CRIMINAL LAW - Willkommen — Verbundzentrale des GBV · CRIMINAL LAW JOHN L. WORRALL University of...

CRIMINALLAWJOHN L. WORRALL

University of Texas at Dallas

JENNIFER L. MOOREDeSales University

PEARSON

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CONTENTS

SECTION 1 Foundations

THE BASICS OF CRIMINAL LAWPreliminary

MODULE 1.3

Verdict 16Reaching a

MODULE 1.1Information 2LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Define crimeand criminal law. • Explain the differencebetween substantive criminal law andcriminal procedure. • Identify the goalsof the criminal law. • Describe thevarious classifications of crime. 2

• CORE CONCEPTS 2

Comparing Crimes to Civil Wrongs 3

Comparing Criminal Law to CriminalProcedure 3

Goals of the Criminal Law 4Offender Punishment 4Community Protection 5Offender Protection 7

The Classification of Crimes 8Felonies and Misdemeanors 8Malum in Se versus Malum Prohibitum 8

• YOUR DECISION 9

IBBB1II1ME1 Sources of CriminalLaw 10LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify thesources of the criminallaw. 10

• CORE CONCEPTS 10

Early Legal Codes 10

Common Law 1 1

Modern Statutes 12

The Model Penal Code 12

Constitutional Sources 13

• YOUR DECISION 15

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe theadversarial system. • Identify courtroomparticipants. 16


Adversary System 16

Inquisitorial Justice 17

Burden of Proof 17

Presumptions 18

The Prosecutor and the DefenseAttorney 19The Prosecutor 19The Defense Attorney 21

The Judge and the Jury 2 1The Role of the Judge 21The Jury 23


Organization 27LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Describethe structure of the U.S. legalsystem, including jurisdiction. 27

• I CORE CONCEPTS 27

Dual Court System 27

Court Levels 28

The Relationships AmongCourts 29

• YOUR DECISION 3 1

IBBHHl^BSl Learning CriminalLaw with Real and HypotheticalCases 32LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Outlinethe stages of a criminal case. • Explainthe practical meaning of averdict. 32


ix

Contents

Understanding Case Citations and How toLocate a Case 32

Making Sense of Court Cases 33Understanding the Parts of a Court

Opinion 34

Editing Cases for Readability 35

• COURT DECISION 36Briefing Cases 38

The Practical Meaning of

Verdicts 39

The Value of HypotheticalScenarios 39


2 LIMITATIONS ON THE CRIMINALLAW 46

Q Q E ^ ^ ^ ^ S l Government'sLaw-Making Authority and GeneralLimitations on the Criminal Law 47LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain how theseparation of powers and federalism limitthe government's law-makingauthority. • Describe the principle oflegality. • Describe the principle oflenity. 47


Government's Law-Making Authority 47Separation of Powers 47Federalism 48

General Limitations on the CriminalLaw 50Legality 51

Lenity 51

• COURT DECISION 5 1


I f iMd l l lMJ ConstitutionalLimitations on the Criminal Law,Part 1 55LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe theFourteenth Amendment's equal protectionclause. • Summarize the prohibition of

ex post facto laws and bills ofattainder. • Summarize the void forvagueness principle. • Explain the voidfor overbreadth doctrine. 55


Equal Protection 56Standards of Scrutiny in Equal Protection

Cases 58

• COURT DECISION 59

The Ex Post Facto Law Prohibition 62

Void for Vagueness 65Obscenity Cases 65

Loitering and Vagrancy 66

The Void for Overbreadth Doctrine 68Seditious Speech and Libel 69

Fighting Words and Threats to the

Peace 69

• COURT DECISION 71Group Libel 73


ESQ39DEEH ConstitutionalLimitations on the Criminal Law,Part 2 75LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe theprotections against cruel and unusualpunishment. • Explain the guaranteeagainst double jeopardy. 75

H CORE CONCEPTS 75

Cruel and Unusual Punishment 75Death Penalty Cases 76

• COURT DECISION 78Sentence Length and the Eighth

Amendment 81

Double Jeopardy 82When Double Jeopardy Protection

Applies 82

The Blockburger Rule 83

When Double Jeopardy Protection Does

Not Apply 84

Double Jeopardy and Sentencing 85


Contents xi

THE ELEMENTS OF CRIMINALLIABILITY 90

I f iMJIIMcKl Introduction to

Offense Types 91

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explain the

difference between conduct and result

crimes. 9 1

M CORE CONCEPTS 9 1

Offense Types 92Conduct Crimes 92

Result Crimes 92


IflttMUIJgEl The Core Elements

of Criminal Liability, Part 1:

