Creating A New NationCreating A New NationUnit 3Unit 3

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation Created by the 2nd

Continental Congress in 1777. Only had one branch of

gov’t (legislative). Could only borrow money

(donations). Could declare war, make

peace, and sign treaties. All of the states had one

vote most votes required a 2/3

majority (9/13 states) to amend the Articles

required a unanimous vote.

Created by the 2nd Continental Congress in 1777. Only had one branch of

gov’t (legislative). Could only borrow money

(donations). Could declare war, make

peace, and sign treaties. All of the states had one

vote most votes required a 2/3

majority (9/13 states) to amend the Articles

required a unanimous vote.

Articles Of ConfederationArticles Of Confederation

The Articles were a stepping stone in early American gov’t.

They worked fairly well until the common goal of the Rev. War effort was gone. They held the country

together and allowed for the Treaties of Alliance w/France and the Treaty of Paris 1783.

This early prototype for gov’t was minimal, which is just what most early Americans wanted.

The Articles were a stepping stone in early American gov’t.

They worked fairly well until the common goal of the Rev. War effort was gone. They held the country

together and allowed for the Treaties of Alliance w/France and the Treaty of Paris 1783.

This early prototype for gov’t was minimal, which is just what most early Americans wanted.

Shortcomings?Shortcomings? After Rev. War, it

became apparent that this sufficient and either needed to be amended or replaced.

Major concern: Fighting over commerce

laws Donations to the Federal

Government Western lands Currency Issues

Economy in chaos (Inflation!)

Government (Articles of Confederation) was helpless

After Rev. War, it became apparent that this sufficient and either needed to be amended or replaced.

Major concern: Fighting over commerce

laws Donations to the Federal

Government Western lands Currency Issues

Economy in chaos (Inflation!)

Government (Articles of Confederation) was helpless

Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance Under the Articles, Congress

passed the Land Ordinances Established a plan for surveying

western lands (Land Ordinance of 1785)

Provided a procedure for dividing land into territories (Land Ordinance of 1787)

The Northwest Ordinance set the three step process by which territories could become states. Congressional appt. of territorial

Gov. & Judges. w/ pop. of 5,000 voting residents,

settlers could write temp. constitution & elect gov’t.

w/ pop. of 60,000, settlers could write state constitution & apply for Congressional approval.

Under the Articles, Congress passed the Land Ordinances Established a plan for surveying

western lands (Land Ordinance of 1785)

Provided a procedure for dividing land into territories (Land Ordinance of 1787)

The Northwest Ordinance set the three step process by which territories could become states. Congressional appt. of territorial

Gov. & Judges. w/ pop. of 5,000 voting residents,

settlers could write temp. constitution & elect gov’t.

w/ pop. of 60,000, settlers could write state constitution & apply for Congressional approval.

Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion 1786, in Western

Massachusetts, Captain Daniel Shays led a rebellion against the Massachusetts state government Shays’ was upset over taxes

and foreclosures on farmers/veterans homes and farms.

His plan was to march on Boston and burn it to the ground (like Bacon… remember him)

The Federal Gov’t was helpless Many began to criticize the

Articles of Confederation and called for a Constitutional Convention

1786, in Western Massachusetts, Captain Daniel Shays led a rebellion against the Massachusetts state government Shays’ was upset over taxes

and foreclosures on farmers/veterans homes and farms.

His plan was to march on Boston and burn it to the ground (like Bacon… remember him)

The Federal Gov’t was helpless Many began to criticize the

Articles of Confederation and called for a Constitutional Convention

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

A general meeting of the states was called for in 1787 and Congress issued invitations to the states to “amend the Articles.”

May of 1787: All 13 states sent delegates to the “Constitutional Convention.” In Philadelphia, PA.

George Washington was elected president of the meeting.

A general meeting of the states was called for in 1787 and Congress issued invitations to the states to “amend the Articles.”

May of 1787: All 13 states sent delegates to the “Constitutional Convention.” In Philadelphia, PA.

George Washington was elected president of the meeting.

