Briefly History

Why Mixed Methods?

Type of Research designs

Criteria for Choosing a Strategies

Alternative Strategies and Visual Models

Data Collection Procedures

Data Analysis and Validation Procedures

Report Presentation Structure

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1959: Concept of mixing different methods by Campbell &

Fiske. (Psychologists)

1973: Combined the Qualitative & Quantitative data by

S.D. Sieber.

1979: Converging or triangulating different Qualitative &

Quantitative data sources by Jick.

1989-2003: Expanded procedures for Mixed methods By

Tashakkori & Teddli and then Creswell.

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Quantitative data can reveal generalizable information for a

large group of people

› These data often fail to provide specific answers, reasons,

explanations or examples

Qualitative research provides data about meaning and

context regarding the people and environments of study

› Findings are often not generalizable because of the small

numbers & narrow range of participants

Both methods have strengths and weaknesses

› When used together, these methods can be

complimentary04/07/23 5

• The collection of both qualitative and

quantitative data (open- and closed-ended) in

response to research questions.

• Persuasive and rigorous procedures for the

qualitative and quantitative methods

• The integration of these two data sources

(merging, connecting, embedding)

• An approach to research that has a philosophical

foundation04/07/23 5

• Researcher makes decisions before study (variables, hypothesis,

instruments)

• Researcher reduced the inquiry to a small number of variables to study

and a large number of people

• Researcher asks specific closed-ended questions

• Researcher analyzes numbers

• Researcher places importance on reliability, validity, generalizability,

replicability, control, and lack of bias

• Researcher writes the report using a standard structure

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• Researcher makes decisions based on views of participants

• Researcher opens the inquiry up to understand the complexity of the

situation

• Researcher asks open-ended questions – single phenomenon

• Researcher analyzes words and images

• Researcher places emphasis on individual meaning, context, and self-

reflexivity

• Researcher writes the report using a flexible, literary structure

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• The insufficient argument – either quantitative or qualitative may be

insufficient by itself

• Multiple angles argument – quantitative and qualitative approaches

provide different “pictures”

• The more-evidence-the-better argument – combined quantitative and

qualitative provides more evidence

• Community of practice argument – mixed methods may be the

preferred approach within a scholarly community

• Eager-to-learn argument – it is the latest methodology04/07/23 5

• Is the basic definition of mixed methods research provided?

• Does the reader have a sense for the potential use of a mixed method

strategy?

• Are the criteria identified for choosing a mixed method strategy?

• Is the strategy identified, and are its criteria for selection given?

• Is a visual model presented that illustrate the research strategy?

• Is the proper notion used in presenting the visual model?

• Are procedures of data collection and analysis mentioned as they

relate to the model?04/07/23 5

• Are the sampling strategies for both qualitative and

quantitative data collection mentioned? Do they relate

to the strategy?

• Are specific data analysis procedures are indicated? Do

they relate to the strategy?

• Are the procedures for validating both the qualitative

and quantitative data discussed?

• Is the narrative structure mentioned? Does it relate to

the type of mixed method strategy being used?04/07/23 5

Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods

Quantitative research Methods

Qualitative research Methods

Mixed Methods Research Methods

• Experimental

designs

•Non- Experimental

designs, such as

survey

• Narratives

•Phenomenologi

es

•Ethnographies

•Grounded

theory

•Case Studies

• Sequential

•Concurrent

•Transformative

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Convey the specific strategy for the data collection

Identify the criteria they employ for choosing the strategy

Authors(Greene and Cracelli 1997;Tashakkori and Teddlie

1998) have elaborated on the criteria that go into choosing

the mixed method approach

Four decisions go into selecting a mixed methods strategy

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Four decisions go into selecting a mixed methods strategy

Implementation

PriorityIntegrationTheoretical Perspective

No Sequence Concurrent

EqualAt data collection

Explicit

Sequential- Quantitative first

Qualitative

At data analysisAt data

interpretation

Implicit Sequential- Qualitative first

QuantitativeWith some combination

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What is implementation sequence of the quantitative and

qualitative data collection in the proposed study?

What priority will be given to the quantitative and

qualitative data collection and analysis?

At what stage in the research project will the quantitative

and qualitative data and finding be integrated?

Will an overall theoretical perspective (e.g., gender, race/

ethnicity, lifestyle, class) be used in the study?

