the unifying goal of ousting Col Gaddafi, there are fears that

interim authorities could start arguing among themselves. The !TC wants a

national congress elected within eight months, and multi-party elections in *)0.

8eanwhile, the new rulers have to try to improve the lives of ordinary

ibyans and avoid the post-revolution disillusionment seen in Agypt and Tunisia.

To do this they will need money.

The rebels6 !ational Transitional Council6s #!TC$ says it is seeking U.>bn

#V).>bn$ in immediate aid. 7n estimated U>0bn of assets were froJen during the

conflict - but it can take time for them to be unfroJen.

7 F! sanctions committee has agreed to release U>**m of froJen assets to

humanitarian agencies. But South 7frica, which led the 7frican initiative to find a

diplomatic solution to the ibyan conflict, has blocked releasing a further U)bn,

saying it wants to wait for guidance from the 7frican Fnion.

Col Gaddafi was one of the main founders of the 7F and its key financial

backer. South 7frica cannot block the unfreeJing of the rest of ibya6s assets

indefinitely, as it has no veto at the F! Security Council.


"

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The 7rab eague, however, has now given its full backing to the !TC, which

may lead to more countries offering aid.

Lib*a

ibya is in the 8aghreb region of !orth 7frica bordered by

the 8editerranean Sea to the north, Agypt to the east, Sudan to the

southeast, Chad and !iger to the south, and 7lgeria and Tunisia to the west.

7 former 2oman colony, ibya saw invasions by andals, ByJantines, 7rabs,

Turks and more recently 'talians before gaining independence in );>).

'n **; ibya had the highest @1' in 7frica and the fourth highest G1"

#"""$ per capita in 7frica, behind Seychelles, A&uatorial Guinea and Gabon. ibya

has the )*th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the )th-

highest petroleum production.

7s a result of the ibyan civil war, the ibyan 7rab Damahiriya, which had at

that time been in e%istence for 0< years, collapsed and ibya entered a period of

governance by a transitional administration called the !ational Transitional

Council.

The ibyan 1esert, which covers much of ibya, is one of the most aridplaces on earth. ike most of the Sahara, this desert is primarily sand

and hamada or stony plain.

The Gilf Eebir plateau reaches an altitude of ust over )*** m, and along

with the nearby massif of Debel Fweinat is an e%ception to the uninterrupted

territory of basement rocks.

The Great Sand Sea or the Agyptian Sand Sea is in ibyan 1esert. The

three sand seas contain dunes up to ))*m in height and cover about >+ of theibyan 1esert. The dunes were created by large amounts of sand being pushed by

giant waves from the 8editerrarian Sea.


"3

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28/41


ibyan 1esert Glass #1G$, or great sand sea glass is a substance found in

areas in the ibyan 1esert. ragments of desert glass can be found over large

areas, up to tens of kilometers.

8ustafa 7bdul Dalil presides over the !ational Transitional Council, which

took control following the popular uprising that ended Colonel 8uammar

Gaddafi6s , *)) and one in Chicago

in 8ay *).

The 'stanbul Conference was preceded by two preparatory meetings. 4ne

was held in 4slo in September and another in Eabul in 4ctober ;.

The effort at the conference and in the preparatory meetings was to

e%plore how regional counties can cooperate in securing stability and security in

7fghanistan.

The FS and !7T4 counties were in the background. 7 oint declaration was

adopted.

The oint declaration was signed by ) countries - 7fghanistan and its

immediate neighbours, 'ndia, China, Turkey, 2ussia, 'ran, "akistan, EaJakhstan,


"4

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EyrgyJstan, Turkmenistan, the Fnited 7rab Amirates, and the Eingdom of Saudi

7rabia.

7mong the principles adopted in the 'stanbul Conference were non-

interference, respect for 7fghanistanKs sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity,

and support for an 7fghan-led, 7fghan-owned and 7fghan-driven reconciliation

process.

!othing concrete was achieved by way of setting up regional security

architecture in the oint declaration. The original 'stanbul draft that intended to

establish a contact group was shelved at the last minute because of opposition

from some countries.

"akistan foreign 8inister had argued during her speech that e%isting

regional mechanisms can be used to resolve the 7fghan problem and a new

mechanism was unnecessary.

The centre piece of the outcome of the Conference was the integrated

economic development of 7fghanistan around the focal idea of a !ew Silk 2oad

that has been put forward by 7fghanistan.

The new proect envisages railway lines to connect 7fghanistan with the

e%isting rail networks of Central 7sia and 'ran.

The Doint 1eclaration also mentions T7"' #Turkmenistan, 7fghanistan,

"akistan and 'ndia$ and C7S7-)*** proect #Central 7sia and South 7sia 2egional

Anergy and Trade proect$.

'nfrastructure would be developed around the main ports of the region

with a view to providing 7fghanistan with access to the sea.

