Cran Task Viewpauqte r Analis Espacila

8/13/2019 Cran Task Viewpauqte r Analis Espacila

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CRAN Task View: Analysis of Spatial Data

Maintainer: Roger Bivand

Contact: Roger.Bivand at nhh.no

Version: 2013-07-22

Base R includes many functions that can be used for reading, visualising, and

analysing spatial data. he focus in this vie! is on "geographical" spatial data,

!here observations can be identified !ith geographical locations, and !here

additional information about these locations may be retrieved if the location is

recorded !ith care. Base R functions are complemented by contributed pac#ages,

some of !hich are on $R%&, and others are still in development. 'ne active

location is R-(orge , !hich lists ")patial *ata and )tatistics" pro+ects in

itspro+ect tree . nformation on R-spatial pac#ages, especially sp!ill be posted

on the R-(orge rspatial pro+ect !ebsite , including a visualisation gallery.

he contributed pac#ages address t!o broad areas moving spatial data into and

out of R, and analysing spatial data in R.

he R-)-eo mailing-list is a good place to begin for obtaining help and

discussing /uestions about both accessing data, and analysing it. he mailing list

is a good place to search for information about relevant courses, and a list is

hosted at the eo*a$enter .

he pac#ages in this vie! can be roughly structured into the follo!ing topics. f

you thin# that some pac#age is missing from the list, please let me #no!. lease

also visit and contribute to the spatial data handling and spatial statisticspages on

the R i#i.

Classes for spatial data Because many of the pac#ages importing and

using spatial data have had to include ob+ects of storing data and functions

for visualising it, an initiative is in progress to construct shared classes and

plotting functions for spatial data. he sppac#age has been published on

$R%&. he sppac#age is discussed in a note in R &e!s . )ome other

pac#ages have become dependent on these classes,including rgdaland maptools. (unctions provided by vec2dtransffor

applying affine and similarity transformations on vector spatial data sp

ob+ects. he rgeospac#age provides an interface to topology functions

for spob+ects using 4') . rgeosis no! available for 5ac ')6 on

$R%&. he rasterpac#age is a ma+or etension of spatial data classes to

virtualise access to large rasters, permitting large ob+ects to be analysed,

and etending the analytical tools available for both raster and vector data.
http://r-forge.r-project.org/http://r-forge.r-project.org/softwaremap/trove_list.phphttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/sp/index.htmlhttp://rspatial.r-forge.r-project.org/https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/R-SIG-Geo/http://geodacenter.asu.edu/projects/rsphttp://rwiki.sciviews.org/doku.php?id=tips:spatial-datahttp://rwiki.sciviews.org/doku.php?id=tips:stats-spatialhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/sp/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/sp/index.htmlhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2005-2.pdfhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/rgdal/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/rgdal/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/maptools/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/vec2dtransf/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/rgeos/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/sp/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/sp/index.htmlhttp://trac.osgeo.org/geos/http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/rgeos/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/raster/index.htmlhttp://r-forge.r-project.org/softwaremap/trove_list.phphttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/sp/index.htmlhttp://rspatial.r-forge.r-project.org/https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/R-SIG-Geo/http://geodacenter.asu.edu/projects/rsphttp://rwiki.sciviews.org/doku.php?id=tips:spatial-datahttp://rwiki.sciviews.org/doku.php?id=tips:stats-spatialhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/sp/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/sp/index.htmlhttp://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/Rnews_2005-2.pdfhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/rgdal/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/maptools/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/vec2dtransf/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/rgeos/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/sp/index.htmlhttp://trac.osgeo.org/geos/http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/rgeos/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/raster/index.htmlhttp://r-forge.r-project.org/


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8sed !ith raster9is, it can also provide enhanced visualisation and

interaction. he spatial.toolspac#age contains spatial functions meant to

enhance the core functionality of the rasterpac#age, including a parallel

processing engine for use !ith rasters. he micromappac#age provides

lin#ed micromaps using ggplot2. he spacetimepac#age etends the

shared classes defined in spfor spatio-temporal data.he rid2olygonsconverts a spatial ob+ect from class

)patialrid*ata(rame to )patialolygons*ata(rame.