Great CompromiseGreat Compromise Issues at the Convention centered on big and small states.

Representation Chief-Executive The Judiciary Slavery Ratification

The Virginia Plan (large state plan) Bicameral (two houses) legislature with representation based on

population. The New Jersey Plan (small state plan)

Unicameral (one house) legislature with equal representation for all states.

Ben Franklin and Roger Sherman developed the “Great Compromise” to keep the meeting from falling apart Bicameral house: the Senate (equal) and the House of

Representatives (population) Embraced separation of powers (Montesquieu) Reserved and delegated powers Three branches of government

Issues at the Convention centered on big and small states. Representation Chief-Executive The Judiciary Slavery Ratification

The Virginia Plan (large state plan) Bicameral (two houses) legislature with representation based on

population. The New Jersey Plan (small state plan)

Unicameral (one house) legislature with equal representation for all states.

Ben Franklin and Roger Sherman developed the “Great Compromise” to keep the meeting from falling apart Bicameral house: the Senate (equal) and the House of

Representatives (population) Embraced separation of powers (Montesquieu) Reserved and delegated powers Three branches of government

Other CompromisesOther Compromises Electoral College (elect George Washington as

President) Issue of Slavery

Southern states wanted slaves to count for population purposes (NOT voting purposes)

Northern states (with fewer slaves) said no Compromise: states could count 3 out of 5 slaves

for representatives to the House of Representatives The slave states agreed if the Federal Government would

not attempt to abolish the institution of slavery for 20 years.

Delegates agreed Constitution would go into effect once 9/13 states ratified (approved)it New Hampshire became the 9th state in June 1788 PROBLEM: largest, most influential states had not

approved (Massachusetts, Virginia, New York)

Electoral College (elect George Washington as President)

Issue of Slavery Southern states wanted slaves to count for

population purposes (NOT voting purposes) Northern states (with fewer slaves) said no Compromise: states could count 3 out of 5 slaves

for representatives to the House of Representatives The slave states agreed if the Federal Government would

not attempt to abolish the institution of slavery for 20 years.

Delegates agreed Constitution would go into effect once 9/13 states ratified (approved)it New Hampshire became the 9th state in June 1788 PROBLEM: largest, most influential states had not

approved (Massachusetts, Virginia, New York)

Federalists vs. Anti-FederalistsFederalists vs. Anti-Federalists Federalist (supporters of the

Const.) wrote essays and editorials Goal: attempt to convince

Americans that they should also support it.

These included people such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, who would anonymously author a series known as the “Federalist Papers.”

Anti-Feds (opposed the Const.) began their propaganda battle as well and author The Federal Farmer They included Patrick Henry,

Samuel Adams and many other former revolutionaries that had now become conservative.

These would become Americas 1st two political parties.

Federalist (supporters of the Const.) wrote essays and editorials Goal: attempt to convince

Americans that they should also support it.

These included people such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, who would anonymously author a series known as the “Federalist Papers.”

Anti-Feds (opposed the Const.) began their propaganda battle as well and author The Federal Farmer They included Patrick Henry,

Samuel Adams and many other former revolutionaries that had now become conservative.

These would become Americas 1st two political parties.

Federalists vs. Anti-FederalistsFederalists vs. Anti-FederalistsFEDERALISTS (urban): Favor balance between

state and national govt’s-favor trade regulations-smaller states wanted protection of strong gov’t

ANTIFEDERALISTS (rural): oppose strong central gov’t because:

-it may serve the interests of the privileged minority-unlikely to manage a large country well-fear additional taxes-larger states fear loss of freedom-Constitution does not protect individual rights-THEY DEMAND WRITTEN GUARANTEE OF THESE

RIGHTS!

FEDERALISTS (urban): Favor balance between state and national govt’s

-favor trade regulations-smaller states wanted protection of strong gov’t

ANTIFEDERALISTS (rural): oppose strong central gov’t because:

-it may serve the interests of the privileged minority-unlikely to manage a large country well-fear additional taxes-larger states fear loss of freedom-Constitution does not protect individual rights-THEY DEMAND WRITTEN GUARANTEE OF THESE

RIGHTS!

