Auditing groups a practical guide Includes Supplementary material.pdf
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18 March 2014
CPC 100 Training Course
Agenda
Abdulla Hakeem
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Agenda of the training course
(CPC100)
> Safety of the CPC 100 Training course
> CPC 100 Hardware
> CPC 100 Basic Operations
> CPC 100 Tool Set (Start Page)
> CPC 100: CT Testing
> Power Transformer Diagnostics - Introduction
> Power Transformer Testing with CPC 100
> Primary Test Manager (PTM)
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18 March 2014
Safety of the CPC 100 course
Abdulla Hakeem
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General Safety Information's
Read the reference manual carefully! Only trainedpersonnel is allowed to operate the CPC 100
Work in accordance with the general and local safety
regulations (DIN EN 50191, VDE104...)
Always follow the five safety rules!
Important:You are responsible for safety!
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Working with CPC 100
IMPORTANT: Connect CPC100 ground terminal securelyto a location near the device BEFORE testing!
In case of DANGER press the EMERGENCY stop button
Before touching any terminals or connecting /
disonnecting wires, check the warning lights on
the front panel of the CPC 100
Lock the device with the safety key lock when youleave the CPC unattended!
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The five safety rules
Important! Switching off the HV in the substationand the grounding procedure is the job of the utility
personnel!
Isolate Protect against re-connecting
Check isolation
Earth and short circuit
Cover neighbouring live parts
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Safety Briefing for Training
> Please read the safety instructions carefully and sign it afterwards
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18 March 2014
CPC 100 Hardware
Abdulla Hakeem
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CPC 100The Facts
> 4,8 kVA maximum power> 800 A AC> 400 A DC
> 2 kV AC
> Variable Frequency 15 Hz400 Hz
> Frequency selective measurement> Complex measurement
> Easy Data processing
> Main Weight: 29 kg
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Left hand side
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Front Panel
Measurement
Inputs
Binary Input
Lock
Warning
Lights
Emergency
Button
DC Output
AC Output
LEDs foreasy
connection
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Right hand side
Serial Port (CP TD1,
CP SB1)
Safety PortConnectionto a PC
USB Port (Only for
Flash memory)
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Block Diagram of the CPC 100
Mains
Ext. Booster
2 kV
500 V
500 V
500 V
500 V 500 V 4 A
1 kV 2 A
2 kV 1 A
65 V
65 V
3.1 A
6.3 A
130 V / 6 A AC
65 V / 6 A DC
6 V / 800 A AC
3 V AC
10 A AC / DC
10 V DC
BIN IN
300 V AC
Outputs
Inp.
5 V / 400 A DC
Filter / Rectifier /
Converter
Data Processing
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Kelvin clamps: 4 wire measurement
V
A
Ztest
Contact resistances
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Kelvin clamps: 4-wire measurement
A
V
A
V
ZTestVTest
RContact
RContact
VContact
VContact
VTest ZTest
RContact
VContact
RContact
VContact
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18 March 2014
CPC 100 Basic Operations
Abdulla Hakeem
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Test Card and Test Procedure
Test Card Test Procedure = saved in one xml-file
Test Card Functions
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Front Panel
View Selector Keys
Add new
test card
Context
depending softkeys
Switch between
test cards
Start / Stop testNavigating
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View Selector Keys
Settings View
Language
Date / Time
IP Configuration
Contrast
etc.
Test Card View Test Procedure View
File Operations View
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File Operations
hier noch xmt und xml
files aufmachen, noch
ein paar ordner mehr....
auto save file rein!!