7fghanistan sees itself as a land bridge in the N@eart of 7siaK that would

connect it with South 7sia, :est 7sia and Central 7sia.

The Doint 1eclaration talks about cooperation in fighting terrorism,

strengthening border controls, return of refugees, counter-terrorism, counter-

narcotics and disaster management.


"5


30/41


Major (ssues that ma* hamper (stanbul Process

The key to stability in 7fghanistan lies in taking action against the Taliban

sanctuaries in "akistan.

EarJai appealed to "akistan for cooperation in reconciliation while

maintaining at the same time that "akistan must stop helping the Taliban. 1eep

differences between the two countries continue to e%ist.

'ndia had been marginalised at earlier conferences. 7t this conference,

'ndia was prominent after having signed a strategic partnership agreement with

7fghanistan.

But, 'ndiaKs growing profile is resented by "akistan that reected any more

regional mechanism that may give 'ndia a prominent role in 7fghanistan.

:ithout naming "akistan, the 'ndian A%ternal 7ffairs 8inister stressed on

ending the safe havens and sanctuaries for Taliban in that country. 'ndia is already

contributing to the issues mentioned in the 'stanbul declaration.

ast amount of resources will be re&uired to fulfill those pledges. !o

regional country has the clout and resources to take on the burden of developing

7fghanistan.

The :estern interest in 7fghanistan is declining as the deadline of *)< for

troop withdrawal approaches.

&he +onn (( Conference

The Bonn '' Conference, held on 1ecember >, *)), marks the beginning of

a process to e%plore prospects of sustained international engagement in

7fghanistan as :estern forces drawdown in the ne%t three years.

't was an attempt to forge a consensus among reluctant :estern countrieson the need to remain engaged in the 7fghanistan-"akistan region well beyond

*)


31/41


greater chaos and anarchy, following :estern withdrawal looms large over the

wider 7fghanistan-"akistan region.

2epresentation from key 7sian regional groupings, especially the 2ussian-

dominated Collective Security Treaty 4rganisation #CST4$, the Beiing-centred

Shanghai Cooperation 4rganisation #SC4$, and the South 7sian 7ssociation of

2egional Cooperation #S772C$, was notable.

The theme of the conference suggested that there were basically two

maor components to it O Transition #of greater security and political

responsibilities to the 7fghan Government by *)-


32/41


ed by E. Eelappan who undertook a fast unto death for ) days #however

it was given up on a re&uest from 8ahatma Gandhi$.

't paved way for maor social reforms during the period of the freedom

struggle.

The =*th 7nniversary of the Satyagraha is being observed this year.

&emple .ntr* Proclamation

'ssued by 8aharaa Shri Chithira Thirunal Balarama arma and his 1ewan

Sir C. ". 2amaswami 'yer in );0?.

The proclamation abolished the ban on low-caste people or avarnas from

entering @indu Temples in the state of Travancore #now part of Eerala, 'ndia$

>th 7nniversary of the Temple Antry "roclamation is being observed.

The Temple Antry proclamation day is considered as social reformation day

by the Government of Eerala.

Han&a 9iru)

@antavirus is a life-threatening disease spread to humans by rodents that

has symptoms similar to influenJa.

@umans may be infected with @antaviruses through rodent bites, urine,

saliva or contact with rodent waste products.

@anta virus can potentially cause some fatal diseases in humans, including

hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome #@2S$ and @antavirus pulmonary

syndrome #@"S$.

The name @antavirus is derived from the @antan 2iver area in South Eorea,

the region where the first discovery of the virus was made.

't has been identified in the Earim nagar district of 7ndhra "radesh.

National (nstitute of !irolog*

't is one of the maor 'nstitutes of the 'ndian Council of 8edical 2esearch

#'C82$.


#"

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33/41


't was established at "une, 8aharashtra State in );> as irus 2esearch

Centre #2C$ under the auspices of the 'C82 and the 2ockefeller oundation #2$,

FS7.

't was an outcome of the global programme of the 2 for investigating the

7rthropod Borne viruses

Na&ional ,oli! on Senior %i&i>en) "*11

The !ational "olicy on 4lder "ersons was announced by the Government of

'ndia in the year );;;. 't was a step in the right direction in pursuance of the F!

General 7ssembly 2esolution to observe );;; as 'nternational Iear of 4lder

"ersons and in keeping with the assurances to older persons contained in the

Constitution.

The well-being of senior citiJens is mandated in the Constitution of 'ndia

under 7rticle


34/41



35/41


36/41


37/41


't is a highly infectious disease which is contracted by children with low

immunity and can cause acute respiratory problems, diarrhoea, and pneumonia.

The disease can also result in disabilities such as visual impairment.

't is spread through respiration #contact with fluids from an infected

person6s nose and mouth, either directly or through aerosol transmission$.

