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International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
1
SFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR
COURSES OF STUDY
FOR
M.A./M.Sc. EXAMINATION
I Semester Examination November 2008
II Semester Examination April 2009
III Semester Examination November 2009
IV Semester Examination April 2010
Syllabus applicable for the students seeking admission to the MA/M.Sc. Zoologyy
Course in the academic year 2008-09.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
2
SEMESTER I
PAPER-I Biosystematics, Taxonomy &Evolution ( ZOL 121)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Definition and basic concepts of biosystematics and taxonomy
• Importance and applications of biosytematics in biology
• Material basis of biosystematics-different attributes
• Trends in biosystematics-
Chemotaxonomy
Cytotaxonomy
Molecular taxonomy
10
UNIT
II
Dimensions of speciation and taxonomic characters
• Dimensions of speciation – types of lineage changes,
production of additional lineage
• Mechanisms of speciation in panmictic and apomictic
species
• Species concept- Species category, different species
concept, subspecies and other infra specific categories
• Theories of Biological classification , Hierarchy of
categories
• Taxonomic characters – different kinds, origin of
reproductive isolation
15
UNIT
III
Procedure keys in taxonomy
• Taxonomy procedures-Taxonomic collections,
preservations, curetting process of identification
• Taxonomic keys-Different kinds of Taxonomic keys, their
merits and demerits
• Systematic publication-Different kinds of publications
• Process of typification and different zoological types
• International code of Zoological nomenclature(ICZN) – its
operative principles, interpretation and application of
important rules, Zoological nomenclature, formation of
scientific names of various taxa.
• Evaluation of biodiversity indices:
• Shannon-Weinner index, dominance index
15
UNIT
IV
Concept of evolution and theories of organic evaluation with
an emphasis on Darwinism.
• Micro and Macro-evolution
• Neo-Darwinism
• Hardy –Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium
• A detailed account of Destabilizing forces:
10
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
3
(i) Natural selection
(ii) Mutation
(iii) Genetic drift
(iv) Migration
(v) Meiotic drive
UNIT
V
Genetics of quantitative traits in populations
• Analysis of quantitative traits
• Quantitative traits and natural selection
• Genotype-environment interactions
• Inbreeding depression and heterosis
• Molecular analysis of quantitative traits
• Phenotypic plasticity
• Molecular phylogenetics
• How to construct phylogenetic trees
• Phylogenetic inference-Distance methods, parsimony
methods, maximum likelihood method
• Immunological techniques
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested Reading
� Principal of animal taxonomy; G.G Simpson; Oxford IBH Publication Co.
� Elements of taxonomy; E.Mayer;
� The diversity of life (The College Edition), E.O.Wilson. W.W.Northern & Co.
� Threatened Animals of India, B.K.Tikadar. ZSI Publication, Calcutta. S
� Genetics and Origin of Speices. Dohnzhansky, Th., F.J.Alaya, G.L.Stebbines
and J.M.Valentine. Surjeet Publication, Delhi.
� Evolutinary Biology, Futuyamma, D.J.Suinuauer Associates, INC Publishers,
Sunderland.
� A Primer of Population Genetics. Hart,D.L.suinuaer Associates, Inc,
Massachusetts.
� Genes and Evolution. Jha A.P.John Publication, New Delhi
� Species Evolution-The role of chromosomal change. King,M. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
� Evolution and Genetics Merral, D.J.Holt, Rinchart and Winston, Inc.
� Evolutinary Genetics. Smith,J.M. Oxford University Press, New York.
� Evolution. Strikberger, M.W.Jones and Barlett Publishers, Boston London
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
4
Paper II: Cell Biology (ZOL-122)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Cell Theory
Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Bio-membranes
• Molecular composition and arrangement functional
consequences
• Transport across cell membrane: diffusion ,active transport
and pumps.
