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Volume 1 Number 1 Article 5 1-15-1969 C.S. Lewis’ Theory of Mythology C.S. Lewis’ Theory of Mythology Margaret P. Hannay Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Hannay, Margaret P. (1969) "C.S. Lewis’ Theory of Mythology," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 1 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol1/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact phillip.fi[email protected]. To join the Mythopoeic Society go to: http://www.mythsoc.org/join.htm

Transcript of C.S. Lewis’ Theory of Mythology

Page 1: C.S. Lewis’ Theory of Mythology

Volume 1 Number 1 Article 5

1-15-1969

C.S. Lewis’ Theory of Mythology C.S. Lewis’ Theory of Mythology

Margaret P. Hannay

Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore

Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Hannay, Margaret P. (1969) "C.S. Lewis’ Theory of Mythology," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 1 : No. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol1/iss1/5

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Mythopoeic Society at SWOSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature by an authorized editor of SWOSU Digital Commons. An ADA compliant document is available upon request. For more information, please contact [email protected].

To join the Mythopoeic Society go to: http://www.mythsoc.org/join.htm

Page 2: C.S. Lewis’ Theory of Mythology

Mythcon 52: The Mythic, the Fantastic, and the Alien Albuquerque, New Mexico; July 29 - August 1, 2022 http://www.mythsoc.org/mythcon/mythcon-52.htm

Abstract Abstract Discusses Lewis’s theory of mythology as “an intensely Christian one” that is “essential to an understanding of his entire body of work.”

Additional Keywords Additional Keywords Christianity and myth; Lewis, C.S.—Theory of mythology; Mythology and literature

This article is available in Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol1/iss1/5

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C .S . L e w i s ' T h e o r y o f M y t h o lo g yb y M a r g a r e t P . H a n n a y

M y th o lo g y h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n p r o m o ted fr o m t h e n u rse ry t o t h e c la s s r o o m . C .S , L e w is and h i s c l o s e f r i e n d J . R .R . T o lk ie n h a v e b e e n l a r g e l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e r e n a i s s a n c e o f s c h o l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n m y th , b o t h b y t h e i r c r i t i c a l d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e g e n r e a n d t h e i r p r o d u c t io n o f o r i g i n a l m y th . C .S . L e w is ’ t h e o r y o f m y t h o lo g y i s e s s e n t i a l t o an u n d e r s t a n d in g o f h i s e n t i r e r a n g e o f w ork - - s c h o l a r l y , a p o l o g e t i c , an d f i c t i o n a l . S o c o m p le t e ly d o e s t h e m y th ic p e n e t r a t e i n t o 'L e w is ’ w r i t i n g s t h a t o n e o f h i s m o st s i g n i f i c a n t s t a t e m e n t s o n m yth i s fo u n d a s a f o o t n o t e t o a d i s - c u s s i o n o f O l d T e s t a m e n t m i r a c l e s . F o r L e w is , m yth w a s n o t m e r e ly a b r a n c h o f l i t e r a r y s t u d y b u t t h e c o r e o f l i t e r a t u r e an d t h e o l o g y a l i k e .

C .S . L e w is ’ t h e o r y o f m y th o lo g y i s a n i n t e n s e l y C h r i s t i a n o n e . I n M ere C h r i s t i a n i t y h e s t a t e d t h a t God d i d t h r e e t h i n g s t o r e v e a l H im s e l f t o Man. The f i r s t w as t o i n s t i l l w i t h i n him a c o n s c i e n c e . The s e c o n d w as t o s e n d w h a t L e w is c a l l s " good d r e a m s " " I m ean t h o s e q u e e r s t o r i e s s c a t t e r e d a l l th r o u g h t h e h e a t h e n r e - l i g i o n s , a b o u t a god who d i e d a n d c o m e s t o l i f e a g a in a n d , b y h i s d e a t h , h a s som ehow g i v e n new l i f e t o m e n ." l The t h i r d w as o f c o u r s e t h e s c r i p t u r e s a s g i v e n t o t h e J e w s , c u lm i n a t in g i n t h e I n c a r n a t i o n o f C h r i s t a n d t h e c o m p o s i t io n o f t h e New T e s t a m e n t .But t h e s e t h r e e a c t s o f God a r e n o t a c t u a l l y s o s e p e r a t e i n L e w is ’ th o u g h t a s may a p p e a r on t h e s u r f a c e . F o r e x a m p le , L e w is f e l t t h a t t h e G e n e s i s c r e a t i o n s t o r y may h a v e b e e n d e r i v e d fr o m

e a r l i e r S e m i t i c s t o r i e s t h a t w e r e Pa g a n an d m y t h i c a l , a l t h o u g h h e b e l i e v e d t h a t th e r e - t e l l i ng o f t h e m y th s w e re g u id e d b y G od. T h e i r m y th o lo g y w a s t h e c h o s e n o n e , t h e " v e h i c l e o f t h e e a r l i e s t s a c r e d t r u t h . " 2 T h u s t h e J e w is h n a t i o n w as c h o s e n n o t o n ly a s a p e o p l e , b u t a l s o c h o s e n a s a m edium o f r e v e l a t i o n . T h is m eans t h a t L e w is b e l i e v e d t h e c r e a t i o n a c c o u n t i s m y th ic a l; i t d o e s n o t mean h e b e l i e v e d i t t o b e u n t r u e . I t i s t r u e r th a n h i s t o r y .The Bi b l i c a l m y th s r e f e r n o t t o t h e "n o n - h i s t o r i c a l b u t r a t h e r t o t h e n o n - d e s c r i b a b l e . "3 B ec a u se a l l f a c t s a r e m i s l e a d i n g a s t h e y d i f f e r fro m E t e r n a l F a c t , m yth i s t r u e r th a n h i s t o r y .H is t o r y c o n c e n t r a t e s o n t h e e v e n t s , b u t o f t e n l e a v e s o u t t h e r e a l e s s e n c e o f t h e e v e n t ; m yth c o n v e y s t h a t e s s e n c e , ( C .S . Ki l b y , The C h r i s t i a n W orld o f C .S . L e w is , Ee r d a m n s , 1 9 6 4 . p . 1 5 4 ) T h is p o i n t i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T i l l We Ha v e F a c e s . O r a u l i n h e r jo u r n e y co m es t o t h e t e m p le o f P s y c h e o r I s t r a i n a f o r e i g n la n d . H ere t h e p r i e s t t e l l s h e r , i n m y th ic fo r m , t h e s t o r y o f h e r l i f e . S h e , c o n c e n t r a t i n g o n ly on t h e b a r e e v e n t s , f i n d s h i s s t o r y f a l s e . I t w a s o n ly l i e s , s h e s a i d , t h a t s h e saw t h e p a la c e and d i s b e l i e v e d o u t o f j e a l o u s y . O r a u l , h i s t o r i c a l l y s p e a k in g , w as c o r r e c t . S h e h ad n o t s e e n t h e p a la c e a s s h e saw h e r own p a la c e i n G lo m e. But s h e had s e e n i t i n a m om en tary g l im p s e a s t h e m o r n in g f o g w as