Actus Reus 93

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explainactus reus and what constitutes acriminal act. 93

M CORE CONCEPTS 93

Actus Reus 93Voluntary Act 93


Omission 97


Model Penal Code 103


lAMJIIHclcl The Core Elements

of Criminal Liability, Part 2: Mens

Rea and Concurrence 104

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain

mens rea and the different types of

intent. • Distinguish between mens rea

and motive. • Identify strict liability

offenses. • Summarize concurrence. 104


Mens Rea 104Traditional and Statutory Mens Rea 105

Common Mens Rea Terminology 105The Role of Motive 109Proving Mens Rea 109

Model Penal Code Definitions 110Strict Liability 110


Concurrence 115


U M i W U c g l Other Elements of

Criminal Liability 116

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explaincausation. • Identify a situation inwhich a circumstantial element isan element of criminalliability. 116

• i CORE CONCEPTS 117

Causation 117Factual Causation 118

Legal Causation 119

Circumstantial Element 122


liMtiJIIUcU Ignorance andMistake 123LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Distinguish

between ignorance of the law and

mistake. 123

M CORE CONCEPTS 123

Ignorance of the Law 124

Examples of Ignorance 124

Mistake 126


When Ignorance or Mistake Can Serve asa Defense 129


SECTION 2 Defenses to CriminalLiabilityJUSTIFICATION DEFENSES 135

mil M QIH ̂ E H B JUSXITICailOn

Defenses in Context 136LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishamong failure of proof, justification, andexcuse defenses. • Explain thedifferences between nonexculpatorydefenses and offense modifications.

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• Explain the difference between aperfect defense and an imperfectdefense. • Identify three reasons forjustification defenses. 136


Overview of Defenses 136Failure of Proof 137

Justification 137

Excuse 138

Offense Modifications 138

Nonexculpatory Defenses 139

Perfect and Imperfect Defenses 1 4 1

Reasons for Justification Defenses 1 4 1Public Benefit 142

Superior Interest 142

Moral Rights 142


•flHimnrfWSl Self-Defense andDefense of Others 144LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarize thedefense of self-defense. • Identify recentdevelopments have complicated the lawof self-defense. 144


Elements of Self-Defense 144Unprovoked Attack 145

Imminent Danger 146

Absence of Alternatives 147

Proportionality 147

The Model Penal Code Approach 148


Self-Defense Complications 151The "Castle Doctrine" 151

Battered Woman Syndrome 152

Resisting Unlawful Arrest 153

Defense of Others 154



•flMiiiiiadHEl Defense of Property

and Habitation 159LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween defense of habitation anddefense of property. • Compare and

contrast "make my day" laws and thecastle doctrine. 159


Defense of Property 159Threatening Deadly Force 160

Defense of Habitation 160"Make My Day" Laws 161

Spring Guns and Booby Traps 162

The Model Penal Code Approach 163


Enforcement 164LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explain the lawenforcement defense. 164

H CORE CONCEPTS 164

Nondeadly Force 165

Deadly Force 166Present Dangerousness 167

Past Dangerousness 167

Federal Policy 168



^^^^^^^^^^^9 Necessity andConsent 170LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thenecessity defense. • Explain the defenseof consent. 170


Necessity 170Necessity and Homicide 171



Consent 175


EXCUSE DEFENSES 180i f f lnmiHJW Excuse Defensesand Duress 181LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain thereasons for excuse defenses. *Summarize the conditions of the defenseof duress. 1 8 1

Contents xiii

MODULE 5.2

• CORE CONCEPTS 1 8 1

Reasons for Excuse Defenses 181

Duress 182Duress versus Necessity 182

Elements of the Defense 183Duress and Homicide 184

Complications for Duress 185Prison Escapes 185The Return of Battered Woman

Syndrome 186



Intoxication 188LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Describe theintoxication defense. 188


How Intoxication Overlaps with OtherDefenses 189

Voluntary Intoxication 189


Involuntary Intoxication 193



I L I M I I I I W H M Entrapment 196LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarizewhat constitutes entrapment. • Explainhow entrapment relates to dueprocess. 196


Nature of the Defense 196

Entrapment and Due Process 198


IAM.IIHJHE1 Age 200LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarizedefenses based on ageimmaturity. • Summarize methods bywhich some courts treat juveniles asadults. 200