Settings View Device Setup Autosave:
xmt-files
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Quick Card: Measurement Options
sel: frequency selective measurement
CT / VT / Clamp: measurement via CT / VT / clamp
CPC Out: internal measurement (AC 800A, DC 400A, AC 2KV)
f: frequency measurement
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Frequency selective measurement
0 dB
-60 dB
50 Hz f
U
Interference
Injection
Shifted
Injection
0 dB
-60 dB50 Hz f
U
70 Hz
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Interpolation to 50 Hz
Example: Line impedance measurement with parallel live system
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Measurement via CT, VT or clamp
Choose Input Set Calculation Factor
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Quick Card: Calculation Options
Measurement:2 voltages or 2 currents Measurement:1 voltage and 1 current
Impedance
Power
Bin/Time (Trigger
Event)
Ratio (for 1A and 5A
sec. current)
Diff (Difference
between twomeasurements)
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Sequencer: Test Card
Define sequence
Similar to
Quick Card
V, I, f
30 V
60 V
90 V
2 s 4 s 9 st
State 1 State 2 State 3
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Comment: Test Card
ASCII-coded txt-file
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18 March 2014
CPC 100 Tool Set (Start Page)
Abdulla Hakeem
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CPC 100 Start Page
Double click on
desktop symbol
Main Section
Tools
Templates
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Main Section
Firmware
Version
Software
Version
Phrase Editor
Version 2.00 (1246)
Version 2.00 (Build 1246)
Connected
Device
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Phrase Editor
Two possibilities:
1) Edit phrases in Phrase Editor
2) Edit phrases in Notepad, save as .txt and import
One line =
one phrase
Display of CPC 100
Transfer
button
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Tools
> Primary Test Manager (PTM)
> CPC Editor
> Allows Test Procedure and Test Card View on the PC> For easy and convenient preparation of test cards and templates
> Display test report> .xml-file is transfered to Word or HTML format
> CPC Excel File Loader
> Converts .xml-files (CPC 100 data) to Excel
> OMICRON Device Browser (ODB)> Access to OMICRON Device via PC
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CPC Editor
Test Procedure View Test Card View
Main Page
Settings
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OMICRON Device Browser (ODB)
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Display test report
Right click on .xml-file
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CPC Excel File Loader
Welcome: Load .xml-file
Overview: List of all Test Cards
Other Tabs: One Tab = One Test Card
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Test Templates
Help
CPC 100 Template
Excel Template
Transfer templatesto CPC 100 filtered by language
and frequency
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Template Workflow
1) Open Template on the CPC 100 from the Template folder (.xmt)
2) Perform measurement and save (.xml)
3) Open the corresponding Excel Template (.xlt) from Start Page
4) Load the saved .xml-file and save the excel report (.xlsm)
.xmt .xml
.xlt .xlsm
measure &
save
saveComputer
CPC 100
equal load
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Structure of a Template
Structure of Excel File Loader
Predefined report sheets:
Further calculation
Added Diagrams
Presentable Design for Report
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18 March 2014
CPC 100: CT Testing
Abdulla Hakeem
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CT Test Cards
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CT Ration (and Burden): Setup
Voltage
measurement isoptional!
ALL other secondary windings
must be closed!!!
1S1
1S22S1
2S2
P1
P2
800 A
AC
A V
Burden
I AC/DC V1 AC
C ( ) C
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CT Ratio (and Burden): Test Card
Nameplate data
Measurement
results
Test Current
2nominalsec,
measuredsec,
measuredsec,2
nominalsec, II
VIZVABurden
C ti CP CB2 CPC 100
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Connection: CP CB2 CPC 100
1)
2)
Connection cable
CP CB2CPC 100
High-current
cable with a plug
on one end and
a clamp on the
other end
Current
booster
CP CB2
CP CB2 1000A d 2000A d
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CP CB2: 1000A and 2000A mode
2000 A mode 1000 A mode
CTB d S t
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CTBurden: Setup
1S1
1S22S1
2S2
P1
P2
800 A
ACBurden
CTB d T t C d
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CTBurden: Test Card
nominal
secondarycurrent
test current &
test frequency
2nominalsec,
measuredsec,
measuredsec,2
nominalsec, II
VIZVABurden
Test stops
automatically
CTE it ti S t
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CTExcitation: Setup
High voltage at the output!!
P1
P2
1S1
1S2
2S1
2S2
CT Burden
CTE it ti T t C d
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CTExcitation: Test Card
value of each
measurement point
kneepoint data
Demagnetisation
function
Standard for
kneepointdetermination
frequency
CTEcxitation: Adjust Scaling
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CTEcxitation: Adjust Scaling
Bad scaling
1
3
Adjusted scaling
2 Adjust scaling
RWinding: Setup
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RWinding: Setup
Attention!!:
DO NOT interrupt the current path!!
ONLY use the RWinding Test Card!!
P1
P2
1S1
1S2
2S1
2S2
CTBurden
RWinding: Current profile
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RWinding: Current profile
Dev.
time
R-displayed
t = 10 s
Rmax
Rmin
minmax. RRDev
RWinding: Test Card
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RWinding: Test Card
DC
DCmeas
I
VR .