Concerned over the large number of child deaths due to measles every

year, the Centre has launched a massive anti-measles vaccination drive.

The drive has been launched by the 8inistry of @ealth and amily :elfare,

with support from the 8inistry of @uman 2esource 1evelopment #@21$.

,ho$o)

't is the larger and closer of the two natural satellites of 8ars. "hobos is

.< times as massive as the second moon 1eimos.

2ussia launched an unmanned 8ars-bound space probe in !ovember *)).

The spacecraft was e%pected to reach 8ars in 4ctober *), and land on "hobos

in early *)0 before returning to Aarth with soil samples in 7ugust *)


38/41


't completed its primary mission in Danuary **) and was in its third

e%tended mission phase when, on !ovember **?, the spacecraft failed to

respond to messages and commands.

7ll attempts to recontact the 8ars Global Surveyor and resolve the

problem failed. 'n Danuary ** !7S7 officially ended the mission.

Mars ./press

't is a space e%ploration mission being conducted by the Auropean Space

7gency #AS7$. The 8ars A%press mission is e%ploring the planet 8ars, and is the

first planetary mission attempted by the agency.

8ars A%press consists of two parts, the 8ars A%press 4rbiter and

the Beagle , a lander designed to perform e%obiology and geochemistry

research.

Gro)) Enrollmen& Ra&io

Gross Anrolment 2atio #GA2$ is a statistical measure used by the Fnited

!ations to measure education inde% of a nation.

'n the conte%t of higher education, it measures the total population of all

ages enrolled in different education programs to the total population of the

country in the age group of )=-0.

The current level of GA2 in 'ndia stands at a figure of ).


39/41


't also re&uires udges to declare details of their and their family members6

assets and liabilities. 'mportantly, it creates mechanisms to allow any person to

complain against udges on grounds of misbehaviour or incapacity.

'ighlights of the +ill

The Dudicial Standards and 7ccountability Bill, *)* re&uires udges to

declare their assets, lays down udicial standards, and establishes processes for

removal of udges of the Supreme Court and @igh Courts.

Dudges will be re&uired to declare their assets and liabilities, and also that

of their spouse and children.

The Bill establishes the !ational Dudicial 4versight Committee, the

Complaints Scrutiny "anel and an investigation committee. 7ny person can make

a complaint against a udge to the 4versight Committee on grounds of

NmisbehaviourK.

7 motion for removal of a udge on grounds of misbehaviour can also be

moved in "arliament. Such a motion will be referred for further in&uiry to the4versight Committee.

Complaints and in&uiries against udges will be confidential and frivolous

complaints will be penalised.

The 4versight Committee may issue advisories or warnings to udges, and

also recommend their removal to the "resident.

The 4versight Committee shall consist of five persons with two serving and

one retired udge, an appointed eminent person and the 7ttorney-General of'ndia.

?e* (ssues and Anal*sis

The key issue is whether the balance between independence and

accountability is maintained by the proposed mechanism in the Bill. The


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4versight Committee has non-udicial members which might impinge on the

independence of the udiciary.

The Bill penalises anyone who breaches the confidentiality of complaints. 't

is &uestionable whether a penalty is needed for a frivolous complaint that

remains confidential.

The Scrutiny "anel has udges from the same @igh Court. This is different

from the in-house procedure of the Supreme Court.

The 4versight Committee has non-udicial members. The procedure of the

Committee is not an in-house procedure of the udiciary. 't is not clear whether

the power of the 4versight Committee to impose minor measures is

constitutionally valid.

The Bill does not mention whether a udge has the right to appeal to the

Supreme Court against an order of removal issued by the "resident after

"arliament finds him guilty of NmisbehaviourK.

Appointment of @udges

7rticle )< #$ Avery Dudge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the

"resident by warrant under his hand and seal after consultation with such of theDudges of the Supreme Court and of the @igh Courts in the States as the "resident

may deem necessary for the purpose and shall hold office until he attains the age

of si%ty-five years/

"rovided that in the case of appointment of a Dudge other than the Chief

Dustice, the Chief Dustice of 'ndia shall always be consulted/

"rovided further that

#a$ 7 Dudge may, by writing under his hand addressed to the "resident, resign hisofficeH

#b$ 7 Dudge may be removed from his office in the manner provided in clause #


41/41


#c$ 7 person shall not be &ualified for appointment as a Dudge of the Supreme

Court unless he is a citiJen of 'ndia and

#a$ @as been for at least five years a Dudge of a @igh Court or of two or more

such Courts in successionH or

#b$ @as been for at least ten years an advocate of a @igh Court or of two or more

such Courts in successionH or

#c$ 's, in the opinion of the "resident, a distinguished urist

CSAT CurrentAffairs 2012 Part 1.PDF

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Transcript of CSAT CurrentAffairs 2012 Part 1.PDF