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

The Anti-Federalists argued for a Bill of Rights Wanted written guarantees to

protect freedom of speech Federalist insisted

Constitution prevented violations of these rights

September 1789: 12 amendments submitted to the states

December 1791: 10 amendments ratified by ¾ of the states

The Anti-Federalists argued for a Bill of Rights Wanted written guarantees to

protect freedom of speech Federalist insisted

Constitution prevented violations of these rights

September 1789: 12 amendments submitted to the states

December 1791: 10 amendments ratified by ¾ of the states

Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency Washington unanimously

won the first election. Capital= New York City Task= Create & lead a

brand new government Washington set many

precedents such as “Mr. President” and limiting himself to two 4 year terms.

Two of his first Cabinet appointees were Thomas Jefferson (Sec. of State) and Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury)

Washington unanimously won the first election.

Capital= New York City Task= Create & lead a

brand new government Washington set many

precedents such as “Mr. President” and limiting himself to two 4 year terms.

Two of his first Cabinet appointees were Thomas Jefferson (Sec. of State) and Alexander Hamilton (Sec. of Treasury)

Washington’s PresidencyWashington’s Presidency Hamilton’s (Sec. of Treasury)

goal: Manage national debt Establish a national banking

system Bank of the United States

(BUS) Goal: print $$$, handle gov’t

funds Controversial!

Southern states opposed BUS Convinced when Hamilton

promised a “Federal City” (Washington, DC) would be built in the South (Virginia).

Hamilton’s (Sec. of Treasury) goal: Manage national debt Establish a national banking

system Bank of the United States

(BUS) Goal: print $$$, handle gov’t

funds Controversial!

Southern states opposed BUS Convinced when Hamilton

promised a “Federal City” (Washington, DC) would be built in the South (Virginia).

The Whiskey RebellionThe Whiskey Rebellion The first major challenge to

the newly created Federal Gov’t took place in Western Pennsylvania.

1789: Congress passed a protective tariff, later created an “excise tax” on whiskey

A small scale rebellion against tax collectors turned into a large scale response by the Fed. Gov’t.

Washington and Hamilton marched with 15,000 militia and scattered rebels (no deaths).

Significance: reinforced power, security of new gov’t

The first major challenge to the newly created Federal Gov’t took place in Western Pennsylvania.

1789: Congress passed a protective tariff, later created an “excise tax” on whiskey

A small scale rebellion against tax collectors turned into a large scale response by the Fed. Gov’t.

Washington and Hamilton marched with 15,000 militia and scattered rebels (no deaths).

Significance: reinforced power, security of new gov’t

Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality 1789: Start of the French

Revolution 1793: Washington issued a

declaration of Neutrality Washington did not believe

the US could not live up to the Treaty of Alliance with France

The French gov’t felt betrayed, which led to tension with the former ally

Washington’s proclamation of neutrality would set a precedent for over 100 years of US isolationism

1789: Start of the French Revolution

1793: Washington issued a declaration of Neutrality

Washington did not believe the US could not live up to the Treaty of Alliance with France

The French gov’t felt betrayed, which led to tension with the former ally

Washington’s proclamation of neutrality would set a precedent for over 100 years of US isolationism

Adams’ PresidencyAdams’ Presidency John Adams (Federalist)

defeated Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) in 1796 election. Adams = President Jefferson = Vice President

Called for a constitutional change (12th Amendment) Rise of political parties =

unexpected Solution = 12th Amendment

ratified in 1804 Electors vote for a President and a

VP (NOT top two choices for President)

John Adams (Federalist) defeated Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) in 1796 election. Adams = President Jefferson = Vice President

Called for a constitutional change (12th Amendment) Rise of political parties =

unexpected Solution = 12th Amendment

ratified in 1804 Electors vote for a President and a

VP (NOT top two choices for President)