• Co-transport by symporters or antiporters
9
UNIT
II
Cytoskeleton
• Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules-
structure and dynamics
• Cell movements-Intracellular transport,role of kinesin and
dynein
9
UNIT
III
Cell –Cell Signaling and Cell Interaction
• Introduction
• Cell surface receptors
• Second messenger system
• MDP kinase pathways
• Signaling from plasma membrane to nucleus
Cell junctions
Cell adhesion
15
UNIT
IV
Cell cycle
• Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases
• Regulation of CDK – cyclin activity
Chromosomes, Chromatin, and the Nucleosomes
• Chromosome sequence and diversity
• Nucleosomes
15
UNIT
V
Intracellular protein traffic
• Protein synthesis on free and bound polysomes
• Uptake into ER
• Membrane proteins, Golgi sorting, Post translational
modifications
Apoptosis
• Definition ,mechanism and significance
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
5
Suggested Reading
� Cell and Molecular Biology; De Robertis and De Robertis; Saunders College
� Cell Biology; Powar, C.B.; Himalaya Publications.
� Molecular Biology of the gene; Watson J.D; Benzamin/ Cummings
� Molecular Biology of the Gene. I.D Watson, N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A.
Steiz and AM Weiner The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Inc., California.
� Molecular Cell Biology, J. Darnell H.Lodish and D. Baltimore Scientific
American Books, Inc., USA.
� Molecular Biology of the cell. B.Alberts, D.D.Bray, J.Lewis, M.Rafif, K.
Roberts and J.D.Watson. Garland Publishing inc., New York. Gene IV,
Benjamin Lewin. Oxford University Press, UK.
� Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. A comprehensive desk reference,
R.A.Meyers (Ed.), VCH Publishers, Inc., New York.
� Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J.Sambrook, E.F.Fristsch and T.
Maniatis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
� Introduction to Practical Molecular Biology, P.D.Dabre, John Wiley& Sons
Ltd. New York.
� Molecular Biology Lab Fax, T.A.Brown (Ed.), Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd.,
Oxford.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
6
PAPER III: Structure and Function of Invertebrates (ZOL-123)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Basis of classification (brief account)-:
• Symmetry, coelom, segmentation, embryogeny and level of
organization
Locomotion
• Flagella and ciliary movement in protozoa
• Hydrostatic movement in coelenterate, annelida and
echinodermata
12
UNIT
II
Nutrition and digestion
• Filter feeding in polychaeta, mollusca and echinodermata
Respiration
• Organs of respiration – gills, lungs and trachea
• Respiratory pigments
• Mechanism of respiration
12
UNIT
III
Excretion
• Organs of excretion: coelom, coelomoducts, nephridia and
Malphigian tubules
• Mechanism of excretion
• Excretion and osmoregulation Trends in Neural Evolution
• Primitive nervous system -coelenterata and echinodermata
• Advanced nervous system- annelida, arthropoda
(crustacean and insecta) and mollusca (cephalopoda)
12
UNIT
IV
Invertebrate larvae
• Larval forms of free living invertebrates
• Larval forms of parasites
• Significance of larval forms
12
UNIT
V
Minor Phyla
(Ctenophora,Rhyncocoela,Entoprocta,Rotifera,Bryozoa,Phoronida)
• Concept and significance
• Organization and general characters
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested Reading
� The Invertebrates; Hyman.L.H.; Mc Graw Hill Co New York
� Invertebrate structure and function. ; Barrington.E.J.W. ThomasNelson & Sons
Ltd.London
� Invertebrate Zoology,III edition.; Barnes.R.D.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
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� The invertebrates. Vol.1. Protozoa through Ctenophora, Hyman, L.H. McGraw
Hill Co., New York.,/li>
� Invertebrate structure and function. Barrington, E.J.W. Thomas Nelson and
Sons Ltd. London.
� Evolution of Metazon life cycle, Jagerstain, G. Academic Press, New York &
London.
� The Invertebrates. Vol.2. Hyman, L.H. McGraw Hill Co., New York.
� The Invertebrates. Vol.8. Hyman, L.H. McGraw Hill Co., New York. and
London
� Invertebrate Zoology Barnes, RD. W.B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia
� A Biology of higher invertebrates, Russel-Hunter, WD. McMillan Co. Ltd.,
London
� The Invertebrates srnaller colomate groups, Vol.5. Hyman, L.H. McGraw Hill
Co., New York.
� Animal Parasitism. Cad. C.P.Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.