.
.
..235
235
meas
ref
measrefT
TRR
Measurement
test
test
I
VR
I
mV
R
10
2,0
max
min
Actual deviation
Main measuring
time
Test is stopped
automatically if Dev. < 0,1 %
(IEC 60076-1)
PolCheck: Setup
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PolCheck: Setup
AC 800A
S1
S2
S1
S2
P1
P1
CT
1S1
1S2
green LED red LED
PolCheck: Test Card
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PolCheck: Test Card
Intermittent mode
Assessment foreach test point
CTRatioV: Setup
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CTRatioV: Setup
Short-circuit all terminals of
other windings
Shorten remaining phases
and neutral
W V U N
CTRatioV: Test Card
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CTRatioV: Test Card
Nameplate data
kneetest VV3
2
Measurementresults
mainstest ff
Test is stopped
automatically
prim
prim
V
V
I
IRatio sec
sec
CT Templates
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CT Templates
> Accuracy Limiting Factor (ALF)
> ALF is calculated from> Winding resistance
> Excitation
> Burden (nominal or operating)
> Automated assessment for the protection class
> Comprehensive CT Test Report (3-phase CT Test)
> Polarity> Ratio
> Burden
> Winding Resistance
> Excitation (Kneepoint)> Table and Diagram
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18 March 2014
Power Transformer Diagnostics - Introduction
Abdulla Hakeem
Transformer Breakdowns
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Transformer Breakdowns
Sources of faults in Transformers
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Sources of faults in Transformers
Winding
Core
Bushing
Vesse
l&Oil
Acces
sories
TapChanger
Source: Cigre_WG 12-05 An international
survey on failures in large power
transformers in service, Electra No. 88, 1983
Condition and Time based maintenance
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Condition and Time based maintenance
Time
Ins
ulationstrength
New condition
Operating stress
Time based maintenance
Diagnostic levelCondition based maintenance
Condition based maintenance
requires reliable diagnostic tools
Possible Impacts by lack of maintenance
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Possible Impacts by lack of maintenance
Life of the Transformer
Baseline data not recorded
Problems during warranty period not detected
OLTC contacts wear
Oil oxidation begins
Fan and Pump bearing wear
Visible effects of weathering and UV
Oil decay products affect paper insulation
Miss oportunity to intercept accelerated ageing Oxidation and hydrolysis enters accelerated ageing state
OLTC and bushing failure rates increase
Dielectric withstand diminishes
Expensive failure (bushing, OLTC)
Maintenance Intervals
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Maintenance Intervals
Action Task Interval Remark
Light Regular Intensive
Visit 6 m 1 m 1 d In service
Detailed inspection
(visual)
1 y 3 m 2 w In service
DGA 2 y 1 y 3 m Task interval may
differ with monitoringOil Test 6 y 2 y 1 y
Cooling system
cleaning
Conditional Conditional Any interval Outage may be
required
Accessories
verification
12 y or
conditional
6-8 y 1-2 y Outage required
Electrical basic
tests
Conditional Conditional Any interval Outage required
Insulation tests (DF) Conditional 6-8 y 2-4 y Outage required
OLTC inspection 12 y 6-8 y 4 y
Diagnostic Techniques
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Diagnostic Techniques
Type of ProblemMagnetic Circuit Integrity
Magnetic Circuit Insulation
Winding Geometry
Winding/Bushing/OLTC Continuity
Winding/Bushing Insulation
Winding Turn to Turn Insulation
Diagnostic Technique
BasicElectric
al
Winding Ratio x
Winding Resistance xMagnetisation Current x x
Capacitance and DF/PF x x x x
Leakage Reactance x
Insulation Resistance x x
Core Ground Test x
Advanced
Electr
ical Frequency Response of Stray Losses x x
Frequency Response Analysis x x x x
Polarisation/Depolarisation x
Frequency Domain Spectroscopy x
Recovery Voltage Method x
Electrical Detection of PD x x
Acoustical detection of PD x x
UHF Detection of PD x x
Dissolved Gas Analysis x x x x x
Overview: Transformer Measurements
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> Turns Ratio + Exciting Current
> Winding Resistance (Dynamic and Static)
> Short Circuit Impedance (+FRSL)
> C & DF (Winding, Bushing and Oil sample)
> Moisture Determination in liquid and solid insulation (DIRANA)
> Frequency Response Analysis (FRAnalyzer)
> Partial Discharge (MPD 600)
CPC 100
CPC 100 + CP TD1
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18 March 2014
Power Transformer Testing
with CPC 100
Abdulla Hakeem
Power Transformer Test Cards
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Ratio and excitation current measurement: Motivation
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> Detectable failures
> Shorted winding sections or turns> Core faults (shorted laminations)
> Indication> Tripping of the buchholz relays
> Incorrect DGA
> Comment> Do not perform winding resistance tests before this test
TRRatio (per Tap): Setup
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(p p) p
High voltage at the output!!