l i f t i n g . Sh e had c l o s e d h e r m ind t o i t s r e a l i t y b e c a u s e o f h e r j e a l o u s y o f t h e g o d . When s h e f i n a l l y r e a d h e r t r u e c o m p la in t a g a i n s t t h e g o d s i t cam e o u t a s t h e o l d p r i e s t o f I s t r a had s a i d ; s h e d id s e e t h e p a l a c e . Hi s m yth w as t r u e r th a n h e r h i s t o r y .

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T h u s i n h i s s t u d y o f G e n e s i s , L e w is c a n s a y t h a t i t i s o f no c o n s e q u e n c e w h e th e r o r n o t t h e f a l l o f Man i n v o l v e d t h e a c t u a l e a t i n g o f a f r u i t . I n a n u n p u b l i s h e d l e t t e r t o D r . C ly d e S .K i l b y , L e w is s e t s , f o r t h t h i s i d e a :

To me t h e c u r i o u s t h i n g i s t h a t n e i t h e r i n my own B i b l e - r e a d in g , n o r i n my r e l i g i o u s l i f e a s a w h o le d o e s , t h e q u e s t i o n i n f a c t e v e r a s s u m e t h e im p o r t a n c e w h ic h i t a l - w a y s g e t s i n t h e o l o g i c a l c o n t r o v e r s y . The d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n r e a d in g t h e s t o r y o f R u th a n d t h a t o f A n t ig o n e - - b o t h f i r s t c l a s s a s l i t e r a t u r e - - i s t o me u n m is t a k a b le a n d e v e n o v e r w h e lm in g . B u t t h e q u e s t i o n " I s R u th h i s t o r i c a l ? " ( I ' v e no r e a s o n t o s u p p o s e i t i s n o t ) d o e s n ' t r e a l l y seem t o a r i s e t i l l a f t e r w a r d s . I t c a n s t i l l a c t on me a s t h e Word o f God i f i t w e r e n ' t , s o f a r a s I c a n s e e . I s h o u ld h a v e t h o u g h t t h e v a lu e o f som e t h i n g s ( e . g . t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n ) d e p e n d e d on w h e th e r t h e y r e a l l y h a p p e n e d , b u t t h e v a l u e o f o t h e r s ( e . g . , t h e f a t e o f L o t ' s wi f e ) h a r d ly a t a l l . And t h e o n e s w h o se h i s t o r i c - i t y m a t t e r s , a r e , a s G o d 's w i l l , t h o s e w h ere i t i s p l a i n . 4

I t i s n e c e s s a r y h e r e t o e m p h a s iz e tw o p o i n t s . T h e f i r s t i s t h a t L e w is ' i d e a o f G e n e s i s a s m y th had n o t h in g t o do w i t h l a c k o f b e l i e f i n t h e s u p e r n a t u r a l . B u ltm a n ' s d e m y t h o lo g i z i n g o f s c r i p - t u r e s t a r t s fro m t h e p r e m is e t h a t t h e s u p e r n a t u r a l e l e m e n t s m u st b e f a l s e ; L e w is c o p ie s w i t h t h e o p p o s i t e a p p r o a c h . He b e l i e v e d i n m i r a c l e s t o a n e x t e n t t h a t i s a lm o s t e m b a r r a s s in g : h e f i r m l y b e - l i e v e d t h a t t h e te m p o r a r y h e a l i n g o f h i s w i f e w a s an a n s w e r t o p r a y e r , h e b e l i e v e d t h a t h e w as g i v e n t h e p ow er t o b e a r h e r p a i n a t t i m e s , h e a g r e e d w i t h a woman who t h o u g h t h e r d o g w as h e a le d b y p r a y e r . ( K i lb y , p . 1 5 0 ) S e c o n d l y , L e w is d i d n o t b e l i e v e t h a t t h e I n c a r n a t i o n o f C h r i s t w as o n e o f t h e i n s t a n c e s w h ere t h e h i s t o r i c i t y o f t h e e v e n t i s i m m a t e r ia l , t h u s a v o i d i n g co m tem p o r- a r y l i b e r a l i s m . He b e l i e v e d t h a t w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n C h r i s t l i v e d a s t h e G od -m an , t h a t he d i e d , t h a t h e , i n c o l d p r o s e , came t o l i f e a g a i n . T h is i s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e c a s u a l w ay h e m e n t io n e d t h e r e s s u r e c t i o n a s a n i n s t a n c e o f o b v io u s h i s t o r i c i t y i n t h e a b o v e q u o t e . T hus L e w is cam e t o q u i t e a d i f f e r e n t c o n c l u s i o n t h e n t h a t r e a c h e d b y t h e o l o g i c a l l i b e r a l i s m o r t h e n e o - o r t h o d o x m ov em en t.

L e w is w a s c o n v i n c e d t h a t C h r i s t i a n i t y i s t h e g r e a t e m b o d i- m en t o f m y th , t h e o r i g i n a l o f w h ic h a l l o t h e r s a r e m e r e ly im a g e s . O n ly o n c e h a s m yth b eco m e f a c t , i n t h a t p a r a d o x o f God b eco m e man. T h is c o n c e p t i s b e s t s e t f o r t h i n L e w is ' s t u d y o f m ira c l e s , i n a f o o t n o t e :

J u s t a s , o n t h e n a t u r a l s i d e , a l o n g p r e p a r t a t i o n c u l - m in a te d i n God' s b e c o m in g i n c a r n a t e a s M a n , s o o n th e d o c u m e n ta r y s i d e , t h e t r u t h f i r s t a p p e a r s i n m y t h ic a l fo r m a n d t h e n b y a l o n g p r o c e s s o f c o n d e n s in g an d f o c u s - s i n g f i n a l l y b e c o m e s i n c a r n a t e a s H is t o r y . . . . J u s t a s God i s n o n e t h e l e s s God b y b e in g Man, s o t h e M yth r e - m a in s m yth e v e n w hen i t b e c o m e s Fa c t . The s t o r y o f C h r i s t d em an d s fr o m u s , a n d r e p a y s , n o t o n ly a r e l i g i o u s an d h i s t o r i c a l b u t a l s o a im a g i n a t i v e r e s p o n s e .( M i r a c l e s , Ma c m i l l i a n , p . l 6 l . )