� Student Text Book of Zoology. Vol.I.II and III. Sedgwick.A. Central Book
Depot, Allahabad.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
8
PAPER IV: Biochemistry (ZOL-124)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Biocatalysis
• Classification and nomenclature of enzymes
• Mechanism of enzyme action
• Enzyme kinetics
• Inhibition of enzyme
• Isoenzymes and co-enzymes
• Energy consideration
• Biological oxidation and reduction
• Fundamental reactions of biological oxidation
• Redox potential and electron transfer system enzymes
10
UNIT
II
Carbohydrates
• Definition , general properties, classification and configuration of
carbohydrates Metabolism
• Catabolism of glycogen and glucose, details of glycolysis , kreb cycle
and cori cycle
• Phosphogluconate pathways(pentose phosphate pathway)
Synthesis of glycogen; glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis
14
UNIT
III
Lipids
• Definition, general properties and classification
• Structure and importance of -:
1. Simple lipids- fats and wax
2. Compound lipids- phospholipids, glycolipids,
aminolipids and sulpholipids
3. Steroids- cholesterol, bile acids, steroid hormones
4. Lipoproteins
Lipid Metabolism- Beta oxidation and Lipogenesis.
Inborn errors of metabolism
12
UNIT
IV
General properties and classification of proteins
• Amino acid structure and classification
• Structure of protein-Primary,Secondary,Tertiary and
Quartenary
• Ramachandran plots
• Globular and fibrous protein- motif in globular proteins
• Protein sequencing
14
UNIT
V
Protein metabolism
• Amino acid degradation:Deamination reaction- Oxidative and
non oxidative deamination reaction, transamination and
transdeamination, Decarboxylation, Ornithine cycle of urea
formation , Fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids(Metabolism
of individual amino acid excluded)
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
9
Suggested Readings:
� Biochemistry; Voet &Voet ; John Wiley & Sons
� Outlines of Biochemistry; Conn, E.E. and Stumpf P.K. ; John Wiley, New
York.
� Principles of Biochemistry; Smith; Mc Graw hill, New York.
� Biochemistry; Stryer, L; Freeman Publications.
� Textbook of Medical Biochemistry; Ramakrishnan, S. Prasanan, K.G and
Rajan, R.: Orient Longman, Madras
� Biochemistry, D.Voet and J.G.Voet, John Wiley & Sons, (2nd
Edition), 1995.
� Principles of Biochemistry, Lehninger ,Nelson and Cox, (3rd
Edition), 1999.
� Principles and Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edited by
Keith Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University Press, (6th
Edition),
2007.
� Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by W.H. Elliot and Daphne C. Elliot,
Oxford University Press, (3rd
Edition), 2005.
� Biochemistry, J. David Rawn, Panima Publishing Corporation, 1st Indian
Reprint, 2004.
� Physical Biochemistry, D Friefelder, W.H. Freeman & Company, 17th
Reprint,
1999.
� Understanding Chemistry, CNR Rao, University Press, Hyderabad 1999.
� A Biologist's Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry,
K.Wilson & KH Goulding, ELBS Edition 1986.
� Essentials of Molecular Biology, David Friefelder, Jones and Barllett
Publications,7th
Reprint, 2001.
� Instant Notes- Biochemistry (1st Indian Edition), B.D. Hames and N.M.
Hooper, Viva Books Pvt, Ltd., , 2001.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
10
Invertebrates
� Identification, classification & study of distinguishing features of representatives
from various groups.
Phylum Protozoa- Polystomella, Formanifera, Opalina, Paramecium(Fission & conjugation)
Vorticella, Euglena, Trypanosoma,Monocytsis,Plasmodium.
Phylum Porifera-Sycon L.S & T.S, Spicules, Spongin fibres, Leucosolenia, Euplectella
Phylum Cnidaria- Obelia,( polyp & Medusa), Millepora, Physalia, Pennatula, Metridium,
Madrepora, Alcyonium, Gorgonia, Aurelia.
Phylum Helminthes- Ascaris, Taenia, Planaria
Phylum Annelida- Pontobdella, Aphrodite, Leech, Polygordius, Chaetopterus, Neries,
Heteroneries, Arenicola.