%n alternative approach to some of these issues is implemented in

the B)mappingpac#age: B)modellingprovides modelling support. n

addition, 4'mapprovides mapping facilities directed to meet the needs

of geologists, and uses the geomapdatapac#age.

Handling spatial data % number of pac#ages have been !ritten using sp

classes. he rasterpac#age introduces many ) methods that no! permitmuch to be done !ith spatial data !ithout having to use ) in addition to

R. t may be complemented by gdistance, !hich provided calculation of

distances and routes on geographic grids. geospherepermits computations

of distance and area to be carried out on spatial data in geographical

coordinates. he 5etadatapac#age collects and do!nloads a variety of

open ) datasets that can be used to characteri;e the surface properties of


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he landsatpac#age !ith accompanying ?)) paperprovides tools for

eploring and developing correction tools for remote sensing

data. taRifis a collection of utility and convenience functions, and some

interesting spatial functions.

Reading and writing spatial data - rgdal 5aps may be vector-based orraster-based. he rgdalpac#age provides bindings to *%< -supported

raster formats and 'R -supported vector formats. t contains functions to

!rite raster files in supported formats. he pac#age also

provides R'?.@pro+ection support for vector ob+ects this siteprovides

searchable online R'?.@ representations of pro+ections. he indo!s

and 5ac ')6 $R%& binaries of rgdalinclude subsets of possible data

source drivers: if others are needed, use other conversion utilities, or

install from source against a version of *%< !ith the re/uired drivers.

Reading and writing spatial data - other packages here are a number

of other pac#ages for accessing vector data on

$R%& maps!ith mapdataand mappro+ provides access to the same

#inds of geographical databases as ) - R%rcnfoallo!s %rcnfo v.7 binary

files and A.e00 files to be read, and maptoolsand shapefilesread and !rite

%rc)=%rc9ie! shapefiles: for &et$*( files, ncdfmay be used.

he maptoolspac#age also provides helper functions for !riting map

polygon files to be read by inB8), 5ondrian, and the tmap command

in )tata. t also provides interface functions

bet!een B)mappingand spatstatand sp classes, in addition

to mapsdatabases and sp classes. here is also an interface to ))

shoreline databases. (or visualisation, the colour palettes provided in

the R$olorBre!erpac#age are very useful, and may be modified or

etended using the colorRampPalettefunction provided !ith R.

he classntpac#age provides functions for choosing class intervals for

thematic cartography. he gmtpac#age gives a simple interface bet!een

5 map-ma#ing soft!are and R. geonamesis an interface to

the !!!.geonames.org service. f the user !ishes to place a map

bac#drop behind other displays, the the Rgoogle5apspac#age for

accessing oogle 5aps5 may be useful. ggmapmay be used for

spatial visualisation !ith oogle 5aps and 'pen)treet5ap.plotC5


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program for spatially distributed data, and is capable of error corrections

and data visualisation.

ntegration !ith version D.A of the leading open source ), R%)), is

provided in $R%& pac#age spgrassD, using rgdalfor echanging

data. Ryeois a !rapper for ython access to the %rc) eorocessor,and R)%%is a similar shell-based !rapper for )%% commands.

Point pattern analysis he spatialpac#age is a recommended pac#age

shipped !ith base R, and contains several core functions, including an

implementation of Chat by its author, rof. Ripley. n

addition, spatstatallo!s freedom in defining the regions of interest, and

ma#es etensions to mar#ed processes and spatial covariates. ts strengths

are model-fitting and simulation, and it has a usefulhomepage . t is the

only pac#age that !ill enable the user to fit inhomogeneous point process

models !ith interpoint interactions. 5ar#edointrocessis anothercontemporary point pattern pac#age. hespatgraphspac#age provides

graphs, graph visualisation and graph based summaries to be used !ith

spatial point pattern analysis. he splancspac#age also allo!s point data

to be analysed !ithin a polygonal region of interest, and covers many

methods, including 2* #ernel densities.

ecespaprovides !rappers, functions and data for spatial point pattern

analysis, used in the boo# on )patial 4cology of the 4$4)%=%44. he

functions for binning points on grids in ashmay also be of interest.