Do not perform the resistance measurement
before the Ratio test!
TRRatio (per Tap): Vector Group
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( )
V
WU
u
v
w
1. Example: YNd5
2. Example: Dy5
Corresponding pairsare in parallel!
U
V
W
u
v
w
No parallel pairs:
-> Shorten 2 terminals
Alternative: Look up the
connection in the User Manual.
TRRatio (per Tap): Test Card
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Options for
CP SB1magnitude phase
Test Voltage
secV
Vprim
Deviation from
nominal ratio (1-phase)
nominal ratio (3-phase) nominal ratio (1-phase)
to Settings
(ratio table)
TRRatio (per Tap): Test Card Settings
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back to Main
Page
CP SB1
Options
nominal voltage
manage Taps
Transformer Ratio: Template
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TRRatio + Exciting Current: Interpretation
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> TRRatio:
> meaurement is OK if 0,5 % from nominal ratio
> Exciting current:> difference between the outer phases: +/- 5 %
> results of middle phase could be up to 30 % lower
Resistance Measurement: Motivation
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> Detectable Failures
> Static resistance measurement> Bad internal contacts (diverter switch and tap selector switch contacts, connection
clamps)
> Short circuits between conductors of a winding
> Damaged conductor (due to overheating, mechanical stress during fault)
> Dynamic Resistance measurement> Bad, bouncing contacts in the OLTC
> Checks, if the OLTC is operating without interruption
> Indication> High internal temperatures
> DGA
Resistance Measurement: Setup
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A
C
B
a
b
cN n
RWinding: Current profile
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Dev.
time
R-displayed
t = 10 s
Rmax
Rmin
minmax. RRDev
I
RWinding: Test Card
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DC
DCmeas
I
VR .
.
.
..235
235
meas
ref
measrefT
TRR
Measurement
test
test
I
VR
I
mV
R
10
2,0
max
min
Actual deviation
Main measuring
time
Test is stopped automatically if
Dev. < 0,1 %
(IEC 60076-1)
OLTC Principle
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A BR
Tap
Selector
Commutating
Resistors
Diverter
Switch
A BR
Tap
Selector
Commutating
Resistors
Diverter
Switch
1. Step:Tap Selector changes
tap position
2. Step:Diverter Switch moves
from A to B
Definition of Ripple and Slope
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TR Tap Check: Test Card
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Measurement
.
.
..235
235
meas
ref
measrefT
TRR
smallest
deviation
Dynamic
Resistance
choose Settings
to edit
to settings
TR Tap Check: Test Card Settings
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back to mainpage
CP SB1
options
Transformer Tap Changer: Template
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CP SB1 Hardware
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Transformer
CPC 100
Tests performed by CP SB1: Ratio
Winding Resistance
OLTC test
CP SB1 Setup
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Short Circuit Impedance Leakage Reactance + FRSL
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2 different measurements:
> Three-phase equivalent test (Short Circuit Impedance)
> Per phase test (For Winding Diagnosis)
Short Circuit
Impedance
Leakage Rectance
FRSL
A
V
15 50 400 f
Z
Trans-
former
Equivalent Circuit: Neglection of the core
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DCACFem RRLRL
222||
L1 R1AC R1DC L2 R2AC R2DC
n1:n2
Lm RFe
Core can be neglected!
L1 R1AC R1DC L2 R2AC R2DC
Setup: Three-phase equivalent test
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Short-circuit all 3 phases
Use a big cross-section for low
resistance!!
Measure all combinations:
H1-H2
H2-H3 H3-H1
Setup: Per phase test
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Measure all 3 combinations according to ratio measurement!