• COURT DECISION 2 0 1

Treating Juveniles as Adults 204

Legislative Exclusion 204Waiver 204

Concurrent Jurisdiction 206


IAMJIHJ3E1 Insanity 207LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishinsanity from competency to stand trialand diminished capacity. • Describethe insanity defense and the controversysurrounding it. • Explain the effectof a successful insanitydefense. 207


Competency to Stand Trial versus theInsanity Defense 208

Insanity versus DiminishedCapacity 209Diminished Capacity and Partial

Responsibility 209

Insanity Tests 210The M'Naghten Test 210

The "Irresistible Impulse" Test 212The Model Penal Code Test 212The Product Test 212

The Federal Test 213

The Real Effect of a Successful InsanityDefense 213

The Move toward Abolition 214Guilty but Mentally 111 215


•fluitiiiBMigSI Creative

Excuses 218LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Distinguishamong and offer examples ofphysiological, psychological, andsociological excuse defenses. 218


Excuses Based on Physiology 218

Excuses Based on Psychology 219

Sociological Excuses 220

• COURT DECISION 2 2 1


xiv Contents

SECTION 3 Multiple Offendersand Inchoate Crimes

COMPLICITY AND VICARIOUSLIABILITY 229

ISMJIIUsBI Introduction toAccomplice Liability 230LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween complicity andconspiracy. • Identify the parties tocrime, including principals, accomplices,and accessories. 230

I CORE CONCEPTS 230

230Common Law Parties to a CrimePrincipal in the First Degree 231

Principal in the Second Degree 231

Accessory before the Fact 231

Accessory after the Fact 232

Parties to a Crime Today 232Accomplices 233

Accessories 233


lAMdimaEi The Elements ofComplicity 234LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain theelements of complicity. • Explain theelements of accessory liability. 234


Accomplice Actus Reus 235

Physical Conduct 235

Psychological Influence 236

Omission 237

Accomplice Mens Rea 238

Accessory Actus Reus 242


Accessory Mens Rea 245


liSMJIIMJH Complicity Issues,Limitations, and Defenses 247LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Discuss someof the issues that make complicity lawcomplicated. • Summarize the

limitations of and defenses to accompliceliability. • Explain the Model Penal Codeapproach to accomplice liability. 247


Issues 247Nonproxyable Offenses 247

The Pretending Principal 248

The Meaning of Intent 249

What If the Primary Party Is

Acquitted? 250

Can an Accomplice Be "More Guilty" than

the Principal? 251

Limitations and Defenses 2 5 1Abandonment 252

• COURT DECISION 252Immunity from Conviction 255

The Model Penal Code andComplicity 256


Liability 257LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explain the

concept of vicarious liability. 257

M CORE CONCEPTS 258

Corporate Vicarious Liability 258

• COURT DECISION 260Deferred Prosecution Agreements 263

Civil Law Developments 263

Individual Vicarious Liability 264

Parental Liability for a Child's

Behavior 265

Principal-Agent Liability 266


INCHOATE CRIMES 270I2Q3Q13Q9 Introduction toInchoate Crimes: Attempt 271LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain theconcept of inchoate crimes. • Explainthe relationship of attempt to thesubstantive offense. • Summarize whatconstitutes attempt. • Summarize thedefenses to charges of attempt. 271

Contents XV


Attempt 272

The Relationship of Attempt to theSubstantive Offense 272

The Mens Rea of AttemptResult Crimes 273

Conduct Crimes 275

273

The Actus Reus of Attempt 276The "Last Act" Test 276

The "Physical Proximity" Test 277

The "Dangerous Proximity" Test 277

The "Indispensible Element" Test 278

The "Probable Desistance" Test 278

The "Unequivocality" Test 279

The Model Penal Code

"Substantial Step" Test 279


Defenses to Attempt 283Impossibility 283


Abandonment 290



^^^^^^^^^^^3 Conspiracy andSolicitation 292LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identifythe elements and complications ofconspiracy. • Describe the defensesto conspiracy. • Describesolicitation. • Distinguishsolicitation from other inchoatecrimes. 292• I CORE CONCEPTS 292