he adspac#age perform first- and second-order multi-scale analysesderived from Ripley>s C-function. he aspacepac#age is a collection of

functions for estimating centrographic statistcs and computational

geometries from spatial point patterns. spatial#ernelprovides edge-

corrected #ernel density estimation and binary #ernel regression estimation

for multivariate spatial point process data.*)patcontains functions for

spatial modelling for distance sampling data,

and spatialsegregationprovides segregation measures for multitype spatial

point patterns. rieg)mithuses the rieg-)mith method on 2 dimensional

spatial data. he dbmsspac#age allo!s simple computation of a full set of

spatial statistic functions of distance, including classical ones Ripley>s C

and others and more recent ones used by spatial economists *uranton

and 'verman>s Cd, 5arcon and uech>s 5. t relies on spatstat for core

calculation.

Geostatistics he gstatpac#age provides a !ide range of functions for

univariate and multivariate geostatistics, also for larger datasets,
http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spgrass6/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/rgdal/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/RPyGeo/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/RSAGA/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatial/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatial/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatstat/index.htmlhttp://www.spatstat.org/http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/MarkedPointProcess/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatgraphs/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/splancs/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ecespa/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ash/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ads/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/aspace/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatialkernel/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/DSpat/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatialsegregation/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/GriegSmith/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/dbmss/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gstat/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gstat/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spgrass6/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/rgdal/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/RPyGeo/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/RSAGA/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatial/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatstat/index.htmlhttp://www.spatstat.org/http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/MarkedPointProcess/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatgraphs/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/splancs/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ecespa/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ash/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ads/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/aspace/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatialkernel/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/DSpat/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/spatialsegregation/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/GriegSmith/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/dbmss/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gstat/index.html


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!hile geoRand geoRglmcontain functions for model-based geostatistics.

9ariogram diagnostics may be carried out !ith vardiag. %utomated

interpolation using gstatis available in automap. his family of pac#ages

is supplemented by intamap!ith procedures for automated interpolation

andpsgp, !hich implements pro+ected sparse aussian process #riging. %

similar !ide range of functions is to be found in the fieldspac#age.he spatialpac#age is shipped !ith base R, and contains several core

functions. he spBayespac#age fits aussian univariate and multivariate

models !ith 5$5$. rampsis a different Bayesian geostatistical

modelling pac#age. he geosptpac#age contains some geostatistical and

radial basis functions, including prediction and cross validation. Besides, it

includes functions for the design of optimal spatial sampling net!or#s

based on geostatistical modelling.

he Random(ieldspac#age provides functions for the simulation and

analysis of random fields, and variogram model descriptions can be passed

bet!een geoR, gstatand this pac#age. )patial4tremesproposes several

approaches for spatial etremes modelling using Random(ields. n

addition, $ompRand(ld, constrainedCrigingand geosptprovide

alternative approaches to geostatistical modelling. hespimerpac#age is

able to fit, spatially predict and temporally forecast large amounts of

space-time data using E1F Bayesian aussian rocess 5odels, E2F

Bayesian %uto-Regressive %R 5odels, and E3F Bayesian aussian

redictive rocesses based %R 5odels. he rtoppac#age provides

functions for the geostatistical interpolation of data !ith irregular spatial

support such as runoff related data or data from administrative units.

he georobpac#age provides functions for fitting linear models !ith

spatially correlated errors by robust and aussian Restricted 5aimum


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using the 45 algorithm, and the estimation of the parameter standard

errors using a spatio-temporal parametric bootstrap. (ield)imis another

random fields simulations pac#age. he ))&is for geostatistical modeling

for data on stream net!or#s, including models based on in-stream

distance. 5odels are created using moving average constructions. )patial

linear models, including covariates, can be fit !ith 5< or R45s , and functions for fitting spatial regression models, such as )%R

and $%R models. hese models assume that the spatial dependence can be

described by #no!n !eights. he )patial4pipac#age provides

implementations of cluster detection and disease mapping functions,

including Bayesian cluster detection, and supports strata.

he spg!rpac#age contains an implementation of geographically

!eighted regression methods for eploring possible non-stationarity.

he g!rrpac#age fits geographically !eighted regression R models

and has tools to diagnose and remediate collinearity in the R models.