Phylum Arthropoda- Cyclops, Peripatus, Balanus, Lepas, Hippa, Belostoma, Limulus,
Eupagurus, Julus, Scolopendra, Praying mantis.
Phylum Mollusca- Murex, Bulla, Cardium, Arca, Turritella, Pinctada, Cypraea, Octopus,
Nautilus.
Phylum Echinodermata- Echinus, Holothuria, Antedon, Asterias
Minor Phyla- Bugula, Plumatella, Crestatella, Pectinella,Phoronis, Dendrostoma
Larval Stages: Planula, Redia, Miracidium, Sporocyst,Cercaria,Metacercaria Trochophore,
Nauplius, Zoea, Mysis, Phyllosoma, Trilobite larva of Limulus, Velligar, Bipinnaria,
Echinopluteus, Auricularia, Tornaria
Dissections:
� Cockroach: General anatomy,Reproductive system,Nervous system
� Mytilus Nervous system
� Sepia Nervous system
� Echinus Aristotle’s lantern
Biosystematics, taxonomy and evolution
� Composition and assessment of the taxonomic diversity/biodiversity in a habitat
(e.g. grassland, arid land, wet land etc.)
� Estimation of gene and genotypic frequencies in light of Hardy-Weinberg law based
on facial traits/thumb prints, ABO blood group data etc.
� Project: Preparation of models showing the status of certain taxa or species in a
particular habitat.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
11
Cell Biology
� Preparation of different cell types: Liver Hepatocytes , Adipocytes, Spleen cells
� Study of Polytene chromosomes in salivary glands of Chironomus larva/Drosophila
� Light microscopic examination and preparation of tissue sections.
� Study of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes from permanent prepared slides.
� Preparation of slides for mitotic study.
� Preparation of slides for meiotic study in the testis of grasshopper.
� Preparation of multipolar nerve cell from the spinal cord of a mammal.
� Barr body preparation in buccal epithelial cells.
Biochemistry
� Qualitative analysis of Lipid, protein and Carbohydrate samples
� Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric estimation of :
• Carbohydrate-Glucose,glycogen,cholesterol etc.
• Protein
• Phospholipids
• Nucleic acids: DNA,RNA
� Analysis of enzyme activity
� Study of temperature effect on enzyme act
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
12
SEMESTER II
PAPER I: General Physiology (ZOL-221)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Digestion
• Digestive enzymes and digestion of carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids-intestinal absorption-co-ordinationof
digestive activities- assimilation and partitioning of food
energy
Physiology of movement
• Ultrastructure of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
• Muscle contraction
• Physical properties of muscle
15
UNIT
II
Respiration
• Gases in external environment. Respiratory organs and
their ventilation. Respiratory pigments, BMR- transport of
respiratory gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide),nervous and
chemical control of respiration
Circulation
• Vascular pumps.Cardiac muscle properties. Heart beat and
its regulation, coagulation, cardiac rhythm, Role of
haemoglobin.
15
UNIT
III
Osmotic and ionic regulation
• Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance in aquatic
and terrestrial vertebrates, air breathing vertebrates
Excretion
• Vertebrate kidney and formation of urine-nitrogen
excretion- renal regulation of acid base balance
10
UNIT
IV
Information processing in sensory and nervous system
• Structural elements – electric,chemical events and
information processing membrane,generator,receptors and
action potential,synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters
10
UNIT V Chemical correlation and neuroendocrinal control
• Endocrine glands and hormones
� Pituitary
� Thyroid
� Adrenal
� Pancreas
� Parathyroid
• Hormonal control of male and female reproduction and
implantation, parturition and lactation in mammals.
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
13
Suggested reading
� Text Book of Medical Physiology; Chatterjee, M.N and Shende, R.; Jaypee
brothers.
� A Textbook of Animal Physiology; Berry,A.K.; Emkay Publisher, Delhi.
� Text Book of Medical Physiology; Guyton A.C.;
� Animal Physiology Mechanisms and Adaptation. Eckert, R.W.H. Freeman
and Company, New York
� Biochemical Adaptation. I-fochachka,P.W. and Somero, G.N. Princeton,
New Jersey.