Conspiracy 293Distinguishing Complicity from

Conspiracy 294

Advantages of Conspiracy Laws 294

The Mens Rea of Conspiracy 295Attendant Circumstances 296

The "Corrupt Motives" Doctrine 296

The Actus Reus of Conspiracy 297The Agreement 297

The Overt Act 299

Conspiracy Complications 300Types of Conspiracies 300

The Length of the Agreement 302

The Purpose of the Conspiracy 303

Conspiracy Under the Model PenalCode 303


Conspiracy Defenses 306Abandonment 306

Withdrawal 307

Impossibility 307

Wharton's Rule 308

Solicitation 308Elements of Solicitation 309

Distinguishing Solicitation from Other

Crimes 310

• COURT DECISION 310Solicitation under the Model Penal Code 314


SECTION 4 Crimes AgainstPersons

8 HOMICIDE 319^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Q E O ^ I Introduction toHomicide 320LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween criminal homicide andnoncriminal homicide. • Define humanbeing for purposes of homicide law. 47


Homicide Defined 320

What is a "Human Being"? 321The Beginning of Life 321

The End of Life 322

Distinguishing Criminal from NoncriminalHomicide 323


I^SQyQgQEl The Elements ofHomicide 324LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween first-degree murder and

xvi Contents

second-degree murder. • Explainwhen the death penalty is an acceptableform of punishment for homicide.• Summarize the elements of voluntaryand involuntary manslaughter.• Explain the Model Penal Codeapproach to homicide. 324


Murder 325First-Degree Murder 325


Second-Degree Murder 331


Manslaughter 335Voluntary Manslaughter 336Involuntary Manslaughter 338

Homicide Under the Model PenalCode 339


IBBBIHUHBi Issues andComplications for Homicide 342LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain thefelony murder rule. • identify two typesof "mercy killings." • Explain corporationmurder. 342


Felony Murder 342Felony Murder Limitations 342

Situating the Felony Murder Rule within

the Context of Other Homicides 345


Mercy Killings 348Physician-Assisted Suicide 349

Euthanasia 350

Corporation Murder 350

• YOUR DECISION 3 5 1

ASSAULTIVE OFFENSES 355Rape and SexualMODULE 9 .1

Assault 356LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween rape and sexual assault. •

Summarize the nature and elements of

the crime of rape. • Summarize the laws

pertaining to the crime of rape. 356


Comparing Rape and SexualAssault 356Sexual Assault 357

Elements of Rape 357The Mens Rea of Rape 357

The Actus Reus of Rape 359


Proving Rape 365The Disappearing Corroboration

Requirement 365

Rape Shield Laws 366


IflMiHHJJEl Robbery 368LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrime of robbery. • Distinguish armedrobbery from other forms ofrobbery. 368


Elements of Robbery 368The Actus Reus of Robbery 369


The Mens Rea of Robbery 372

Armed Robbery 373


ir iriTITtfn Assault andBattery 375LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrime of assault. • Describe the crimeof battery. 375


Battery 376Elements of Battery 376Battery Classifications 377Battery without Assault 378Assault 378Elements of Assault 378

• COURT DECISION 379Levels of Assault 381


Contents xvii

MODULE 9 .4 Other AssaultiveOffenses 383LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrime of kidnapping. • Describe thecrime of false imprisonment. • Definecarjacking. • Identify and define twodomestic offenses. * Differentiatebetween harassment and stalking. 383

m CORE CONCEPTS 383

Kidnapping 383

False Imprisonment 384


Carjacking 388

Domestic Offenses 389

Harassment and Stalking 390



SECTION 5 Crimes AgainstProperty

1 0 PROPERTY DAMAGE ANDINVASION 399

Damage 400LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrime of arson. • Explain the elements ofcriminal mischief. • Explain theelements of vandalism. 400


Arson 400Arson at Common Law 401Modern-Day Arson 401Degrees of Arson 403


Criminal Mischief 406Elements of Criminal Mischief 406

Criminal Mischief without Damage 407

Vandalism 408


Invasion 409

11

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarize theelements of trespassing. • Explain howtrespassing statutes have been used totarget illegal immigration. • Describethe crime of burglary. 409

H CORE CONCEPTS 409

Trespassing 410Elements of Trespassing 410

Creative Use of Trespassing Statutes 412

Burglary 413Common Law Burglary 413

Burglary Today 413


Degrees of Burglary 417


l i lMi l imtHEl Property Damageand Invasion with Computers 419LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Define andexplain cybercrime. • Identify lawsaimed at controlling property invasion anddamage with a computer. 419H CORE CONCEPTS 420

