CPSC 601 Lecture Week 5

Hand Geometry

Outline:1. Hand Geometry as Biometrics

2. Methods Used for Recognition

3. Illustrations and Examples

4. Some Useful Links

5. References

Hand Geometry

Hand geometry is a biometric technique, which identifies person through the hand geometry measurements.

Some geometric structures related to a human hand (e.g., length and width of hand) are relatively invariant to an individual.

Hand Geometry

Characterized by its lengths, widths, shapes etc.

Advantages:

(1) Acquisition convenience and good verification performance

(2) Suitable for medium and low security applications

(3) Ease of Integration

Disadvantages:

(1)Large size of hand geometry devices

(2)Only used for verification

(3)Single hand use onlyPicture taken from:http://www.handreader.com/

Hand Geometry

Properties:Medium cost as it need a platform and a medium

resolution CCD camera. It use low-computational cost algorithms, which leads to

fast results. Low template size: from 9-25 bytes, which reduces the

storage needs. Very easy and attractive to users: leading to nearly null

user rejection.

Application

Hand geometry information is not very distinctiveThe hand based biometric systems can be

employed in those applications which don't require extreme security but where robustness and low-cost are primary issues.

Comparison between biometrics

Hand Geometry Verification System

Hand Geometry Biometric System

Biometrics SystemImage ProcessingFeature ExtractionFeature Matching

System demonstration

Hand Geometry Verification System

System demonstrationHand Subsystem

A flowchart for hand feature extraction and matching

Binarization (1) Change input RGB image into gray-level image

(2) Change the gray-level image into white-black image.

(3) Due to illumination problems, Median filtering to

remove noise is used. G(i,j) represents the gray value of pixel (i,j) after binarization, I(i,j) represent the original gray value.

otherwise

thresholdjiIif

jiG

,0

),( ,1

),(

Binarization Results

(a) Input Image (b)Gray-Scale (c) Before filtering (d)After filtering

Border Tracing

(1) Searching for the starting point

(2) Use the following algorithm

(3) All the coordinates of the border are recorded

(a) Binary Hand (b) Hand Contour

Border Tracing

Point ExtractionPurpose: To pinpoint the five finger tips and four finger roots.

Method: Depict the vertical coordinates of all contour pixels

Points ExtractionBy computing the first-order differential of vertical coordinates of f(i),

mark where differential sign changing from -1 to 1 as finger tips,

where differential sign changing from 1 to -1 as finger roots.

MeasurementGenerate a feature vector Vh, including 5 lengths of fingers, 10 widths

of fingers, and the width between v1 to v2.

Feature Vector Matching

Let F = (f1; f2; :::; fd) represent the d-dimensional feature vector in the database associated with the claimed identity and Y = (y1; y2; :::; yd) be the feature vector of the hand whose identity has to be verified.

The verification is positive if the distance between F and Y is less than a threshold value. Distance metrics, absolute, weighted absolute, Euclidean are used to compute distance.

Distance Matrices Matching

Absolute distance metric

Weighted absolute metric

Euclidean distance metric

N

i

ii fy1

||

N

i

ii fy1

2)(

N

i

iii fy1

2)/)((

Other Feature Matching Algorithms

Hamming Distance This distance doesn’t measure the difference

between components of the feature vectors, but the number of components that differ in value.

}||/},...,1{{# iii thresholdfyNi

Gaussian Mixture Models

This is a pattern recognition technique that uses an approach between the statistical methods and the neural networks. It is based on modeling the patterns with a determined number of Gaussian distributions, giving the probability of the sample belonging to that class or not. The probability density of a sample belonging to a class u is:

N

i

i

i

Ti

i

L

i uxuxc

uxp1

1

2/12/)}()(

2

1exp{

||)2()/(

Other Feature Matching Algorithms

Other Feature Matching Algorithms

Radial Basis Function Neural NetworksA neural networks method. First train the net

using a set of feature vectors from all the users enrolled in the system, and each output will correspond to each class. Then, the new feature vector is inputted into the net, and classified as one of the class in the database.

Performance Evaluation

FAR and FRR stands for false acceptance rate and false rejection rate, respectively. The FAR and FRR are defined as below:

Equal error rate (EER) where FAR = FRR.

Image Acquisition

(a) Hand geometry sensing device (b) Incorrect placement of hand

A Typical System

Hand Shape Identification System (Biometric Systems Lab, University of Bologna, Italy.) extracts 17 geometric features from the hand ( finger length and widths, hand width and height, ...).

A Typical System

A Typical System

The experimental studies on a sample of 800 images (100 people, 8 images for each one)

The main characteristics of HaSIS are as follows: FAR = 0.57 % FRR = 0.68 % verification time = 0.5 sec. enrollment time = 1.5 sec.

Access Control through Hand Geometry (Purdue Univ.)

Useful Links

Biometric Systems Lab, Univ. of Bologna, Italy. http://bias.csr.unibo.it/

Biometric Research Center, Hong Konghttp://www4.comp.polyu.edu.hk/~biometrics/

Biometric Lab, Purdue Univ.http://www.tech.purdue.edu/it/resources/biometrics/

Biometric Research, MSUhttp://biometrics.cse.msu.edu

References

Goh Kah Ong Michael, AUTOMATED HAND GEOMETRY VERIFICATION SYSTEM BASE ON SALIENT POINTS. The 3rd ISCIT.

Arun Ross, A Prototype Hand Geometry-based Verification System, IEEE Trans. PAMI, vol. 19, no7.

Paul,S etc, Biometric Identification through Hand Geometry Measurements. IEEE Trans, PAMI Vol 22, No. 10,2002