%lso fits geographically !eighted ridge regression RR and

geographically !eighted lasso


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spatial process is not being treated as continuous, functions provided in

the spdeppac#age may be used. his pac#age can also be seen as

providing spatial econometrics functions, and, as noted above, provides

basic functions for building neighbour lists and spatial !eights, tests for

spatial autocorrelation for areal data li#e 5oran>s , and functions for

fitting spatial regression models. t provides the full range of localindicators of spatial association, such as local 5oran>s and diagnostic

tools for fitted linear models, including


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include structure statistics, analyses based upon allele fre/uencies, and

opulation raphs net!or# analysis of spatial conditional genetic

covariance. his pac#age interfaces !ith raster and sp ob+ects directly. %n

off-$R%& pac#age - Rcitrus - is for the spatial analysis of plant disease

incidence. he enelandpac#age uses fieldsand Random(ieldsto ma#e

use of both geographic and genetic informations to estimate the number ofpopulations in a dataset and delineate their spatial organisation.

he ngspatialpac#age provides tools for analy;ing spatial data, especially

non-aussian areal data. t supports the sparse spatial generali;ed linear

mied model of ughes and aran 2013 and the centered autologistic

model of $aragea and Caiser 200H. rlandscapeis a tool for generating

data forests divided into management units for testing harvest scheduling

models. t enables the user to create large amounts of sample forests !hile

maintaining control over some spatial properties of the data, such as the

degree and area distributions. he 4nvironmetrics as# 9ie! contains a

much more complete survey of relevant functions and pac#ages.

CRAN packages:

ade@

adehabitat

adehabitatR

adehabitat)

adehabitat


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constrainedCriging

cshapes

dbmss

*$luster core

deldir core

*)pat

ecespa

fields

(ield)im

gdistance

eneland

4'map

geomapdata

geonames

geoR core

geoRglm

georob

geospacom

geosphere

geospt

geospt

eo6p

ggmap

glmmB8)

gmt
http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/constrainedKriging/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/cshapes/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/dbmss/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/DCluster/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/deldir/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/DSpat/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ecespa/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/fields/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/FieldSim/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gdistance/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/Geneland/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/GEOmap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geomapdata/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geonames/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geoR/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geoRglm/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/georob/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geospacom/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geosphere/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geospt/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geospt/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/GeoXp/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ggmap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/glmmBUGS/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gmt/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/constrainedKriging/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/cshapes/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/dbmss/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/DCluster/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/deldir/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/DSpat/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ecespa/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/fields/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/FieldSim/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gdistance/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/Geneland/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/GEOmap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geomapdata/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geonames/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geoR/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geoRglm/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/georob/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geospacom/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geosphere/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geospt/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/geospt/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/GeoXp/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ggmap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/glmmBUGS/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gmt/index.html


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rid2olygons

rieg)mith

gstat core

gstudio

uerry

model

g!rr

hdeco

intamap

landsat

mapdata

mappro+

maps

maptools core

5ar#edointrocess

5B%

5c)patial

5etadata

micromap

5odel5ap

ncdf

ncf

ngspatial

nlme

'pen)treet5ap
http://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/Grid2Polygons/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/GriegSmith/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gstat/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gstudio/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/Guerry/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/GWmodel/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gwrr/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/hdeco/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/intamap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/landsat/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/mapdata/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/mapproj/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/maps/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/maptools/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/MarkedPointProcess/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/MBA/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/McSpatial/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/Metadata/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/micromap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ModelMap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ncdf/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ncf/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ngspatial/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/nlme/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/OpenStreetMap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/Grid2Polygons/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/GriegSmith/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gstat/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gstudio/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/Guerry/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/GWmodel/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/gwrr/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/hdeco/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/intamap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/landsat/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/mapdata/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/mapproj/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/maps/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/maptools/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/MarkedPointProcess/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/MBA/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/McSpatial/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/Metadata/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/micromap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ModelMap/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ncdf/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ncf/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/ngspatial/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/nlme/index.htmlhttp://cran.at.r-project.org/web/packages/OpenStreetMap/index.html


11/13

osmar

pastecs

B)mapping

B)modelling

plotC5

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