Cybercrime 420The Jurisdiction Problem 421


Property Invasion with Computers 425

Property Damage with Computers 426

Cyberterrorism 427


THEFT AND ANALOGOUSOFFENSES 4 3 1

wiiantnmmmn Larceny 432LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify theelements of larceny. • Summarize thelegal issues/complications that cancome up during a larcenyprosecution. 432


Elements of Larceny 433Actus Reus 433

xviii Contents

• COURT DECISIONMens Rea 437

435

Larceny Issues and Complications 439Concurrence 439

Finders, Keepers 440

Claim of Right 440

Unwilling Sale 441

Stealing Stolen or Illegal Property 442


• f i n i w » » » t i Receiving Stolen

Property, Extortion, and

Embezzlement 443

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrime of receiving stolenproperty. • Describe the crime ofextortion. • Describe the crime ofembezzlement. 443


Receiving Stolen Property 443

Extortion 444

Embezzlement 446

• COURT DECISION 447Distinguishing between Embezzlement and

Larceny 449


• f l i t m i w w a False Pretenses,

Forgery/Uttering, and Emerging

Theft Offenses 451

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarize theelements of false pretenses and forgery/uttering. • Compare and contrast identitytheft and theft of intellectualproperty. • Explain the reasons for theconsolidation of theft crimes. 4 5 1

• CORE CONCEPTS 4 5 1

False Pretenses 4 5 1Elements of False Pretenses 452

Forgery/Uttering 453

Elements of Forgery/Uttering 453


Identity Theft 457

Theft of Intellectual Property 459

Consolidation of Theft Offenses 4 6 1


SECTION 6 Other Crimes

1 2 PUBLIC ORDER, MORALITY, ANDVICE CRIMES 465

l A M J i m r a n Group Criminalityand Offenses against PublicOrder 466LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrimes of riot and unlawfulassembly. • Summarize legislativeapproaches to criminalizing gangactivity. * Describe six offenses againstpublic order. 466


Group Criminality 466Riot 467

Unlawful Assembly 467

Gang Activity 468

Offenses against Public Order 469Resisting Arrest 469Disorderly Conduct 470

• COURT DECISION 471Breach of Peace 474

Vagrancy, Loitering, and Panhandling 475


• f l u n i w M M Vice Crimes and

Drug Offenses 478

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describeprostitution and its legal status acrossthe United States. • Summarize the legalstatus of gambling. • Distinguishbetween alcohol and drug offenses. 478


Prostitution 479


Gambling 482

Pornography and Obscenity 483Definitions 483

Child Pornography 484

Contents xix

13

Obscenity on the Internet 485State Obscenity Laws 486Sexting 486


Alcohol Offenses 489Driving under the Influence 489Consumption/Possession by Minors 490Public Intoxication 492

Drug Offenses 492

State Drug Laws 495

• YOUR DECISION 496•ni»iniiM»HBl Crimes againstDecency and/or Morality 497LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarizegovernment efforts throughout history tocriminalize morality. • Describe modern-day crimes against decency and/ormorality. • Summarize the means bywhich the criminal law controlsprofanity. 497


Legislating Morality throughoutHistory 498

Incest 498

Indecent Exposure and Voyeurism 499

Bigamy and Polygamy 500

Profanity 502


TERRORISM AND OFFENSES AGAINSTTHE STATE 506

Terrorism 507MODULE 1 3 . 1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Defineterrorism. • Identify several types ofterrorism. • Explain how the criminal lawcontrols terrorism. 507


Defining Terrorism 507

Types of Terrorism 508Other Forms of Terrorism 509

Controlling Terrorism 511The USA PATRIOT Act 512

• COURT DECISION 516Other Terrorism Legislation 519


•f luii i iHfiara Other Offensesagainst the State 521LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween treason, sedition, andespionage. • Summarize sabotage andcriminal syndicalism. • Explain howother criminal law statutes can be used incases involving threats against thegovernment. 521


Treason 522

Sedition 523

Espionage 525


Sabotage 528

Criminal Syndicalism 529

Targeting Threats Against the State withother Criminal Law Offenses 530Refusal to Testify Before Congress 530Trespass 531Disorderly Conduct 531Threatening the President 532Conspiracy and Related Offenses 532Extraterritorial Jurisdiction 533


Glossary 538

Case Index 546

Subject Index 550

CRIMINAL LAW - Willkommen — Verbundzentrale des GBV · CRIMINAL LAW JOHN L. WORRALL University of...

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Transcript of CRIMINAL LAW - Willkommen — Verbundzentrale des GBV · CRIMINAL LAW JOHN L. WORRALL University of...