T hus t h e q u e s t i o n i s n o t o n e o f t h e o l o g y a l o n e , b u t o f t h e n a t u r e

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o f m y th :T h is i n v o l v e s t h e b e l i e f t h a t my t h i n g e n e r a l i s n o t m e r e ly m is u n d e r s t o o d h i s t o r y ( a s E u h em eru s t h o u g h t ) n o t d i a b o l i c a l i l l u s i o n ( a s som e o f t h e F a t h e r s t h o u g h t ) n o r p r i e s t l y l y i n g ( a s t h e p h i l i o s p h e r s o f t h e E n l i g h t - e n m e n t t h o u g h t ) b u t , a t i t s b e s t , a r e a l th o u g h u n f o c u s - e d g le a m o f d i v i n e t r u t h f a l l i n g on hum an i m a g i n a t i o n . ( M i r a c l e s , p . l 6 l )

I f m yth i s , a s L e w is c l a i m e d , "a r e a l th o u g h u n f o c u s e d g le a m o f d i v i n e t r u t h f a l l i n g o n t h e human i m a g i n a t i o n ” how d i d t h e p a g a n r e c e i v e t h i s g le a m o f t r u t h ? L e w is w o u ld s a y t h a t t h e r e s e m b la n c e b e t w e e n Ch r i s t i a n t r u t h a n d t h e m yth o f t h e dyeing a n d r e s u r r e c t e d g o d i s l i k e t h e s u n an d i t s r e f l e c t i o n i n a p o o l ; t h e y a r e n e i t h e r t h e s a m e n o r w h o l l y d i f f e r e n t . Wh e a t d o e s d i e t o b e b o r n ; God m ade t h e w h e a t , s o " i t s h o u ld n o t b e s u r p r i z i n g t h a t t h e Pa g a n s e e s a sym bol i n i t an d m a k e s a m y t h . ( Ki l b y , p . 1 5 0 ) T h is m y th -m a k in g o f t h e P a g a n i s t h e n a t u r a l r e s u l t o f t h e S e h n s u c h t , o r t h e l o n g - i n g w h ic h i s m an’ s h u n g e r f o r G od. I t i s h i s d e s i r e f o r a b e a u t y a n d g o o d n e s s g r e a t e r th a n h e h i m s e l f c o u l d h a v e c o n c e i v e d . L e w is ’ a u t o b io g r a p h y S u r p r i z e d b y J o y , a n d h i s r a t h e r a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l a l l e g o r y P i l g r i m ’ s R e g r e s s , a r e a c c o u n t s o f h i s o wn s e a r c h f o r " jo y " o r t h e " i s l a n d . " T h u s w e, c a n f e e l h e s p o k e fr o m p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e wh e n h e c l a i m e d " o f c o u r s e I am n o t s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e s e v a g u e i d e a s o f s o m e t h in g w e w a n t an d h a v e n ’t g o t , w h ic h o c c u r i n th e P a g a n p e r i o d o f i n d i v i d u a l s an d o f r a c e s ( h e n c e

m y t h o l o g y ) , a r e a n y m ore t h a n t h e f i r s t an d m o s t r u d im e n t a r y fo r m o f t h e i d e a o f Go d ' . . . "

T h is l o n g i n g , t h i s s e a r c h f o r God w h ic h f i n d s e x p r e s s i o n i n m y th , i s s n e e r e d u p o n t h e c u r r e n t s c i e n t i f i c a t t i t u d e s . L e w is c o n s t a n t l y p o in t e d o u t t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r d o u b t in g t h e " w h o le d e m y t h o lo g y o f o u r t i m e s . "6 M en l i k e T y r r e l l c l a i m t h a t a s man p r o g r e s s e s h e r e v o l t s a g a i n s t t h e s e p r i m i t i v e e x p r e s s i o n s o f t h e r e l i g i o u s i d e a , t h a t " t a k e n l i t e r a l l y an d n o t s y m b o l i c a l l y t h e y do n o t m e e t h i s n e e d ." ( L e t t e r s , p . 1 6 2 ) L e w is r e p l i e d t h a t t h e o l d e r

t r a d i t i o n s do n o t m e e t ou r n e e d , t h a t t h e y a r e i n a d e q u a t e t o t h e " r e l i g i o u s I d e a " , o n l y i f t h e s e m y t h i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s a r e m e r e ly m an’ s i n v e n t i o n s . B u t w h a t i f t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n , t h e A s c e n s i o n , w e r e g o d ’s e x p r e s s i o n s o f h i s own t h o u g h t ? ( L e t t e r s . p . 1 6 2 ) I n P i l g r i m ’ s R e g r e s s J o h n i s t o l d " C h i ld , i f y o u w i l l , i t i s m y th - o l o g y . . . . b u t t h e n i t i s My m y t h o lo g y ."7 A l t h o u g h L e w is d i d n o t h i m s e l f p o i n t t h i s o u t i n h i s r e p l y t o T y r r e l l , I f e e l t h a t t h e r e a l f a i l u r e o f T y r r e l l ’ s a r g u m e n t l i e s i n h i s s t a t e m e n t t h a t t h e p i c t u r e s , o r m y th s a r e i n a d e q u a t e w h en t a k e " l i t e r a l l y a n d n o t s y m b o l i c a l l y . " Of c o u r s e t h e y a r e in a d e q u a t e a s s c i e n t i f i c s t a t e m e n t o f t r u t h . T h ey a r e n o t c h e m ic a l e q u a t i o n s , b u t l i t e r a r y e x p r e s s i o n s . One c a n n o t a p p r o a c h , m y t h o lo g y , o r L e w is ' t h e o r y o f m y t h o lo g y , fr o m t h i s " o b j e c t i v e " t y p e o f v i e w p o i n t . F o r L e w is t h e o l o g y i s , i n a m o s t p r o fo u n d s e n s e , p o e t r y , a s p e r f e c t p o e t r y i s i p s o f a c t o t h e o l o g y .