Tension with FranceTension with France

Tension grew closer to war U.S. officials agreed to meet with French

foreign minister, Talleyrand French Directory sent 3 low-level

officials (X,Y, & Z) who demanded payment in exchange for a meeting with Talleyrand

Americans insulted, anti-French sentiment spread following XYZ Affair

Tension grew closer to war U.S. officials agreed to meet with French

foreign minister, Talleyrand French Directory sent 3 low-level

officials (X,Y, & Z) who demanded payment in exchange for a meeting with Talleyrand

Americans insulted, anti-French sentiment spread following XYZ Affair

Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)

Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)

3 acts (Alien Acts) raised residence requirement for American citizenship & allowed President to deport any “undesirable” alien

Sedition Act set punishments for anyone speaking or acting out against the government

3 acts (Alien Acts) raised residence requirement for American citizenship & allowed President to deport any “undesirable” alien

Sedition Act set punishments for anyone speaking or acting out against the government

Trouble at HomeTrouble at Home Alien & Sedition Acts = very controversial! Virginia & Kentucky Resolution

Created by James Madison & Thomas Jefferson Asserted principle of nullification States had power to void any Congressional

act deemed unconstitutional Found Alien & Sedition Acts in violation of 1st

Amendment Significance: balance of power remained a

controversial issue

Alien & Sedition Acts = very controversial! Virginia & Kentucky Resolution

Created by James Madison & Thomas Jefferson Asserted principle of nullification States had power to void any Congressional

act deemed unconstitutional Found Alien & Sedition Acts in violation of 1st

Amendment Significance: balance of power remained a

controversial issue

Jefferson’s Presidency (Election of 1800)

Jefferson’s Presidency (Election of 1800)

Democratic-Republican Defeated John Adams

in 1800 Adams unpopular b/c of

Alien & Sedition Acts Revealed the need for

12th Amendment 1st President to take

office in Washington D.C.

Favored a small, simple gov’t

Democratic-Republican Defeated John Adams

in 1800 Adams unpopular b/c of

Alien & Sedition Acts Revealed the need for

12th Amendment 1st President to take

office in Washington D.C.

Favored a small, simple gov’t

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase 1800: Napoleon Bonaparte

persuaded Spanish to return control of LA Territory to France

Alarmed, Jefferson offered to buy Louisiana and Western Florida from French

Napoleon offered entire territory U.S. paid $15 million/3c acre. (1804)

Spring 1804: Lewis and Clark, aided by Sacagawea as an interpreter, started from St. Louis, “the Gateway city”, up the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers to the Pacific Ocean.

2 1/2 years later they returned with scientific observations, maps, specimens and stories.

They opened the way for thousands of pioneers.

1800: Napoleon Bonaparte persuaded Spanish to return control of LA Territory to France

Alarmed, Jefferson offered to buy Louisiana and Western Florida from French

Napoleon offered entire territory U.S. paid $15 million/3c acre. (1804)

Spring 1804: Lewis and Clark, aided by Sacagawea as an interpreter, started from St. Louis, “the Gateway city”, up the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers to the Pacific Ocean.

2 1/2 years later they returned with scientific observations, maps, specimens and stories.

They opened the way for thousands of pioneers.

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison Pres. Adams pushed through

Judiciary Act of 1801 prior to leaving office

Increased # of federal judges to 16 Many “Midnight Judges” did not

receive proper paperwork prior to Adams leaving office

“Midnight Justice” William Marbury sued Sec. of State James Madison in an effort to validate his appointment under Judiciary Act of 1789.

Justice John Marshall argued that powers of Sup. Courts were set by the Cons., and Congress’s Judiciary Act could not alter them. This act was deemed unconstitutional, thus giving the Sup. Ct. the power of “judicial review”.

Pres. Adams pushed through Judiciary Act of 1801 prior to leaving office

Increased # of federal judges to 16 Many “Midnight Judges” did not

receive proper paperwork prior to Adams leaving office

“Midnight Justice” William Marbury sued Sec. of State James Madison in an effort to validate his appointment under Judiciary Act of 1789.

