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![Page 1: CP Violation: Recent Measurements and Perspectives for Dedicated Experiments LAFEX/CBPF March, 2001 Outline Introduction CP violation in the B sector BaBar.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649ee95503460f94bfad49/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CP Violation: Recent Measurements
and Perspectives for Dedicated Experiments
LAFEX/CBPFMarch, 2001
Outline• Introduction• CP violation in the B sector• BaBar and Belle • Future experiments: BTeV and LHCb• Strategies to measure the CP viol. parameters• Conclusions
João R. T. de Mello Neto
Instituto de Física
![Page 2: CP Violation: Recent Measurements and Perspectives for Dedicated Experiments LAFEX/CBPF March, 2001 Outline Introduction CP violation in the B sector BaBar.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649ee95503460f94bfad49/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
SM with 3 generations and the CKM ansatz can accomodate CP
CP is one of the less experimentally constrained parts of SM
Observations of CP in the B system can:test the consistency of SMlead to the discovery of new physics
Cosmology needs additional sources of CP violation other than what is provided by the SM
Motivations
CP violation is one of the fundamental phenomena in particle physics
CP asymmetries in the B system are expected to be large.
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• The symmetry, or invariance, of the physical laws describing a system undergoing some operation is one of the most important concepts in physics.
• Symmetries are closely linked to the dynamics of the system
• Different classes of symmetries:
Symmetry in Physics
Translation in Space
Translation in Time
Rotation in Space
Lorentz Transformation
Reflection of Space (P)
Charge Conjugation (C)
Reversal of Time (T)
Interchange of Identical Particles
Gauge Transformations
Examples of Symmetry OperationsExamples of Symmetry Operations
Lagrangian invariant under an operation limits the possible functional form it can take.
continuous X discrete, global X local, etc.
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Three Discrete Symmetries
• Parity, P
• x x L L
• Charge Conjugation, C
• e e K K
• Time Reversal, T
• t t• CPT Theorem
– One of the most important and generally valid theorems in quantum field theory.
– All interactions are invariant under combined C, P and T
– Only assumptions are local interactions which are Lorentz invariant, and Pauli spin-statistics theorem
– Implies particle and anti-particle have equal masses and lifetimes
9108
aver
ee
m
mm
108 1800
aver
KK
m
mm
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Current understanding of Matter: The Standard Model
Quarks
Leptons
Three generations of fermions
d
u
s
c
b
t Q = +2/3
Q = -1/3
e
e
Q = -1
Q = 0
Interactions (bosons)
Z
W
g
(QED)
Weak
Strong
Eletroweak
(QCD)
H Higgs
Very successful when compared to experimental data!
especified by gauge symmetries SU(3)C SU(2)L U(1)Y
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SM at work
• neutral currents, charm, W and Z bosons;
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Weak Interactions
can change the flavour of leptons and quarks
b W
cgVcb
e W
eg
g: universal weak coupling
tbtstd
cbcscd
ubusud
CKM
VVV
VVV
VVV
V
matrix rotates the quark states from a basis in which they are mass eigenstates to one in which they are weak eigenstates
• VCKM: 33 complex unitary matrix
• four independent parameters (3 numbers, 1 complex phase)
• effects due to complex phase: CP violating observables result of interference between different amplitude
• all CP violating observables are dependent upon one parameter
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• Despite the maximal violation of C and P symmetry, the combined operation, CP, is almost exactly conserved
Symmetry and InteractionsInteraction
Conserved Quantity Strong Electromagnetic Weak