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Sequential Explanatory Design

QUAN Data Collection QUAN Data Analysis Qual Data Collection Qual Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre analysis

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Sequential Exploratory Design

QUAL Data Collection QUAL Data Analysis Quan Data Collection Quan Data Analysis

Interpretation of Entre Analysis

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Sequential Transformative Design

QUAN qualVision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framwork

QUAL quanVision, Advocacy, Ideology, Framework

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Concurrent Triangulation Strategy

QUAL Data Collection QUAN Data Collection

QUAN QUALQUAL

Quan Data Analysis

Qual Data Analysis

Data Results Compared

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Analysis of Findings Analysis of Findings

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Concurrent Nested Strategy

Concurrent Transformative Strategy

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Identify and be specific about the type of data. Some forms

of data such as interviews and observations can be either

quantitative or qualitative. Although reduction information

to numbers is the approach used in quantitative research,

it is also used in qual. Research.

Recognize that quantitative data often involve random

sampling, so that each individual has no equal probability

of being selected and the sample can be generalized to the

larger population. In qualitative data collection, purposeful

sampling is used to that individuals are selected because

they have experienced the central phenomenon.04/07/23 15

Relate the procedures specifically to the visual model. For

e.g, in a sequential explanatory model, the general

procedures can be detailed even further. A discussion of

this approach might include describing the use of survey

data collection followed by both descriptive and inferential

data analysis in the first phase. Then qualitative

observations and coding and thematic analysis within an

ethnographic design might be mentioned for the second

phase.

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It’s related to the type of research strategy chosen for the

procedures. Some of the more popular approaches :

Data transformationExplore outliersInstrument developmentExamine multiple levels

04/07/23 17Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods

Data transformation: In the concurrent strategies involve creating codes and themes qualitatively, then counting the number of times they occur in the text data. This quantification of qualitative data enables a researcher to compare quantitative results with the qualitative data. For instance, in a factor analysis of data from a scale on an instrument, the researcher may create factors or themes that then can be compared with themes from the qualitative database.

04/07/23Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 24

Explore outliers: In a sequential model, an analysis of

quantitative data in the first phase can yield extreme or

outlier cases. Follow-up qualitative interviews with these

outlier cases can provide insight about why they diverged

from the quantitative sample.

04/07/23 18Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods

Instrument development: In a sequential approach, obtain themes and specific statements from participants in an initial qualitative data collection. In the next phase, use these statements as specific items and the themes for scales to create a survey instrument that is grounded in the views of the participants. A third, final phase might be to validate the instrument with large sample representative of a

population.04/07/23Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 26

Examine multiple levels: in a concurrent nested model, conduct a survey at one level (e.g. with families) to gather quantitative results about a sample. At the same time, collect qualitative interviews (e.g., with individuals) to explore the phenomenon with specific individuals

in families .

04/07/23Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods 27

It is necessary the validation of both

qualitative and quantitative phases of

study. Each of methods has the specific

ways, for the qualitative data, the

strategies that will be used to check the

accuracy of the findings need to be

mentioned .

04/07/23 19Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods

It’s related to the type of research strategy chosen for the

procedures. Some of the more popular approaches:

Data transformation: In the concurrent strategies involve

creating codes and themes qualitatively, then counting the

number of times they occur in the text data. This

quantification of qualitative data enables a researcher to

compare quantitative results with the qualitative data. For

instance, in a factor analysis of data from a scale on an

instrument, the researcher may create factors or themes

that then can be compared with themes from the qualitative

database.

04/07/23 17

Explore outliers: In a sequential model, an analysis of quantitative data in

the first phase can yield extreme or outlier cases. Follow-up qualitative

interviews with these outlier cases can provide insight about why they

diverged from the quantitative sample.

Instrument development: In a sequential approach, obtain themes and

specific statements from participants in an initial qualitative data

collection. In the next phase, use these statements as specific items and

the themes for scales to create a survey instrument that is grounded in

the views of the participants. A third, final phase might be to validate the

instrument with large sample representative of a population.

Examine multiple levels: in a concurrent nested model, conduct a survey

at one level (e.g. with families) to gather quantitative results about a

sample. At the same time, collect qualitative interviews (e.g., with

individuals) to explore the phenomenon with specific individuals in

families.

04/07/23 18

It is necessary the validation of both

qualitative and quantitative phases of

study. Each of methods has the specific

ways, for the qualitative data, the

strategies that will be used to check the

accuracy of the findings need to be

mentioned.

04/07/23 19

Thanks for the

privilege of being

a part of you.

04/07/23 22