Cpe 252: Computer Organization1 Lo’ai Tawalbeh Lecture #2 Standard combinational modules:...

cpe 252: Computer Organization 1

Lo’ai Tawalbeh

Lecture #2

Standard combinational modules: decoders, encoders and

Multiplexers1/3/2005


Decoders• General decoder structure

• Typically n inputs, 2n outputs– 2-to-4, 3-to-8, 4-to-16, etc.


Binary 2-to-4 decoder

Note: “x” = (don’t care) cases.


Decoder Use – Operation Decoding•Microprocessor instruction decoding

other fields

opcode field

instruction

4-input binarydecoderEn

1

0 1 2 ………. 15

jump

loadstoreadd

decoded instructions


2-to-4-decoder logic diagram


3-input Binary DecoderE x2 x1 x0 x y7 y6 y5 y4 y3 y2 y1 y0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Inputs: x = (x2, x1, x0), with xi in {0,1} and E in {0,1}

Outputs: y = (y7,y6,y5,…,y1,y0) with yi in {0,1}

Function: yi = E. mi(x), i = 0,1,…,7


Implementing functions using a Binary Decoder and OR Gates

x2 x1 x0 z2 z1 z0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 00 1 0 0 0 10 1 1 0 1 01 0 0 0 0 11 0 1 1 0 11 1 0 0 1 01 1 1 1 0 0

Function

210

01234567

Bin

ary

D

eco

de

r

E

1

x2

x1

x0

z2

z1

z0

Remember that any function can be represented as a sum of minterms


Binary Encoders

• Only one input Ij has value 1 at any given time

• Output Y corresponds to the binary code of j when Ij = 1


8-to-3 Binary Encoders

Y0 = I1 + I3 + I5 + I7 (odd input indices)

Y1 = I2 + I3 + I6 + I7

Y2 = I4 + I5 + I6 + I7 (indices > 3)


Multiplexers

MUX

1 0

0

1

2

3

selection inputs

datainputs

1

0

1

0 0

1

0

1

0 1

1

0

1

1 0


4-input Multiplexer


Typical Multiplexer useselection between multiple paths to a functional unit


Multiplexers as universal modules

• Universal module: using only this module you are able to implement ANY logic function.

• NAND and NOR gates for example are universal gates.

• Question: how do you assign inputs for the multiplexer in order to implement a given function?


ExerciseImplement the following function using:

a) 8-input multiplexer.

b) 4-input multiplexer.

F=x,y,z(1,2,6,7)


Lo’ai Tawalbeh

Lecture #2

Signed and Unsigned Numbers


4-bit Unsigned Numbers

Range of values for n-bit vector is: 0 ≤ x ≤ (2^n-1)


Representation of Signed Integers and Basic Operations

• Two common representations– Sign and Magnitude (SM)– True and Complement (TC)

• In both cases there is a mapping from signed values to positive values.


Sign and Magnitude

• x represented by a pair (s,m) where– s is the sign: 0 for positive and 1 for negative

– m is the magnitude

– example: (-23)10 = -(10111) = (1,10111)

• Range of values for n-bit vector (n-1 bits for m)– - (2n-1 – 1) ≤ x ≤ (2n-1 – 1)

• Two representations for zero


2’s complement

• No separation between sign and magnitude

• Signed integer x represented by positive integer xR such that:

Example: n=4, 2^4=16. To represent x = -7; xR = 9

• Range of values for n-bit vector ( 2’s comlement)– - (2n-1 ) ≤ x ≤ (2n-1 – 1)

otherwisex

xwhenxx nR 2

0


4-bit Two’s Complement Numbers


Change of Sign

1. complement each bit of x

2. add 1

Example: n = 4 x = (0011)2= 3

x’ = 1100

+ 1

1101 representation of -3


Positive integer addition/subtraction


Two’s complement addition/subtraction

• Addition: same as positive integer addition– just discard carry out

• Subtraction: x - y – step 1: change the sign of y to obtain -y– step 2: add x and -y

• Example: x = 8, y = 5, 5-bit vectorsy = 00101 -y = 11011 <<< change signx - y = 01000 11011 + 00011 << carry out discarded

Cpe 252: Computer Organization1 Lo’ai Tawalbeh Lecture #2 Standard combinational modules:...

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