Energy/Momentum Yes Yes Yes
Electric Charge Yes Yes Yes
Baryon no., Lepton no. Yes Yes Yes
Flavor Quantum # Yes Yes No
Isospin Yes No No
Parity P, charge conjugation C Yes Yes No
CP Yes Yes Almost
CPT Yes Yes Yes
CP Symmetry and the Weak Interaction
L
R L
R
C
C
P
P
CP
Exists
Exists
Doesn’tExist
Doesn’tExist
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Standard Model: CKM matrix
CKMV =
tbtstd
cbcscd
ubusud
vvv
vvv
vvv
The quark electroweak eigenstates are connected to the mass eigenstates by the CKM matrix :
=
mixing phase
Weak decay phase
dd BB mixing phase
ss BB
1
2/1
2/122
2
its
itd
iub
eVeV
A
eV
phenomenological applications: Wolfenstein parameterization
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In SM:
03.02
In SM:
(0,0)
Vub
Vcb
Vtd
(,)
(1,0)
Vtd Vtb+Vcd Vcb
+Vud Vub= 0
Unitarity triangles
Vtd Vud+Vts Vus
+Vtb Vub= 0
Vub
Vtd
Vts
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CP Violation in B Decays
d
bW
d
uu
d
B0
Decay Diagram
B0 B0
b
b d
du,c,t
u,c,t
W W
Mixing Diagram
In order to generate a CP violating observable, we must have interference between at least two different amplitudes
B decays: two different types of amplitudes
decay
mixing
Three possible manifestations of CP violation:
Direct CP violation(interference between two decay amplitudes)
Indirect CP violation(interference between two mixing amplitudes)
CP violation in the interferencebetween mixed and unmixed decays
![Page 12: CP Violation: Recent Measurements and Perspectives for Dedicated Experiments LAFEX/CBPF March, 2001 Outline Introduction CP violation in the B sector BaBar.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649ee95503460f94bfad49/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CP Violation in B Decays
• Direct CP Violation
– Can occur in both neutral and charged B decays
– Total amplitude for a decay and its CP conjugate have different magnitudes
– Difficult to relate measurements to CKM matrix elements due to hadronic uncertainties
– Relatively small asymmetries expected in B decays
• Indirect CP Violation
– Only in neutral B decays
– Would give rise to a charge asymmetry in semi-leptonic decays (like in K decays)
– Expected to be small in Standard Model
• CP Violation in the interference of mixed and unmixed decays
– Typically use a final state that is a CP eigenstate (fCP)
– Large time dependent asymmetries expected in Standard Model
– Asymmetries can be directly related to CKM parameters in many cases, without hadronic uncertainties B0
B0
fCP
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CP Assymmetry in B decays
)()(
)()()(
fBfB
fBfBtA
To observe C P violation in the interference between mixed and unmixed decays, one can measure the time dependent asymmetry:
For decays to CP eigenstates where one decay diagram dominates, this asymmetry simplifies to:
)sin()Im()( mttACPCP ff
Requires a time-dependent measurementPeak asymmetry is at t = 2.3
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
0 1 2 3 4
Decay time in lifetimes
Dec
ay R
ate
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
Rat
e A
sym
met
ry
M0.7 for B0
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Experimental bounds on the Unitarity Triangle
Bd mixing: md
Bs mixing: ms / md
bul, Bl :Vub
Kaon mixing & BK decays: K
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B factories
e+e- (4s) = 0.56
B0
zCP
B0
ztag
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Measurements of sin(2)
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theory
well measured
05.0))2(sin(
ub
Measurements before 2005
Constraints from the unitarity triangle:• consistency with the SM (within errors)• inconsistency with the SM ( not well understood)
Next generation of experiments:• precise measurements in several channels• constrain the CKM matrix in several ways• look for New Physics
sd BB ,
theory low statistics
mixing
Sd KJB no precise/direct measurement
sd BB ,
dB0 dB
BaBar, BelleCDF, D0HERA-B