� General and Comparative Animal Physiology, Hoar, W.S.Prentice Hall of
Indian.
� Animal Physiologyl: adaptation and Environment, Schiemdt Neilsen.
Cambridge
� A regulatory Systems Approach. Strand, F.L.Physiology: Macmillan
Publishing Co., New York.
� Practical Biochemistry, Pummer, L. Tata McGraw Hill
� Environmental and Metabolic Animal Psysiology, Prosser, C.L.Wiley-Liss
Inc., New York.
� Environmental Psysiology, Willmer,P.G.Stone, and I.Johnson. Blackwell
Sci. Oxford, UK.
� Adaptation to Envioronment. Essays on the Psysiology of Marine
Animals. Newell, R.C. (ed.) 1976. Butterworths, London, UK.
� Psysiological Ecology: An evolutionally approach to resource use.
Townsend, C.R. and P. Cawlow. Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford, UK
� Optima for Animals. Alexander, R.M.N. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton,
NJ
� Comparative Physiology: Life in water or land. Dejours,P., L. Bolis,
C.R.Taylor and ER. Weibel (eds.). Liviana Press, Padova, Italy
� Animals and Temperature: Phenotypic and Evolutionary Adaptation.
Johnson, I.A., & A.F.Bennett (eds.) Cambridge Univ.Press, Cambridge,
UK.
� Physiological Animal Ecology. Louw, G.N.Longman Harloss, UK.
� General and Comparative Endocrinology, E.J.W.Barrington. Oxford.
Clarendon Press.
� Comparative Vertebratic Endocrinology. P.J.Bentley. Cambridge
University Press.
� Text Book of Endicrinology, R.H.Williams. W.B. Saunders.
� Endocrine Physiology. C.R.Martin. Oxford Univ. Press.
� Comparative Endocrinology, A. Gorbman et al. John Wiley & Sons
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
14
PAPER II: Tools & Techniques (ZOL-222)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Principle and application of :-
• Light microscopy and micrometry
• Phase contrast microscopy
• Interference microscopy
• Polarized microscopy
• Fluorescence microscopy
• Transmission electron microscopy
• Scanning electron microscopy
• Confocal scanning microscopy
15
UNIT
II
Principle and application of :-
• Ultracentrifugation :Differential and density gradient
• Electrophoresis:Paper ,agarose,PAGE, isoelectro-focussing points and
capillary electrphoresis
• Chromatography:Paper,TLC,GLC,HPLC,ion-exchange and affinity
chromatography
• Freeze techniques:Freeze –drying,Freeze substitution,Freeze fracture
and freeze itch
• X-ray diffraction Lamberts – Beer’s Law and
colorimetery,spectrophotometery:fluorescence,UV,NMR,, ESR,IR,
spectrophotometery
• Flow cytometery/fluorescence activated cell sorter
15
UNIT
III
Principle and application of radiation techniques in biology
• Radioisotopes and half life of isotopes
• Tracer techniques in biology
• Radiation dosimetry
• Auotoradiography
• Geiger Muller counter
• Scintillation Counter
10
UNIT
IV
Principles and technique of :-
• Nucleic acid hybridization and cot curves
• Sequencing of nucleic acids
• Blotting techniques(southern,northern and western)
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Screening of genomic and complementary DNA libraries
10
UNIT
V • Hybridoma technology
• Embryo sexing
• Assisted reproductive technologies
• Cell culture techniques:-
1. Cell proliferation measurements
2. Cell viability testing
3. Culture media preparation and cell harvesting
methods
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
15
Suggested Reading:
� Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd
edition), P Sheeler and D E Bianchi, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987
� Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th
edition), G Karp,
John Wiley & sons, Inc., 2005.
