Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2eCase Study 1. A case study is the study of an issue through one or...
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Transcript of Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2eCase Study 1. A case study is the study of an issue through one or...
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 1
A case study is the study of an issue
through one or more cases in a setting or context (a bounded system)
It is an object of study and a product of the inquiry
One case or multiple cases over time can be studied
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 2
Case Study:Definition and Background
Multiple sources of data are used that
result from detailed in-depth data collection
The report consists of description of the case and theme development about the case
Case study research is interdisciplinary
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 3
Case Study:Definition and Background
Single instrumental case study -
The researcher focuses on a single issue then selects a single case to illustrate the issue
Collective or multiple instrumental case study – The researcher focuses on one issue but selects multiple cases to illustrate the issue that can be purposefully sampled from one site or several sites
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 4
Types of Case Studies
Intrinsic case study – This
approach focuses on the case itself because the case presents an unusual or unique situation (e.g., evaluating a program or one particular student who is having difficulty studying)
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 5
Types of Case Studies
Determine if a case study is appropriate for
the research problem Identify the case or cases to be studied
What kind of case study is most appropriate What case or cases will be studied Select cases that show different perspectives
through maximal variation sampling Engage in multiple forms of data collection
including interviews, observations, documents, audio visual materials, participant-observations to develop an in depth understanding of the case(s)
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 6
Case Study Research Procedures
Develop a detailed description of the
case(s) and common themes in the cases When using multiple cases describe each
case and themes first (within-case analysis) Compare cases to look for common themes
(cross-case analysis) Look for common assertions and meanings
within the case Report the lessons learned from the case
regarding the issue of the case (instrumental) or learning about an unusual situation (intrinsic case)
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 7
Case Study Research Procedures
Overview of the study
The study described a campus reaction to a gunman incident on a mid-western university campus
The study began with a detailed description of the incident including a description of the city, campus, and the incident
The study used multiple sources of data
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 8
Case Study Example: Asmussen & Creswell
1995
Overview of the study
Five themes emerged: denial, fear, safety, retriggering, and campus planning
The themes were narrowed to two overarching perspectives, an organizational and social-psychological response
A suggestion was made that campuses need to develop a plan to respond to campus violence
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 9
Asmussen & Creswell 1995
Overview of methodology
The problem appropriate for case study (description of a campus response to a gunman incident)
The data was collected through multiple sources Interviews Observations Documents Audiovisual materials
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 10
Asmussen & Creswell 1995
Overview of methodology
The data was analyzed for codes and themes The themes were used to form over-arching
perspectives that were also related to the literature
The case study structure was followed – the problem, the context, the issues, and lessons learned
The study included practical and useful implications
The authors were reflective about their prior experiences related to the problem (epilogue)
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 11
Asmussen & Creswell 1995
Features of case study
The authors identified a case for study The authors chose an instrumental case to
illustrate the problem of potential campus violence
The case was a bounded system The authors used extensive multiple sources of
data to provide a detailed picture of the incident and campus response
The authors spent considerable time describing the context for the case
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 12
Asmussen & Creswell 1995
Case study Bounded single or collective Case Event Process Program
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 13
Words to Use in Encoding the Purpose
Statement in Case Study
Although scholars have shown thatsport is fundamental in constitutingand reproducing gender inequalities,little attention has been paid to sport and gender relations in later life. Inthis article we demonstrate how menexploit women’s labor in the sport oflawn bowls, which is played predominately by older people. (Boyle & McKay, 1995, p. 556)
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 14
The Purpose Statement:
A Case Study ExampleElements of Case Study •Description•Specific Case•Bounded System
demonstratedemonstrate how menhow men
exploit women’s labor in the sport ofexploit women’s labor in the sport of
lawn bowls,lawn bowls,
predominately by older peoplepredominately by older people
A case study example (Asmussen &
Creswell, 1995) The authors posed five central guiding
questions in the article What happened? Who was involved in response to the incident? What themes emerged during the eight-month
period that followed this incident? What theoretical constructs helped us to
understand the campus response? The questions focused on the development of
a description of the incident, the emergence of themes, and finally theoretical constructs
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 15
The Central Question
Description of the case and its setting
If there is a chronology of events, find evidence for each step
Determine how the case or incident fits into the larger situation
Approaches to analysis and interpretation Categorical aggregation: the researcher
collects instances from the data to look for issue-relevant meanings
Direct interpretation: the researcher looks at a single instance and draws meaning from it
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 16
Analysis Within the Approaches to Inquiry:
Case Study (Stake 1995)
Approaches to analysis and interpretation Cross-case analysis: the research studies two
or more cases to look for similarities between the two
Naturalistic generalizations: the researcher notes what can be learned for individuals or a larger population from the case
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 17
Analysis Within the Approaches to Inquiry:
Case Study (Stake 1995)
Entry vignette Introduction (problem, questions, case study,
data collection, analysis, outcomes) Description of the case(s) and its (their)
context Development of issues Detail about selected issues Assertions Closing vignette(Adapted from Stake, 1995)
Reporting Structures
Writer opens with a vignette so the
reader can get a feel for the time and place of the study
The issue is identified along with the method and purpose
Extensive description of the case Key issues are presented so the reader
can understand the complexity of the case Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 19
Case Study: Overall Rhetorical
Structure (Stake, 1995)
Several issues are probed further Assertions are presented The writer ends with a closing
vignette to remind the reader that this is one person’s encounter with a complex case
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 20
Case Study: Overall Rhetorical
Structure (Stake, 1995)
Vignettes Description – from broad to narrow Relative balance of description,
themes, and interpretation Use chronologies in the description End with “lessons that I learned” –
assertions or generalizations
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 21
Case Study: Embedded Rhetorical
Structure
Identifying cases to study Identifying whether a single case or multiple
cases are needed Selecting an appropriate purposeful sampling
strategy Having access to multiple sources of data Deciding how the boundaries of a case might
be constrained by time, events, or processes
Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e Case Study 22
Case Study Challenges