M y th o lo g y a n d L i t e r a t u r e C .S . L e w is , i n a l e t t e r to . F r . P e t e r M ilw a r d , d e f i n e d a

g o o d m y th a s a " S t o r y o u t o f w h ic h e v e r v a r y i n g m e a n in g s w i l l g r o w f o r d i f f e r e n t r e a d e r s a n d i n d i f f e r e n t a g e s . ” ( L e t t e r s , p . 162 )

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I t i s a h ig h e r fo rm th a n a l l e g o r y , w h ic h h a s o n l y on e m e a n in g .An a u t h o r c a n m e r e ly p u t i n t o a l l e g o r y w h a t h e a l r e a d y k n o w s, b u t i n a m yth "He p u t s w h a t h e d o e s n o t y e t know and c o u ld n o t come b y i n a n y o t h e r w a y . " ( L e t t e r s , p . 1 6 2 ). I n h i s c h a p t e r o n m yth i n An E x p e r im e n t i n C r i t i c i s m , L e w is f u r t h e r d e f i n e s m yth a s a s t o r y w h ic h h a s a v a l u e "in d e p e n d e n t o f i t s em b od im en t i n a n y l i t e r a r y w o r k ."8 An e x a m p le i s t h e s t r o y o f O r p h e u s , w h ic h e v e n w hen r e l a t e d i n c o n v e r s a t i o n , h a s a "s a t i s f a c t o r y an d i n - , e v i t a b l e s h a p e , l i k e a g o o d v a s e o r a t u l i p ." (An E x p e r im en t i nC r i t i c i s m , p . 42. ) The nam e m yth w h ic h we g i v e t o s u c h a s t o r y i su n f o r t u n a t e b e c a u s e i n t h e G reek m uth o s m ean t a n y s t o r y , n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y on e o f t h i s t y p e . Y e t t h e t r u e m yth i s e a s y t o r e - c o g n i z e b y i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :1 ) I t m u st h a v e a n e x t r a - l i t e r a r y , common m y t h i c a l e x p e r i e n c er e g a r d l e s s o f s o u r c e . -2 ) I t m u st a p p e a r i n e v i t a b l e : t h e r e i s no e le m e n t o f s u s p e n s e i n i t s f a s c i n a t i o n . The f i r s t h e a r in g i n t r o d u c e s u s t o a n o b j e c t o f c o n t e m p la t io n “ m ore l i k e a t h i n g th a n a n a r r a t i o n . " I n f a c t , i t d o e s n o t e v e n n e e d n a r r a t i o n . The G ard en o f d e s p e r id e s i s a my th a l r e a d y e v e n w i t h o u t He r a k l e s t o s t e a l a p p l e s .3 ) T h e r e m u st b e a minimum o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h th e c h a r a c t e r s . We m u st f e e l s o r r y f o r a l l m en, n o t j u s t O rp h eu s o r O e d ip u s .4 ) I t i s f a n t a s t i c , i n t h e s e n s e o f d e a l i n g w i t h i m p o s s i b i l i t i e s an d t h e s u p e r n a t u r a l . 5 ) I t i s g r a v e w h e th e r i t b e sa d o r j o y f u l .6 ) I t g i v e s a n e x p e r i e n c e w h ic h i s n u m in o u s , a w e - i n s p i r i n g .I t c o m m u n ic a te s s o m e th in g g r e a t w h ic h men a lw a y s t r y t o r e s t a t e i n t h e s im p le r a l l e g o r i c a l fo r m , b u t t h e m yth r e m a in s g r e a t e r th a n t h e a l l e g o r y . L e w is h e r e made t h e i n t e r e s t i n g p o i n t t h a t a s t o r y c a n b e m y t h f o r o n e man a n d n o t f o r a n o t h e r . ( E x p e r im e n t I n C r i t i c i s m , p . 4 5) T h e r e a r e p e o p le f o r whom t h e m y t h ic a l h o ld s f a s c i n a t i o n a t a l l a g e s ; t h e r e a r e o t h e r s who n e v e r a p p r e - c i a t e i t . I t i s n o t a c h i l d r e n ' s a r t fo rm ; i t w as m e r e ly r e - l e g a t e d to t h e n u r s e r y w hen i t f e l l i n t o g e n e r a l d i s f a v o r , much a s a n o ld c a b le m ig h t b e c o n s id e r e d g o o d en o u g h f o r th e p l a y room b u t n o t f o r t h e d i n i n g r o o m .9 The f a i r y t a l e , o r m yth , i s n o t b a d f o r a c h i l d b e c a u s e i t a r o u s e s l o n g i n g s f o r t h e u n r e a l , a s som e h a v e c h a r g e d . R a t h e r , i t g i v e s h i s w o r ld a new d im e n s io n . I n s t e a d o f e n c h a n t e d w o o d s m a k in g r e a l w ood s seem m undane, t h e y make t h e r e a l w ood s j u s t a l i t t l e e n c h a n t e d . (O f O th er W o r ld s . p . 2 9 ) My t h a c t u a l l y a d d s t o o n e ' s l i f e , m ak in g i t a r i c h e r a r t fo rm th a n r e a l i s t i c f i c t i o n w h ic h c a n m e r e ly com m ent on l i f e .

L e w is c o n t e n d s t h a t m yth i s n o t d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e w o rd s i n w h ic h i t i s t o l d , o r t h e a r t form i n w h ic h i t i s c o n v e y e d .I t i s n o t th e n a r r a t i v e , o r s t o r y , t h a t m akes a m y th , b u t s o m e th in g much m ore e l u s i v e . The s e r i e s o f e v e n t s , o r t h e p l o t , i s " o n ly r e a l l y a n e t w h e r eb y we c a t c h s o m e th in g e l s e . The r e a l th em e may b e s o m e th in g t h a t h a s no s e q u e n c e i n i t , s o m e t h i n g . . . much m ore l i k e a s t a e o r q u a l i t y . G i a n t n e s s , o t h e r n e s s , t h e d e s o l a t i o n o f s p a c e . . . " ( Of O th e r W o r ld s . p . 1 8 ) Y e t i t i s i n t h i s t e n s i o n b e tw e e n p l o t and th em e t h a t t h e m yth m o st r e s e m b l e s r e a l l i f e .We s e e k a s t a t e and f i n d o n ly a s e r i e s o f d e t a i l s o r e v e n t s . I n o u r g r a s p f o r th e p e r m a n e n t g l o r y , o u r s e h n s u c h t , we t o u c h o n ly

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18t h e t r a n s i e n t w h i le t h e e t e r n a l e lu d e s o u r g r a s p .