� Introduction to Instrumental analysis; Robert Braun:, Mc –Graw hill,
� Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi. 2000
� Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, A J
Ninfa., D P Ballou, Fitzgerald science press, Inc., 1998
� Principles and Practice of Bioanalysis, R F Venn, Taylor and Francis, 2003
� Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ,(6th
edition), K Wilson and J Walker (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2007
� Bioinstrumentation, J G Webster, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2004
� Methods in Modern Biophysics, B Notting, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
New York, 2003
� Protein Purification Principles and Practice, (3rd
edition), R K Scopes, Spring
International, 2004
� Spectroscopy for the Biological Sciences, G G Hames, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
2005
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
16
PAPER III: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (ZOL-223)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
DNA Replication
• Prokaryotic & eukaryotic DNA replication
• Mechanics of DNA replication
• Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA
replication
• DNA Repair mechanism
9
UNIT
II
Transcription
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription
• RNA polymerases
• General and specific transcription factors
Post transcriptional modification in RNA
• 5’ cap formation
• Transcription termination
• 3’ end processing and polyadenylation
• Splicing
• Nuclear export of mRNA
• mRNA stability
11
UNIT
III
Translation
• Genetic code
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation
• Translational machinery
• Mechanisms of Initiation, Elongation and termination
• Regulation of Translation
• Co and post translational modifications of protein
Recombination and repair
Holiday junction, Gene targeting, Gene disruption
FLP/ FRT and Cre/lox recombination
Rec A and other recombinases
12
UNIT
IV
Molecular mapping of Genome
• Genetic and physical maps
• Physical mapping and map based cloning
• Southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome
analysis
• Chromosome micro dissection and micro cloning
• Molecular markers in genome analysis: RFLP,RAPD and
AFLP analysis
• Molecular markers linked to disease resistance genes
Brief account of Antisense and Ribozyme technology
14
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
17
UNIT
V
Principle and technique of genetic engineering
• Cutting and joining of DNA molecules
• Analysing DNA sequences
• Cloning strategies, gene library and cDNA
• Application of recombinant DNA technology
o Recombination selection and screening
o Nucleic acid probes and their application
o Impact of recombinant DNA technology
Transgenic animals and knock outs
• Bioethics
14
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested Reading
� Molecular Biology of the gene; Watson J.D.; Benzamin/ Cummings.
� Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd Edition) B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M.
Raff, K. Roberts, and J.D. Watson, Garland publishing. Inc., New York, 1994.
� Molecular Cell biology (2nd Edition) J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D.Baltimore,
Scientific American Books,USA,1994.
� Cell & Molecular Biology, (8th
edition), E D P Roberties & E M F Roberties,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005
� The cell, (5th
edition), R C Swanson and P C Webster , Prentice hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., 1990
� Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd
edition), P Sheeler and D E Bianchi, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987
� Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th
edition), G Karp,
John Wiley & sons, Inc., 2005
� The cell. A Molecular Approach, (4th
edition), G H Cooper and R E Hausman,
ASM Press, 2007
� Gene VII, Indian eds. Lewin, B. Oxford university press, Bombay
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
18
PAPER IV: Environmental Science & Wildlife Management (ZOL-224)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Biogeochemical cycles(C,O,N,P,S)
Population ecology
• Natality and mortality,Population age,
distribution,population growth curves,Density indices of
abundance,Factors affecting population growth, population
regulation
14
UNIT
II
Environmental pollution –air, water, soil and green house effect
Concept of sustainable development
10
UNIT
III
Principles of conservation
• Water conservation- rain water harvesting
• Soil conservation
• Biological indicators and their role in environmental
monitoring
12
UNIT
IV
Wildlife – definition, zoogeography of India and world with
reference to reptiles, birds and mammals, reasons for conservation
and destruction of wildlife, value of wildlife in modern
civilization
Indian species at risk- endangered , vulnerable, rare and
intermediate (with examples)
12
UNIT
V
Habitat diversity, habit analysis-quadrants, transects and grids
Indian wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere
reserves(definition and differences)
Wildlife (protection) Act of1972. IUCN and Red data book.
CITES(Convention on international trade in endangered
species)Appendices I &II
Biodiversity Act 1982,Biosafety
Conservation
• Remote sensing in conservation of forest and wildlife
• Radiotelemetry in wildlife management
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested readings:
� Environmental Biotechnology, Basic concepts and application ,Thakur I.S.,I K
International Pvt.Ltd.
� Fundamentals of ecology; Odum.E.P.; W.B.Saunders, New Delhi.