Will establish significant evidence for CP violation in the B sector
Vtd
no access to
Vub
Vcb
well measured
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Hadronic b production
• b quark pair produced preferentially at low • highly correlated
tagging low pt cuts
))2/ln(tan(
B hadrons at Tevatron
for larger the B boost increses rapidly
b pair production at LHC
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LHC and Tevatron experiments
Tevatron LHC
Energy/collision mode 2.0 TeV pp 14 TeV pp
bb cross section 100 b 500 b
Inelastic cross section 50 mb 80 mb
Ratio bb/inelastic 0.2% 0.6%
Bunch spacing 132 ns 25 ns
BTeV LHCb
Detector configuration Two-arm forward Single-arm forward
Running luminosity 2x1032 cm-2s-1 2x1032 cm-2s-1
bb events per 107 2x1011 1x1012
Interactions/crossing ~ 2.0 0.5 (~ 30% single)
Average B momentum 40 GeV/c 80 GeV/c
Mean flight path 3.6 mm 7 mm
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Generic experimental issues
p (p) p
B
B
triggering
flavour tagging
particle ID
1 cm
f
)()(
)()()(
fBfB
fBfBtA
decay time resolution
fB
neutrals detection
systematic effects
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u
Flavour tagging
For a given decay channel fB
fB
B
signal B
other B
SS: look directly at particles accompanying the signal B
OS: deduce the initial flavour of the signal meson by identifying the other b hadron
bssu
osB
K
lb
scb
cQ jet
semileptonic decay
kaon tag
jet charge
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Flavour tagging
NDA
2
1~
• w: wrong tag fraction
• : tagging efficiency
• N: total untagged
NNN WR )(
wD 21
)( Rww NNNw
BteV(%) D
LHCb(%) D
4.5 0.66
e -- --
K 18 0.52
40 0.40
Vertex charge 32 0.36 0.60 0.16
88 0.16 -- --
K 40 0.26 -- --
BS -- -- 0.11 0.34
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The BTeV detector
• Central pixel vertex detector in dipole magnetic field (1.6 T)
• Each of two arms:– tracking stations (silicon strips + straws)– hadron identification by RICH – 0 detection and e identification in lead-tungsten crystal
calorimeter– triggering and identification in muon system with
toroidal magnetic field
• Designed for luminosity 2 x 1032 cm-2s-1 ( 2 x 1011 bb events per 107 s )
Trigger strategy(three levels)
• pioneering pixel vertex trigger• software triggers
![Page 24: CP Violation: Recent Measurements and Perspectives for Dedicated Experiments LAFEX/CBPF March, 2001 Outline Introduction CP violation in the B sector BaBar.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649ee95503460f94bfad49/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• 17 silicon vertex detectors• 11 tracking stations• two RICH for hadron identification• a normal conductor magnet (4 Tm) • hadronic and eletromagnetic calorimeters• muon detectors
The LHCb Detector
Trigger strategy(four levels)
• “high” pt , e, , h • secondary vertex• software triggers
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Calorimetry
Important final states with and 0
Use 2x11,850 lead-tungsten crystals (PbWO4)• technology developed for LHC by CMS• radiation hard • fast scintillation (99% of light in <100 ns)Excellent energy, angular resolution and photon efficiency
Pions with 10 GeV
2MeV/c 6.2)( M
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Particle Id
Essential for hadronic PID
Aerogel
flavour tag with kaons(b c K)
background suppressiontwo body Bdecay products
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Strategies for measurements of CKM angles and rare decays
Sd KJB 0
0
dB
2 *0 DBd
sx ss DB0
2KDB ss
0
0dB )( 0 KKBs
DKBd
0
KBd 0
JBs 0
(/)0 JBs
)()(00
)( , ssSsd DDKJB
Rare
0)(dsB
00 KBd
,
0dB
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Sd KJB 0
)/()/(
)/()/()(
0000
0000
SS
SSCP
KJBKJB
KJBKJBtA
Penguins:• expected to be small• same weak phase as tree amplitude
mtDtACP sin)2sin()(
dilution factor: • tagging• background
0)( 00 SddirCP KJBA
0)( KJBACP Standard Model:
Observation of direct asymmetries (10% level):
strong indication of New Physics!