To i l l u s t r a t e L e w is ' p o i n t t h a t m yth i s n o t d e p e n d e n t u p on t h e wo r d s , i t w o u ld b e v a l u a b l e t o c o n s i d e r h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n t o G eo rg e M a cD o n a ld : An Ant h o l o g y . He r e L e w is a s k s t h e q u e s t i o n , i s t h e a r t o f m y th -m a k in g a l i t e r a r y a r t a t a l l ? F o r a m yth i s a p a t t e r n o f e v e n t s w h ic h " d e l i g h t s and n o u r i s h e s ," n o t j u s t a p a t t e r n o f w o r d s . S t o r i e s o f m y th ic q u a l i t y a r e v e r y d i f f e r n e t fr o m l y r i c a l p o e t r y , f o r e x a m p le . The fo rm a n d c o n t e n t o f K e a t ' s ' n i g h t i n g a l e " c a n n o t b e f o r c e d a p a r t" t h e B a ld e r s t o r y i s m y th ic r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e v e r s i o n i n w h ic h i t i s fo u n d . " In p o e t r y t h e

w o r d s a r e t h e b o d y and th e 'th e m e ' o r ' c o n t e n t ' i s t h e s o u l . B ut i n m yth t h e im a g in e d e v e n t s a r e t h e b o d y a n d s o m e th in g i n e x ­p r e s s i b l e i s t h e s o u l . "10 T h is " s o u l" c a n b e s e p e r a t e d fr o m i t s l i t e r a r y fo r m . F o r e x a m p le , L e w is s a i d h e f i r s t h e a r d t h e m yth o f X a fk a ’ s The C a s t l e i n c o n v e r s a t i o n an d a l a t e r r e a d in g o f t h e w ork a d d ed l i t t l e , i f a n y t h in g , t o t h e m y th ic q u a l i t y . M ost m y th s a r e p r e - h i s t o r i c b u t a f e w i n d i v i d u a l s h a v e r i s e n t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f o r i g i n a l m y th . Among t h e s e L e w is w o u ld l i s t Ka f k a , No v a l i s , a n d G eo rg e M acD on a ld . L e w is n e v e r c la im e d t h a t Mac­D o n a ld i s a g r e a t w r i t e r ; i n f a c t , he c a n d i d l y a d m it t e d t h a t t h e o p p o s i t e w as q u i t e o f t e n t h e c a s e . B u t M acD onald c o u ld c r e a t e a p a t t e r n o f e v e n t s t h a t " c a u g h t" t h i s m y th ic q u a l i t y . T h is q u a l i t y i s

...i n some w a y s m ore a k in t o m u s ic th a n t o p o e t r y - - o r a t l e a s t t o m o st p o e t r y . I t g o e s b e y o n d th e e x ­p r e s s i o n o f t h i n g s we h a v e a l r e a d y f e l t . I t a r o u s e s i n u s s e n s a t i o n s we h a v e n e v e r f e l t b e f o r e , n e v e r a n t i c i p a t e d h a v in g , a s th o u g h we had b r o k e n o u t o f o u r n o r m a l mode o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d p o s s e s s e d j o y s n o t p r o m is e d t o o u r b i r t h . I t g e t s u n d e r o u r s k i n , h i t s , u s a t a l e v e l d e e p e r th a n o u r t h o u g h t s o r e v e n o u r p a s s i o n s , t r o u b l e s o l d e s t c e r t a i n t i e s t i l l a l l q u e s t i o n s a r e r e - o p e n e d , an d i n g e n e r a l s h o c k s u s m ore f u l l y aw ake th a n we a r e f o r m o st o f o u r l i v e s . (M a c D o n a ld , p . 1 6 ,1 7 )

L e w is ' o p i n i o n s o f G eo rg e M acD onald a r e t h e m ore im p o r t a n t b e c a u s e L e w is h a s i m i t a t e d M acD on ald ' s r o m a n c e s i n h i s own f i c ­t i o n , b o t h i n h i s b a s i c i d e a l i s m and i n h i s t h e o r i e s o f m y t h .11 T h e s e t h e o r i e s , a s e v id e n c e d b y th e a b o v e q u o t e , o f t e n s o a r i n t o t h e p o e t i c t h e m s e l v e s . B u t l i t e r a r y c r i t i c s a r e n o t a lw a y s s y m p a t h e t ic w i t h t h i s ty p e o f i n v o l v e d , p a s s i o n a t e c r i t i c i s m . R o g e r S a l e s t a t e s t h a t L e w is u s e s t h e w ord "myth" a s a synonym f o r th e w ord " s t o r y ," and n o t i n a s p e c i f i c s e n s e l i k e t h e m yth o f P r o m e th e u s . M yth i s m e r e ly s u p p o se d t o mean "any s t r o y w h ic h a w ak en s u s a s e a r l i e r m y th s a r e s a i d t o h a v e a w a k en ed e a r l i e r p e o p l e . " L w e is i n a n a m a teu r who c a n n o t h e lp u s m o r e th a n t e l l ­i n g u s w h ic h b o o k s h e l i k e s t h e b e s t . H e a s su m e s and s c h o o lb o y c a n do t h e r e s t o n c e ho i s g u id e d t o t h e r i g h t b o o k s , a n d so s t o p s j u s t w h ere " i n t e l l e c t u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b e g i n s . ' 12 S a l e ’ s d e s c r i p t i o n o f L e w is ' p o s i t i o n i s j u s t , b u t i n h i s c o n c l u s i o n

h e se e m s t o h a v e m is s e d t h e p o i n t o f L e w is ' l i t e r a r y c r i t i s i s m . C .S . L e w is d i d b e l i e v e t h a t many s c h o o lb o y s c o u ld p a r t a k e o f t h e

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m y t h ic e x p e r i e n c e i f d i r e c t e d t o t h e r i g h t b o o k s . He a l s o r e a l ­i z e d t h a t t h e r e w ere m an y p e o p le , o f a l l a g e s who c o u ld n o t e x ­p e r i e n c e t h e m y th ic no m a t te r w h a t g u i d e l i n e s t h e y w ere g i v e n t o f o l l o w . S a le e x p e c t s an a n a l y s i s o f a n e x p e r i e n c e ; L e w is m e r e ly d i r e c t e d o t h e r s t o i t . Thus S a l e e x p e c t s L e w is t o a n a ly z e t h a t w h ic h L e w is f i r m l y b e l i e v e d i s b ey o n d a n a l y s i s . A ls o i t a p p e a r s t h a t Sa l e ' s r e s e a r c h on t h e s u b j e c t w as l i m i t e d t o on e o r tw o a r t i c l e s , th u s mak in g i t q u i t e u n d e r s t a n d a b le t h a t h e s h o u ld h a v e n e g l e c t e d t o p o i n t s a t w h ic h L ew is d o e s a n a ly z e t h e m y t h ic , p a r ­t i c u l a r l y t h e en n u m era ted q u a l i t i e s o f m yth fro m Of O th er W o r ld s , c i t e d e a r l i e r . ( I n f a i r n e s s o n e s h o u ld n o t e t h a t t h e e s s a y i n

q u e s t i o n w as n o t p r i n t e d i n b o o k fo rm u n t i l 19 6 6 , and t h e r e f o r e may h a v e b e e n u n a v a i l a b l e t o M r . S a l e . )