Inject according to
ratio measurementShort-circuit only the
corresponding terminals!
According to ratio measurement.
TR Short Circuit ImpedanceLeakage Reactance: CPC
Template
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Template
> TR Data: Comment Test Card
> Add Transformer Data for Comparison
> 3 Phase Test: Comment Test Card> Connection Scheme for 3-phase test
> Zk AB, Zk BC and Zk AC: Sequencer Test Cards> Test Cards for 3-phase tests
> Per-Phase Test: Comment Test Card> Connection Scheme for per-phase test
> Zk A, Zk B and Zk C: Sequencer Test Cards> Test Cards for per-phase test
> Version: Comment Test Card
TR Short Circuit ImpedanceLeakage Reactance: Excel
Template
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Template
> Calculation of Zk
> Comparison with data from 3-phase factory test with W-Meter> Consideration wether Injection on HV- or LV-side
> Consideration of Vector Group
> Rk(f)> 3 x three-phase equivalent test in one diagram
> 3 x per phase test in one diagram
> Deviation limits forLkandRk
> Lk(f)> Same structure as Rk(f)
Interpretation: Short Circuit Impedance
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> Measured value should not differ more than 2 % from factory value
> Difference between phases is usually less than 2 %
Interpretation: FRSL
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Reference results
available?
3-Phase-Transformer?
Comparison with
nameplate impedance
No FRSL diagnostic
and or or
Comparison with
reference results
Comparison between
phases
Comparison between
phases
Transformer in its Tank?
and or or and or or
or
L (%)
R (%)
L (%)
R (%)
L (%)
R (%)
Rb> RaorRb> Rc
0-1,5 1,5 - 2,5 > 2,5
0 - 10 10 - 15 > 15
0-1,5 1,5 - 2,5 > 2,5
0 - 5 5 -10 > 10
0 - 0,5 0,51,0 > 1,0
0 - 5 5 - 10 > 10
no
no
no
yes
yes
yes
Case Study: FRSL (Description)
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After gaz production and analysis which indicated a hot spot involving paper:
> Turns Ratio was correct
> Excitation current was normal
> DC resistance was normal
> Comparison between Short Circuit Impedances was normal (less than 3
%)
Case Study: FRSL (Assessment)
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Transformer Test Types
109
1. DGA/Oil Screen
2. Standard Electrical Test
3. Advanced Diagnostic Test
4. SFRA
5. DFR
6. IR
7. Partial Discharge Covered by thePrimary Test Manager (PTM)
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Starting PTM
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1
2
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Welcome Screen
Page 111 OMICRON
41 2 3
Workflow
Settings
Connected
Products
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St t
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Structure
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Define a Location Define a Transformer Define a Job
Execute a Measurement Create a ReportOverview: All Locations,Transformers, Jobs and
Reports
L ti
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Location
Page 114 OMICRON
1
2
2
1
New Transformer
T f D t
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Transformer Data
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Tap Changer
Data
Main Transformer
Data
Bushing
Data
Surge Arrester
Data
Must befilled in
Settings forVector Group
T Ch
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Tap Changer
Page 116 OMICRON
OLTC or DETC
Located:
HV or LV
TapScheme
No. of Taps
Calculation
of Tap
Voltage
J b I
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Job I
Page 117 OMICRON
Kind of
Test
Selection
of Test:
On / Off
Test already
executed? Yes / No
Assessment:
Test Failed /
Passed
1
2
Job II
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Job II
> 1. Info (Administration Data)> Job Number
> Tester
> Date
> etc.
> 2. Conditions> Weather> Humidity
> Temperature
> etc.
> 3. Tap Changer State
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Measurement
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Measurement
Page 119 OMICRON
Note: Measurement has
to be started from the
CPC
Wiring DiagramAvailable Tests Red Flashing during
Operation
Test specific Data
Report
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Report
Page 120 OMICRON
Main Data
Measured
Data
Diagrams
Advantages with PTM
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Page 121 OMICRON
Advantages with PTM
> Intuitive user interface
> Better preparation of the tests> Easy to enter Vector Group and Tap Changer data
> Bread Crumb Navigation
> Better administration of the measured data
> Fully automized generation of test reports
> Remote operation via PC> Measurement is executed via the PC (Final Initialization from CPC)
> PTM offers connection diagrams
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Thank you for your attention!
Questions?