tmAtmA dmix
ddir sincos
80.5k 9.3
18 0.017
BTeV
LHCb
events /1y
88k
(M) / MeV/c2 ))2(sin(
7 0.025
0.021
ATLAS 165k
CMS 433k 16 0.015
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Systematic errors in CP measurements
high statistical precisionasymmetries • ratios• robust
• production asymmetries • tagging efficiencies
• mistag rate • final state acceptance
Control channels
Monte Carlo Detector cross-checks
ffffff ss 00
CP eigenstates Sd KJB /0
KJB /
00 / KJBd
)( taa(t)
ff
00 ff
00 ff
ATLAS: 005.0010.0)2sin( sysest
ss DB 0ss ff
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)2sin( 0dB
)()(
)()()(
dd
dd
BB
BBtA
• experimental: background with similar topologies
• theoretical: penguin diagrams make it harder to interpret observables in term of
tmAtmA dmix
ddir sincos
BTeV
LHCb
events/107s
23.7 k
12.3 k
(MeV)
29
17
)(tA0.024
--
dirA mixA-- --
0.09 0.07
C
--
-0.49
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)2sin( 0dB
PeTeBA iid
)( 0
sinsin2)( 0
T
PBA d
dir
CP conserving strong phase
)sin()2cos(cos2)2sin()( 0 T
PBA d
mix
approximately
4-fold discrete ambiguity in
(de
gree
s)
030
(degrees)
|P/T|=0.1
0.05
0.02
1 year5 year
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0dB
Time dependent Dalitz plot analysis• • Tree terms• Penguins
Helicity effects: corners Cuts: lower corner eliminated
Unbinned loglikelihood analysis: 9 parameters
Under investigation:
• background• Dalitz plot acceptance• other resonances• EW penguins
)(
BTeV
LHCb
events/1y
cos(2) and sin(2 ) no ambiguity
10.8k
3.3k
(MeV)
28
50 3o-6o
~10
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KDB 0
color allowed doubly Cabibbo suppressed
color suppressed Cabibbo allowed
comparable decayamplitudes
K K B) (
K K B) (
K K K B) (
K K K B) (
unknows:
,,,b
=65o (1.13 rad)b=2.2x10-6
()=10o
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2 *0 DBd
four time dependent decay rates:no penguin diagrams:clean det. of
*0 DBd
* D
*0 DBd
* D
two asymmetries• weak phase• strong phase difference between tree diagrams
exclusive reconstruction *D~ 83k / year S/B ~ 12
inclusive reconstruction
*D~ 260k / year S/B ~ 3
b
d dc
du
Vud
Vcb0dB
*D
*
cdu
Vub0
dB
*D
bd d
Vcd*
2
b dd b
0dB 0
dB
Vtb*
Vtb*Vtd
Vtd
small asymmetry: suppressedVub
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2 *0 DBd
uncertainty due to:
_*0_*0 (( DBADBA dd
~ 360k / year
requires fullangular analysis
addition of channel: 1* aD
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Mixing00ss BB
ss DB0
• very important for flavour dynamics• future hadron experiments: fully explore the Bs mixingSM: 1ps )263.14( sM
%2010/ ss
flavour specific state
untagged: fit proper time distributions for sss / ,
tagged: sM
BTeV
LHCb
tagged
34.5k
72k
e)proper tim(
43fs
43fs sD
KKDs* ,
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00ss BB Mixing
Amplitude fit method: )cos( tMA s
A, A determined for each by a ML fit sM
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2 KDB ss0
Theoretically clean (no pinguins)
Hadron identification: backgroundsD
Interference of direct and mixing induced decays
b c
Vus
Vcb*
b ss b
0sB 0
sB
Vtb*
Vtb*Vts
Vts
csu
Vub0
sB K
sD
bs s
Vcs*
sD
K
0sB s s
us
• amplitudes about same magnitude• four rates
)( fBs )( fBs )( fBs )( fBs
• two asymmetries
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BTeV