The Tim e s L i t e r a r y S u p p le m ent t o o k an e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h t o L e w is ' t h e o r y o f m yth , p o s t u l a t i n g t h a t h e r e a l l y m ean t m yth i s b u t t h e " e a r l i e s t , t h e s e c o n d s t a g e o f a p r o d u c ­t i o n o f th e m ind o r s o u l . . . . The poem , n o v e l o r p i c t u r e r e c e d e s fro m v ie w , and p o p u la r a l l u s i o n s h a p e s i t s s e q u e l - - th e m y t h ."13 T h is v i e w i s m ore s y m p a t h e t ic t o L e w is , s a y in g i n e f f e c t t h a t L e w is m ean t m yth i s s o m e th in g th e r e a d e r o r v ie w e r may a b s t r a c t fro m th e w ork o f a r t , a s o r t o f e s s e n c e r e c a l l e d a f t e r t h e w ork o f a r t , a s o r t o f e s s e n c e . T h is i s o n ly a h a l f - t r u t h , f o r L e w is b e l i e v e d t h e m yth t o b e in h e r e n t i n t h e wo r k , n o t i t s e s s e n c e r e ­c a l l e d a f t e r t h e w ork i s f o r g o t t e n . The m yth i s e x p e r ie n c e d w h i l e r e a d in g th e w o rk , a nd t h e n may b e r e c a l l e d a s a " p erm an en t o b j e c t o f c o m t e m p la t io n . "

Thus we seem t o b e l e d i n t o a m aze o f c o n t r a d i c t i o n s . A m yth i s d i v i n e r e v e l a t i o n o f God t o man and u s u a l l y p r e h i s t o r i c , y e t t h e r e a r e c o n te m p o r a r y w r i t e r s who c r e a t e m y th . The m yth i sn o t t h e e v e n t s t h e m s e lv e s b u t a q u a l i t y c a u g h t b y t h e e v e n t s , and y e t t h o s e e v e n t s m u st seem i n e v i t a b l e . The my t h i s n o t d e ­p e n d e n t on w ord s b u t i s u s u a l l y fo u n d i n l i t e r a t u r e . I t i s th e i n e x p r e s s i b l e , p a r a d o x i c a l l y s o m e th in g w h ic h c a n b e o n ly e x ­p e r ie n c e d b y r e c e p t i v e m in d s .

M y th o lo g y a nd S e h n s u c h tT h a t C l i v e S t a p l e s L e w is had t h i s s p e c i a l a p t i t u d e f o r

m y th is e x p e r ie n c e and e x p r e s s i o n w as e v i d e n t e v e n i n h i s c h i ld h o o d . Be tw e e n t h e a g e s o f s i x and e i g h t L e w is d e v e lo p e d a l o v e f o r " d r e s s e d a n im a ls" and f o r " K n ig h t s i n a rm o u r . " T h e se t a s t e s w ere com b in e d i n t a l e s o f A n im a l-L a n d . H is b r o t h e r Wa r r e n w r o te o f m o d ern A n im a l- L a n d , c o m p le te w i t h s t e a m s h ip r o u t e s and r a i lw a y t r a c k s . "J ack" ( a s C .S . L ew is dem anded he b e c a l l e d ) w r o te o f m e d ie v a l A n im a l- la n d , and e v e n t u a l l y d e v e lo p e d a c o m p le te h i s t o r y o f t h i s im a g i n a r y w o r ld t h a t sp a n n ed s i x h u n d r e d y e a r s . The H is t o r y in c lu d e d maps and i l l u s t r a t i o n s , a n d w as f i l l e d w i t h p o l ­i t i c a l i n t r i g u e . A s an a d u l t L ew is h a t e d p o l i t i c a l t a l k , b u t a s a c h i l d t h a t w as t h e o n ly s u b j e c t w h ic h h e h e a r d g r o w n -u p s d i s ­c u s s . N a t u r a l l y h e w a n ted h i s b o o k t o b e v e r y a d u l t . I n f a c t ,

L e w is a d m it t e d l a t e r t h a t h e a lw a y s w a i t e d a f e w p a g e s b e f o r e he p u t a n y t h in g i n t o a s t o r y t h a t he w as r e a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n ,

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b e c a u s e h e f e l t t h a t i f i t g o t i n t e r e s t i n g r i g h t a w ay i t w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n a d u l t a t a l l ! T h e r e i s o n e f e a t u r e o f t h e B o x e n (A n im a l-L a n d ) h i s t o r y w h ic h L e w is s a i d h e r e c a l l e d " w ith som e p r i d e . " A l l t h e c h i v a l r i c a d v e n t u r e s w h ic h o c c u p ie d h i s m in d w e r e o n l y a l l u d e d t o l i g h t l y , an d t h e " r e a d e r w a s w a rn ed t h a t t h e y m ig h t b e " o n ly l e g e n d s . ' Som ehow . . . I r e a l i z e d e v e n t h e n t h a t a h i s t o r i a n s h o u ld a d o p t a c r i t i c a l a t t i t u d e to w a r d e p i c m a t e r i a l . "1 4

I t w a s d u r in g t h i s e a r l y p e r i o d t h a t l e w i s f i r s t e x p e r i e n c e d t h e S e h n s u c h t , o r l o n g i n g , t h a t s o c h a r a c t e r i z e d h i s l i f e . N e s b i t 's T he A m u le t f i r s t o p e n e d h i s e y e s t o a n t i q u i t y , " th e d a r k b a c kwar d a n d ab ysm o f t i m e . " T e g n e r ' s D ra p a g a v e h im o n e o f h i s f i r s t e x p e r i e n c e s o f N o r s e m y t h . When h e f i r s t r e a d :

I h e a r d a v o i c e t h a t c r i e d B a ld e r t h e b e a u t i f u l I s d e a d , i s d e a d . . .

i t p lu n g e d h im i n t o i n c o n s o l a b l e l o n g i n g f o r " N o r t h e r n n e s s " , a l o n g i n g t h a t n e v e r l e f t h im .