� Environmental management; Sandhu, D; India Environment society, New Delhi
� Principles of Wildlife management; James, A. Bailey; John Wiley & sons
� Introduction to Instrumental analysis; Robert Braun:, Mc –Graw hill,
International eds.
� Environmental Science, Santra S.C., New Central Book Agency Pvt Ltd.,
Kolkata
� Environmental Science, Cunningham and Saigo
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
19
General physiology
� Comparision of RBC and WBC in different groups of Vertebrates. � Photometric determination of haemoglobin in blood sample.
� Determination of MCV,MCH,MCHC of the given sample of blood � Demonstration of the following in blood:clotting time,erythrocyte
sedimentation rate,haemolysis and crenation
� Determination of Haematocrit value of blood sample.
Tools and Techniques � Microscopes
� Surgical techniques Adrenalectomy,Thyroidectomy,castration
� Standardisation of occulometer and measurements of tubular diameter,cell
heights.
� To study the structure & function of Centrifuge.
� To study the principle of UV & visible light spectroscopy.
� To study the principle of cyclomixer.
� Flow cytometry
� To observe the sub cellular fractionation of rat liver.
� Measurement of diameter of thyroid follicles.
� Alizarin preparation.
Molecular Biology & Biotechnology
� Chromosomal counting in bone marrow cells of a mammal
� Isolation of RNA
� Restriction digestion of DNA
� Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA
� Separation of amino acids on paper & thin layer chromatography
� Separation of protein on SDS PAGE
Environmental Science and Wildlife Management Water Evaluation Analysis
� Determination of chloride the given water sample.
� Estimation of total hardness of given water sample.
� To determine the acidity of water.
� To determine the alkalinity of water.
� To estimate total solid in water.
� To estimate total dissolved solid in water sample.
� To determine the dissolved oxygen in given water sample.
� To determine the BOD of given water sample.
� To determine the free CO2 of given water sample.
� To estimate the hardness of water.
� To estimate Magnesium hardness of given water sample.
SEMESTER II
PRACTICALS
(ZOL-225)
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
20
Soil Analysis
� Determination of organic matter in soil sample.
� Determination of Co3- & HCo3- in soil sample.
� Estimation of chlorophyll in plant material.
� Determination of leaf area index.
� Determination of residual chloride in water sample.
� Determination of moisture in soil.
� Determination of minimum size of quadrant.
� Determination of quadrate in field.
� Study of community of quadrate.
� Determination of dust holding capacity of leaves.
� Determination of bulk density of the given soil sample.
� Determination of water holding capacity of soil.
� Test for presence of inorganic salts in soil.
A visit to a sanctuary/National Park. (Preparation of Report)
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
21
SEMESTER III
PAPER I: Structure & Function of Vertebrates (ZOL-321)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
1.Outline classification of vertebrates
2. Comparative study of various systems in vertebrate
groups(Pisces,Amphibia,Reptile,Aves,Mammal)
a) Vertebrate integument and its derivatives-
Development, general structure and functions of skin & its
derivatives(Glands, scales, feathers and hair)
10
UNIT
II
b) Circulatory System-
Evolution of heart
Evolution of Aortic arches
c) Respiratory system
14
UNIT
III
d) Skeletal system-
Form, function, body size and skeletal elements of the body,
Comparative account of skull, jaw suspensorium, vertebral
column,Limbs and girdles
12
UNIT
IV
e) Evolution of urinogenital system in vertebrates series
f) Sense organs
• Simple receptors
• Organs of olfaction and taste
• Lateral line system
• Electroreception
12
UNIT
V
g) Nervous system
• Comparative anatomy of the brain in relation to its function
• Cranial Nerves
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested Reading
� The life of Vertebrates; Young J.Z.; Oxford University Press. Oxford.
� Colbert’s evolution of the vertebrates; Colbert E.H; John Willey and Sons.
� The chordata, Alexander, R.M.Cambridge University Press, London.
� The Biology of Himchordata and Protochordata. Barrington, E.J.W. Olter and
Boyd. Edinhourgh.
� The Structure functions of nervous tissue. Bourne, G.H.Academic Press New
York.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
22
� Structure and Habit in vertabrate evolution - carter, G.S.Sedgwick and Jackson.