LHCb
)2( oo 156
Sensitivity to: /s sx)(
)(
KDBA
KDBA
ss
ss
oo 143
events/1y
13.1k
6k
2 KDB ss0
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(/)0 JBs JBs 0
• dominated by one phase only• very small CP violating effects (SM)• sensitive probe for CP violating effects beyond the SM
(/)0 JBs
• CP eigenstate• direct extraction of )2sin(
BTeV
events/1y
9.2k
))2(sin( 0.033(xS=40)
JBs 0
• CP admixture• clean experimental signature• full angular analysis
LHCb
CMS
events
370k (5y)
600k (3y)
))2(sin(
(xS=40)
0.03
0.03
2MeV/c )11(19
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Sensitivity to New Physics
Transversity analysisA. Dighe hep-ph/0102159 (CERN-TH/2001-034)
• simpler angular analysis with the transversity angle• accuracy similar for same number of events • if is large the advantage of is lost /J
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0dB KKBs
0 ,
• related by U-spin symmetry• makes use of penguins (sensitive to new physics...)• four observables:
• seven unknowns:
mixKK
dirKK
mixdir AAAA ,,,
,,,,,, dd
)( su
utpen
ucc
ctpen
b
i
AA
A
Rde
1 tpen
upen
utpen AAA
• U-spin symmetry:• input and
dd
contour plots in the and planes
d d
3.0ddo53
o76
BTeV
LHCb
events/1y
32.9k
)(
9.5k o9.1
--
dirKK
mixKK AA ,
0.034--
d()
degrees)(
(5y)
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Rare B decays
• flavour changing neutral currents only at loop level• very small BR ~ or smaller
In the SM:
Excellent probe of indirect effects of new physics!
SBSM : BR ~ • observation of the decay• measurement of its BR
910
510
LHCb
ATLAS
CMS
width MeV/c2 signal backg
26
26
62
33
2721
10
933
dBSM : BR ~ • high sensitivity search
1010
KBd
0dB
sB
• measure branching ratios• study decay kinematics
events/1yBTeV
LHCb
2.2k
S/B
11
4.5k 16
(3y)
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Rare B decays KBd
Forward-backward asymmetry )(sAFB
)( _ pps
can be calculated in SM and other models 0)( 0 sAFB
A. Ali et al., Phys. Rev. D61074024 (2000)
LHCbFBA
%8.5%4.2 (1y)
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Physics summary (partial)
Parameter Channels BTeV LHCb
sin(2) BdJ/Ks 0.025 0.021
Bd A(t) 0.024 --
Amix -- 0.07
Adir -- 0.09
sin(2) Bd 10 3- 6
2+ Bd D -- > 5
-2 Bs DsK 6-15 3-14
Bd DK -- 10 B- DK- 10 --
sin(2) Bs J/ -- 0.03 (5y)
Bs J/ 0.033 --
Bs oscil.
xs Bs Ds (up to) 75 (up to) 75
Rare Decays
Bs -- 11(3.3)
Bd K 2.2k (0.2k) 22.4k(1.4k)
Other physics topics: Bc mesons, baryons, charm,tau, b production, etc
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References
CERN yellow report, Proc. of the Workshop on Standard Model Physics (and more) at the LHC, May 2000, CERN 2000-004;
BTeV Proposal , May 2000;
LHCb Proposal, February 98;
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Conclusions
BTeV and LHCb are second generation beauty CP violation experiments;
Both are well prepared to make crucial measurements in flavour physics with huge amount of statistics;
Impressive number of different strategies for
measurements of SM parameters and search of
New Physics;
Exciting times: understanding the origin of
CP violation in the SM and beyond.
CP violation is one of the most active and interesting topicsin today’s particle physics;
The precision beauty CP measurements era already started - Belle and BaBar;