I t i s t o b e e x p e c t e d t h e n t h a t w h e n L e w is w r o t e h i s f i r s t a l l e g o r y , T h e P i l g r i m ’ s Re g r e s s , i t s h o u id p a r ta k e o f t h i s m y t h ic q u a l i t y . 15 J o h n ' s j o u r n e y to w a r d t h e I s l a n d , w h ic h t u r n s o u t t o b e t h e b a c k o f t h e L a n d lo r d ' s m o u n ta in , i s o f c o u r s e p a r a l l e l t o L e w is ' own s e a r c h f o r J o y w h ic h f i n a l l y l e a d h im t o C h r i s t . T h is i s a l l e g o r y , n o t m y th . B u t i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e b o o k i s t h e s t o r y o f t h e G rand C a n y o n , o r d i v i s i o n b e t w e e n God a n d M an. J o h n w as t o l d t h a t t h e f i r s t t e n a n t fa r m e r a n d h i s w i f e w e r e p u t o n t h e la n d t o t i l l t h e s o i l , a n d w e r e f o r b i d d e n o n e t h i n g - - t o e a t t h e w i l d m o u n ta in a p p l e s t h a t g r e w I n t h e g a r d e n . T he L a n d lo r d d i d h o t m ean t o b e h a r s h , b u t kn ew t h a t s o o n e r o r l a t e r t h e y w o u ld f i n d t h e s e m o u n ta in a p p l e s , a n d t h e y m ig h t a s w e l l l e a r n t o t o e a t th em ; t h e y w e r e s a f e o n l y f o r t h e m o u n ta in p e o p l e . The Enem y b e g u i l e d t h e f a r m e n r ' s w i f e i n t o e a t i n g o n e o f t h e a p p l e s , a n d s h e g a v e o n e t o h e r h u s b a n d . When h e a t e i t t h e g o r g e o p e n e d w h ic h w a s c a l l e d t h e G rand C a n y o n , o r i n t h e o l o g i c a l t e r m s , P e c c a tu m A d a e . ( P i l g r i m ' s R e g r e s s , p . 7 9 ) T h is i s p e r h a p s L e w is ' e a r l i e s t s u c e s s f u l a t t e m p t t o c r e a t e m y th . T h a t h e w a s p r e o c c u p ie d w i t h t h e m y t h ic i s o b v io u s fr o m t h e h e a d in g l a t e r i n s e r t e d :

T h e r e w a s r e a l l y a D i v i n e e le m e n t i n J o h n ’ s R o m a n t ic is m F o r M o r a l i t y i s b y n o m ean s G od ’ s o n l y w i t n e s s i n t h e S u b - C h r i s t i a n w o r l d .Ev e n F a g a n m y t h o lo g y c o n t a i n e d a d i v i n e c a l l .

( P i l g r i m ’ s R e g r e s s , p .1 5 1 - 1 5 2 ) L e w is m e n t io n e d t h a t t h e L a n d lo r d s u c e e d e d i n g e t t i n g m e s s a g e s p a s t t h e E n em y, b u t m o s t l y i n p i c t u r e s b e c a u s e t h e P a g a n s c o u ld n o t r e a d . And w hen Wis d o m t o l d J o h n t h a t a l l h i s a d v e n t u r r s

w e r e m e r e l y m y t h ic t h e V o ic e r e p l i e d :C h i l d , i f y o u , w i l l , i t i s m y t h o lo g y . I t i s b u t t r u t h , n o t f a c t : a n im a g e , n o t t h e v e r y r e a l . B u t t h e n i t i s My m y t h o lo g y . The w o r d s o f Wisd o m a r e a l s o m y th and m e ta p h o r : b u t s i n c e t h e y d o n o t know t h e m s e l v e s f o r w h a t

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t h e y a r e , i n th em t h e h id d em t r u t h i s m a s t e r , w h ere i t s h o u ld b e s e r v a n t ; and i t i s b u t o f m a n 's i n v e n t i n g .B u t t h i s i s My i n v e n t i n g , t h i s i s t h e v e i l u n d e r w h ic h I h a v e c h o s e n t o a p p e a r fro m t h e f i r s t u n t i l now . F o r t h i s end I made y o u r s e n s e and f o r t h i s an d y o u r im a g ­i n a t i o n , t h a t you m ig h t s e e My f a c e and l i v e .

( P i l g r im 's R e g r e s s , p . 1 7 0 -1 7 1 )

T h is p a r a g r a p h i s t h e k e y t o a l l o f L e w is ' w o rk . F or a l l p e r c e i v e d an d r e a s o n e d t h i n g s a r e b u t a n im a g e o f t h e T r u th , a n d t h o s e fo r m s o f a p p r e h e n d in g t r u t h w h ic h r e a l i z e t h e y a r e b u t sh a d o w s a r e t h o s e w h ic h com e c l o s e s t t o T r u t h . F o r w hen man t a k e s s c i e n t i f i c h y p o t h e s e s , o r h i s t o r i c a l s t a t e m e n t s o f f a c t t o b e t h e v e r y T r u th h e i s f a r t h e r fro m t h a t T r u th th a n w hen he p e r c e i v e s God th r o u g h t h e v e i l o f m y t h o lo g y . T h i s i s L e w is ' r e a s o n f o r o p p o s in g s c i e n t i s m , h i s r e a s o n f o r c h a m p io n in g m y th .F o r n o t o n l y d o e s t h e m y t h i c fo rm d e c l a r e t h a t i t i s b u t a sh ad ow o f t h e t r u t h , b u t a l s o i t i s t h e v e r y im a g e w h ich w a s c h o s e n b y God f o r H is r e v e l a t i o n t o M a n . I n t h i s s e n s e a l l o f s c r i p t u r e i s m y th : G od, c o u ld n o t r e v e a l H im s e lf f a c t u a l l y , b u t o n l y p i c t o r i a l l y t o m a n 's i m a g i n a t i o n . T h i s b e l i e f o f L e w is ' d o e s a p p r o a c h t h a t o f P l a t o ' s f o r m s . Y e t f o r P l a t o t h e Form s w ere a b s o l u t e : f o r L e w is o n ly G od i s a b s o l u t e , t h e C e n t e r , t h e T r u th . A l l e l s e i s b u t a sh a d o w , a n im a g e , a p i c t u r e o f H is g l o r y .

