PREPARED BY : CHRISTIAN RAVEINA

CRITICAL IN-CIDENT TECH-

NIQUE

Introduction• Method for collecting purely fac-

tual (accurate) information.

• Critical incident is any important observable part of human behavior

• To allow conclusion made out from person performing act

• Evaluator records effective or ineffective behavior

Definition

A critical incident as one that makes a significant difference in the outcome of an activity. It may be the positive factorsthat contribute towards the cusses of the behavior or it may be negative factors that interfere with completion of assignments.

- Fivers and Gosnell

History

• Psychologist John Flanagan first introduced use of critical incident during World War II while attempting to evaluate men in armed forces.

What does CIT actually means ???

• Critical incidents indicate the presence or absence of the quality or characteristics or behavior pattern to be analyzed.

• It helps in breaking down broad statements of objec-tives into specific components needed for evaluation.

• The description of incident should be explained in de-tailed.

• In health care, it is used in situations where direct examination of clinical staff and researchers can help them better understand their roles and help them solve practical problems.

• It helps to gain better knowledge about interactions with patients and other clini-cians.

• can be a good resource in identifying the experiences of a patient in the healthcare setting, To discuss the element of patient–provider interactions and determining pa-tient responses to illnesses and treatments.

• It is effective in formative evaluation & summative evaluation

In University setting

Critical inci-dent includes

An aspect of project or group work that went particularly wellAn aspect of project or group work that proved difficult A piece of

work that found particularly demanding

A piece of work which Increased awareness, or challenged under-standing, of human rights and equality

An incident involv-ing conflict, bitter-ness, aggression or criti-cism

In clinical setting,

Critical inci-dent includes

A medical emergency An unusual condi-tion Interaction with a patient which made an impression

A communication problem

An incident that made feel inadequate in some way A time when feel con-frontedAn incident which made to think dif -

ferently, or caused to question as-sumptions or beliefs

A difficult situation

SOME EVENT

S

Refuse to co-operate with other employ-ees

Unwilling to attend fur-

ther training

Got angry over work or with subordi-nates

Refuse to obey orders

Refuse to follow clear cut instructions

Suggested a method that causes changes in production

Effective behaviorsIt includes positive behaviors that con-

tributes to the patient care services

Ineffective behaviors

These are negative be-haviors which interfere with good nursing care or lead to poor nursing

care

Criteria for using critical incident • The actual behaviors must be reported rather than

general features/characteristics.• The behavior must be actually observed by the re-

porter.• All relevant factors in the incident must be given.• The observer must make a definite judgment about

the behavior that is considered to be critical.• A collection of critical incidents is made on the ba-

sis of day to day observation of nurses in providing nursing care, as soon as possible after they occur.

• It includes collecting all the information re-lated with an incident, which involves collect-ing the details of the incident from the partic-ipant.

Determine & re-view the incident

• After gathering all information , need to identify which issues are faced by per-sons in a particular incident.

Identify issues • It includes finding out possible solutions

& how to resolve an issues based on var-ious possible solutions.

Determine ways to resolve issues

• Which will determine if the solution that was selected will solve the root cause of the situa-tion and will cause no further problems.

Evaluation of resolution

Method of CIT

The following procedure may help in keeping records of critical incidents that is relevant and useful

• Determine whether the incident observed was critical.

• Decide if the behavior was effective or ineffective.• Relate the behavior noted to a specific standard

and objective for the performance of the activity surveyed.

• Record the incident indicating the date, time and a brief description of the incident. Use as few words as possible.

Recording of critical inci-

dent

The stu-dents per-formance

can have 2 parts

Number of incidents, ef -fective and ineffective

can be sum-marized.

The period of observation can be men-tioned in the

form.

Signature of the evaluator, signa-ture of the per-son, who is be-ing observed

and evaluated and comments, should be in-

cluded.

Format for the critical incident report :1. Describe the context(factors) of the inci-

dent.2. Describe the actual incident in detail.3. Explain why the incident was critical or

remarkable.4. Explain concerns at the time.5. Describe thinking and feeling as it was tak-

ing place, and afterwards.

6. Mention anything particularly requires much skills and efforts about the situation.

7. Explain how the incident will impact on studies.

8. Explain how it will impact upon future role as a health professional.

Advantages • Flexible method that can be used to improve when

there is multiple tasks.

• Data is collected from the respondent's perspective and in his or her own words.

• Does not force the respondents into any given framework

• Identifies even rare events that might be missed by other methods which only focus on common and everyday events.

• Useful when problems occur but the cause and severity are not known.

• Inexpensive and provides rich information.• Emphasizes the features that will make a

system particularly vulnerable and can bring major benefits (e.g. safety).

• Can be applied using questionnaires or interviews.

• Easy to understand.• In certain agencies this method is used for

performance appraisal.

Disadvantages • The Critical Incident Technique will rely on

events being remembered by users and will also requires the accurate and truthful reporting of them. Since critical incidents often rely on memory, incidents may be lack in accuracy or may even go unreported.

• The method has a built-in bias towards inci-dents that happened recently, since these are eas-ier to recall.

• Respondents may not be familiar to or willing to take the time to tell (or write) a complete story when describing a critical incident.

• Since this method is based on incidents it does not say anything about the everyday situation so it is not very representative.

New dimensions :

• Journal of research in nursing :– Critique of critical incident technique – Research done by : Leighsa shroff ,

City University of New York Hunter Col-lege - Bellevue School of Nursing New York,USA

• The CIT is a practical and efficient methodology that encourages participants to tell their story; with happenings that are memorable events in partici-pants' lives. It is a form of story-telling, as partici-pants share their singular experience as a story to the re-searcher. It is a qualitative, systematic, open-ended technique for educing descriptive data from participants as well as being an effective naturalistic tool for focusing participants on a specific event. The CIT is a user-friendly instrument that can foster reflection and promote personal expression.

• The development of the CIT to generate indica-tors of specific happenings relative to research questions demonstrates the technique's suppleness and emphasizes the capability of this methodology in nursing research. As nurses learn more about this methodology and its application to the study of nurses and nursing care, they will begin to com-prehend how simple and effortless this technique is to use. The CIT can be developed to conform to any area of nursing and provide a more comprehensive awareness of what nurses do and the needs of our clients.

Thank you…