CS 330 Programming Languages 10 / 24 / 2006 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.
CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.
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Transcript of CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.
![Page 1: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CS 376bIntroduction to Computer Vision
03 / 18 / 2008
Instructor: Michael Eckmann
![Page 2: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
Today’s Topics• Comments/Questions• Enhancing images (Chap. 5)
– Fourier transform
• Chapter 6
– color histograms
![Page 3: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
More comments on Fourier transforms
• Can anyone give examples of images that contain high frequencies? Low frequencies?
![Page 4: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
More comments on Fourier transforms
• high/low frequencies in images
– low frequencies are in constant or near constant areas
– high frequencies are in highly textured areas --- e.g. grass, with lots of abrupt changes in intensities
![Page 5: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
More comments on Fourier transforms
• What are the basis functions?
– on the board• How to calculate the weights of basis functions?
– just like any other basis
– by the dot product of the image with each basis
– on the board• Let's look here at some simple examples:• http://www.cs.ioc.ee/~khoros2/linear/dft-pulse-example/front-page.html
![Page 6: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
A note about assignments/labs• Another assignment is to come real soon --- spend time this week getting
the previous assignments done.
![Page 7: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
More comments on Fourier transforms
• recall the power spectrum ccd setup from chapter 1
– it integrated all the values in either a wedge or a curved section
• wedge tells us what directions the dominant features in the image have
• curved section tells us how much high low or medium, etc. frequencies there are in the original image
![Page 8: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
More comments on Fourier transforms
• low pass, high pass, bandpass filtering
– compute DFT of an image
– operate in the frequency domain
– keep only certain areas of the power spectrum
– take IDFT of the altered spectrum in the frequency domain to get an altered image with whatever frequencies you decided to keep in.
![Page 9: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
More comments on Fourier transforms
• Let's continue going over the handouts
![Page 10: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
Color and Shading
• I already covered most of what is found in the first 3 sections of chapter 6 earlier this semester.
– read about HSI (aka HSV) color system
• H = hue
• S = saturation
• I (or V) = Intensity (or Value)
• there is an algorithm to convert RGB to HSI in our text
– understand what's the use of YIQ and YUV
![Page 11: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
Color Histograms
• One use of histograms is for similarity comparisons. For example, compare the histogram of an input image with some stored image to determine how similar they are.
– let's look at exercise 6.12 on page 200
![Page 12: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
Color Histograms
• If our pixels contain 8 bits each for R G and B, we have 24bits which leads to 224 different colors possible for each pixel.
• Would I want to store a histogram with 224 different bins?
– why or why not?
![Page 13: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
Color Histograms• If our pixels contain 8 bits each for R G and B, we have 24bits
which leads to 224 different colors possible for each pixel.• Would I want to store a histogram with 224 different bins?
– maybe but if you really only care about how many pixels are red(dish) or blue(ish) etc., but not how many specifically have RGB=200,189,3 then you wouldn't
• Some options
– use only the two highest bits from each of R G and B yielding 26 different bins
– make three different histograms, one for each of R G and B each with say 16 bins (16*3=48 total bins)
– use HSV color space (maybe ignore saturation and only consider Hue and Value or only consider Hue)
![Page 14: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
Color Histograms• If when trying to determine if a model (e.g. a car) is in an image
(e.g. of a driveway) the image can contain the model but it might have been taken under different lighting conditions (sunny vs. cloudy or foggy or rainy), at a different angle, or partially obscured by some other object (e.g. a person or a bush) in the image or a host of other problematic things (e.g. distortions, noise).
• color histogram matching is relatively invariant to translation, rotation about the imaging axis, small off-axis rotations, scale, and partial occlusion.
![Page 15: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
Color Histograms• To determine some match value between two image's histograms
(say a largish input image and a smallish model image to try to determine if the model image is in the input image) we can do the following:
• compute the intersection of the histograms by
– sum up over all bins the min histogram value in each bin
• then divide this sum by the number of pixels in the model image to get a match value
– this value is not diminished due to background pixel colors in the input image that are not in the model
• the idea is that the higher the match value the more likely the model is contained within the image
![Page 16: CS 376b Introduction to Computer Vision 03 / 18 / 2008 Instructor: Michael Eckmann.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022082713/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3d81/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 376b - Spring 2008
Color Histograms• Other measures include distance measures where smaller values
(little distance) implies similarity
– sum of absolute value of differences
– ssd = sum of squared differences
– Euclidean distance = sqrt(ssd)
– ...