Justice John Marshall argued that powers of Sup. Courts were set by the Cons., and Congress’s Judiciary Act could not alter them. This act was deemed unconstitutional, thus giving the Sup. Ct. the power of “judicial review”.

War of 1812War of 1812 1806, in an effort to stop

Napoleon, Britain blockaded European ports.

By 1807, Britain & France had seized over 1,000 U.S. ships and their sailors (impressment)

1807: a British warship searching attempted to board U.S. Chesapeake. When Captain refused, Brits opened fire, killing 3, wounding 18. (Chesapeake Incident)

James Madison was elected President in 1808 and decided to go to war w/ Britain, as he believed they were trying to cripple U.S. trade.

1806, in an effort to stop Napoleon, Britain blockaded European ports.

By 1807, Britain & France had seized over 1,000 U.S. ships and their sailors (impressment)

1807: a British warship searching attempted to board U.S. Chesapeake. When Captain refused, Brits opened fire, killing 3, wounding 18. (Chesapeake Incident)

James Madison was elected President in 1808 and decided to go to war w/ Britain, as he believed they were trying to cripple U.S. trade.

War of 1812War of 1812 Major battles in Detroit and

Montreal, Canada Native Americans again

fought with British and U.S. forces. Many hoped to stop U.S. expansion.

Inexperienced U.S. Navy fought many battles @ sea w/ the President, the United States, & the Constitution.

1814, Brits burn White House & Capitol in retaliation for Battle of York.

Young General Andrew Jackson defeats Brits @ New Orleans after Treaty of Ghent is signed.

Major battles in Detroit and Montreal, Canada

Native Americans again fought with British and U.S. forces. Many hoped to stop U.S. expansion.

Inexperienced U.S. Navy fought many battles @ sea w/ the President, the United States, & the Constitution.

1814, Brits burn White House & Capitol in retaliation for Battle of York.

Young General Andrew Jackson defeats Brits @ New Orleans after Treaty of Ghent is signed.

National IdentityNational Identity

The War of 1812 ended as a draw with the Treaty of Ghent on Christmas 1814.

The 2nd American War for Independence had a Patriotic/Nationalistic impact.

Icons such as Uncle Sam, Old Ironsides, the Star Spangled banner, the White House and heroes such as Dolly Madison, Wm. Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson became famous.

The War of 1812 ended as a draw with the Treaty of Ghent on Christmas 1814.

The 2nd American War for Independence had a Patriotic/Nationalistic impact.

Icons such as Uncle Sam, Old Ironsides, the Star Spangled banner, the White House and heroes such as Dolly Madison, Wm. Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson became famous.

U.S. INFRASTRUCTUREU.S. INFRASTRUCTURE As the nation’s trade networks

expanded, many improvements were made to facilitate the growth.

Many states built turnpikes (toll roads)

1811, construction began on National Road

1825, Erie Canal was completed. Dubbed the “Big Ditch,” the 363

mile canal linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie and ultimately connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.

New York City became the gateway to this massive trade network.

As the nation’s trade networks expanded, many improvements were made to facilitate the growth.

Many states built turnpikes (toll roads)

1811, construction began on National Road

1825, Erie Canal was completed. Dubbed the “Big Ditch,” the 363

mile canal linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie and ultimately connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.

New York City became the gateway to this massive trade network.

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine The British proposed an Anglo-

American joint proposal aimed at European colonial attempts in Latin and South America.

In 1823 Pres. Monroe warned Europeans with his famous Monroe Doctrine.

2 main messages: Nonintervention Non-colonization of the Western

Hemisphere (“Europeans mind your own

business and the U.S. will take care of the west.”).

Showed America’s growing self-confidence.

The British proposed an Anglo-American joint proposal aimed at European colonial attempts in Latin and South America.

In 1823 Pres. Monroe warned Europeans with his famous Monroe Doctrine.

2 main messages: Nonintervention Non-colonization of the Western

Hemisphere (“Europeans mind your own

business and the U.S. will take care of the west.”).

Showed America’s growing self-confidence.