We may c o n c lu d e t h a t L e w is v ie w e d m y th o lo g y a s d i v i n e r e ­v e l a t i o n t o m an, and t h a t h e b e l i e v e d a l l d i s c r i p t i o n s o f r e a l ­i t y t o b e m y th ic e v e n w hen t h e y p u r p o r t t o be a b s o l u t e T r u th .I n The D is c a r d e d Im age h e s t a t e d : "I h o p e n o one w i l l t h in k t h a t I am r e c o m m e n d in g a r e t u r n t o th e M e d ie v a l M o d e l. I am o n ly s u g g e s t i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h a t m ay i n d u c e u s t o r e g a r d a l l m o d e ls i n t h e r i g h t w a y , r e s p e c t i n g e a c h and i d o l i z in g n o n e . "16 I n h i s s p a c e n o v e l s L e w is h a s g r a d u a l l y c o m p ile d o r i g i n a l m y th . O ut o f The S i l e n t P l a n e t in t r o d u c e s u s t o t h e la n g u a g e o f O ld S o l a r , t h e O y a r s a , t h e F i e l d o f A r o o l , and T h u lc a n d r a t h e s i l e n t p l a n e t .P e r e la n d r a i s f i l l e d w i t h c l a s s i c a l a l l u s i o n s and t h e p l o t c o m - b i n e s w i t h t h e c o s m ic m yth a r e w o r k in g o f th e Ed e n i c , th e R ed eem er an d t h e A p o c a ly p t ic m y th s . Tha t H id eo u s S t r e n g t h f o c u s e s t h e o r i g i n a l c o s m ic m yth on e a r t h an d i n t r o d u c e s a n A r t h u r ia n th e m e . Ea c h o f th e n o v e l s c o u ld b e s t u d i e d e x h a u s t i v e l y w i t h i n t h i s fra m ew o rk ; a k n o w le d g e o f L e w is ' t h e o r y o f m y th o lo g y i s e s s e n t i a l t o a f u l l c o m p r e h e n s io n o f h i s f i c t i o n . F o r i f a l l d e s c r i p t i o n s o f r e a l i t y a r e m y t h i c t h e n t h e s e n o v e l s a r e m ore t r u t h th a n f i c t i o n . I n h i s i n t e r - p l a n t a r y n o v e l s , L e w is h ad d e ­v e lo p e d a m yth w h ic h s e r v e s a s a fra m ew o rk f o r a l l m y th . I t i s n o t T r u th , b u t i s a m o d el o f T r u th t h a t a p p e a r s a u t h e n t i c w i t h i n i t s ow n fr a m e w o rk . T h a t i s t h e p u r p o s e a n d f u n c t i o n o f a n y m y th o lo g y

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F o o t n o t e s

1 . C . S L e w is , Me r e C h r i s t i a n i t y . N ew Y o r k : M a c m i l l ia n G . ,1 9 5 2 . p . 3 9

2 . C . S . L e w is , M i r a c l e s ; A P r e l i m i n a r y S t u d y . New Y o r k ,M a c m i l l i a n C o . , 1 9 4 8 . p . l 6 l .

3 . C ly d e S . K i l b y , T he C h r i s t i a n W orld o f C .S . L e w i s . G rand R a p id s , M ic h .: Wm. E er d m a n s , I 964 . p. 1 5 4 .

4 . T h is sam e i d e a i s e x p r e s s e d i n a l e t t e r t o a l a d y d a t e dN ov em b er 8 , 1 9 5 2 , an d c a n b e fo u n d i n t h e L e t t e r s o f C . S . L e w i s . L o n d o n , G e o f f r e y B l e s , L t d . , 1966 . p .2 A 7 .

5 . C. S . L e w is , L e t t e r s , p . l 4 4 .6 . C . S . L e w is , C h r i s t i a n R e f l e c t i o n s . G rand R a p id s , M ic h .

Wm. E erd m an s C o . , 1967 . p . 1 6 4 - 6 5 .7 . C . S . L e w i s , P i l g r i m ' s R e p r e s s . G ran d R a p id s , M ic h .

Wm. E erd m an s C o . , 1 9 6 3. P. 1 7 0 .8 . C . S . L e w is , An E x p e r im e n t I n Cr i t i c i s m. Camb r i d g e ,

C a m b r id g e U n iv . P r e s s , 1961 . p . 4 l .9 . C . S . L e w is , O f O th e r W o r ld s . L o n d o n , G e o f f r e y B l e s , L t d . ,

1966 . p . 3 8 . L e w is a d m it s h i s i n d e b t e d n e s s t o t h e w o r k o f h i s c l o s e f r i e n d J .R .R . T o l k i e n , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e e s s a y "o n F a i r y T a l e s " . An a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n L e w is an d T o l k i e n i s f a r b e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f t h i s s t u d y , b u t m ay b e fo u n d i n C h a r le s M oorm an' s e x - c e l l e n t b o o k The A r t h u r ia n T r i p t y c h ( B e r k e l e y : U n iv . o f C a l i f . P r e s s , 19 6 0 ) .

10 C .S . L e w is , e d . , G e o r g e M a cD o n a ld : An A n t h o l o g y . New Y o r k ,M a c m i l l ia n C o . , 1 9 4 7 . P . l 6 .

1 1 . R o b e r t J . R e i l l y , R o m a n t ic R e l i g i o n i n t h e Y o r k s o f Owen Ga r f i e l d , C. S . L e w i s , C h a r le s Wi l l ia m s , a n d J . R . R .T o l k i e n . D o c t o r a l d i s s e r a t i o n : M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v . ,1 9 6 0 .

12 R o g e r S a l e , " E n g la n d ' s P a r n a s s u s : C .S . L e w is , C h a r le sW i l l i a m s , a n d J .R .R . T o lk ie n " H ud son R e v ie w , Sum m er,1 9 6 4 . p . 2 0 9 .

13 "M yth a n d F orm " , T im e s L i t e r a r y S u p p le m e n t . M arch 2 3 , 1 9 4 6 .P. 1 39 .

l 4 . C .S . L e w is , S u r p r i z e d b y J o y . L o n d o n , F o n ta n a B o o k s . 1 9 6 4 .p . 1 6 -1 7

1 5 . The f i r s t c o p y r i g h t f o r P i l g r i m ' s R e g r e s s i s 1 9 3 3 , j u s tf o u r y e a r s a f t e r L e w i s ' c o n v e r s i o n t o C h r i s t i a n i t y .

1 6 . C. S . L e w is , T he D i s c a r d e d I m a g e : An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o M e d ie v a l a n d R en a i s s a n c e L i t e r a t u r e . C a m b r id g e , C a m b r id g e U n i v .Pr e s s , 1 9 6 4 . p . 2 2 2 ,

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