London
� The Understanding of the brain. Eccles, J.C. McGraw Hill Co., New York and
London.
� Outlines of comparative anatomy of vertabrates. Kingsley, J.S. Central Book
Depot. Allahabad.
� Comparative anatomy of vertabrates. Kent. C.G.
� Chordata morphology. Malcom Jollie. East-West Press Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.
� Analysis of vertabrate structure. Milton Hilderhrand. John Wiley and Sons., Inc,
New York
� The Chordates. Monielli. A.R.Cambridge University press. London.
� Evolution of chordata structure Smith. H.S. Hold Rinehart and Winstoin Inc.,
New York.
� Text Book of Zoology, Sedgwick, A.A. Students Vol.II.
� Vision in vertabrate. Tansley. K.chapman and Hall Ltd., Londo
� Morphogenesis of vertabrate. Torrey,T.W. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York
and London.
� Biology 01Æ vertarates, Walters.H.E. and Sayles. L.D.Macmillan and Co., New
York.
� Taste and smell in vertebrates. Wolstenholnf. E.F.and Knight, J.(Ed.) æ and A
Churchill. London.
� Vertabrate Body. Romer A.S. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
� Life of vertabrate, Young. J.Z. The Oxford University Press. London.
� Life of mammals, Young. J.Z. The Oxford University Press. London.
� Evolution of the vertabrates, Colbert. E.H. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
� Vertabrate Paleontology. Romer. A.S.University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
� History of Primates Clark WK University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
� Elements of chordate anatomy, Weichert. C.K. and Presch W. McGraw hall
Book Co., New York.
� An Introduction of vertarates anatomy. Messers. H.M.
� Comparative anatomy. montagna. W.John Wily and Sons Inc.
� Emroys and Ancestors. De Deer. 5G. Claredon Press. Oxford.
� Problems in vertabrate evolution. Andrews. S.M. Academic Press-New York.
� Chordata structure and function. Waterman. A.J.Macmillan Co. New York.
� Vertabrate evolution. Joysey.K.A. and T.S.Kemp. Oliver and Boyd. Edinbourgh.
� The Pylogeny of vertabrate. Lovtrup.S.JohnWiley and Sons. London
� Their habits and adaptations. Reptiles and Amphibians: Barbiur. T Hongton
Miffin Co., New York
� The biology of the Amphibia. Kingsley Noble G.Dover Publications. New York
� Arnphibia and their ways. Symth. The McMillan Co., New York. Andrevos.
S.M.Miles.R.S. and Walker. AD. Problems in vertebrate evolution. Academic
Press. New York.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
23
� ern text book of Zoology-Vertebrates; Kotpal R. L.; Rastogi Publications.
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I • The Gene bank sequence database
• Structure data base
• Sequence analysis
• Information retrevial from Biological database
• NCBI data model
• Sequence Alignment and database searching
12
UNIT
II • Practical aspects of multiple sequence alignment
• Phylogenetic analysis
• Predictive methods using Protein sequences
• Predictive methods using Nucleotide sequences
Of Mice and Men: Navigating public physical mapping
• ACEDB:A database for genome information
• Submitting DNA sequence to the database
12
UNIT
III • Computer Basics
• MS-Office
• Operating Systems(Unix and DOS)
• Hardware and Software
• Multimedia
• Network Concepts(LAN,WAN)
• Internet
• Web Servers, Web Access
• Security
• HTML,HTTP
12
UNIT
IV • Matrices and vectors(General idea – addition , subtraction,
scalar multiplication, multiplication of matrices)
• Exponential functions(definition & Graph)
• Periodic Functions( definition & Graph)
• Differentiation( Rules of differentiation)
• Integration(Rules of indefinite & definite integration)
10
UNIT
V • Central tendancy-Mean, median and mode
• Graphical & diagrammetic representation( pie chart, bar
diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve)
• Measures of dispersion, range, Q.D, standard deviation and
coefficient of variation
• Probability distribution(Normal)
• Elementary idea of sampling distribution
• Standard error
14
PAPER II: Bioinformatics, Computer Applications & Quantitative
Biology (ZOL-322)
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
24
Suggested Reading:
� Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in Health Sciences, (6th
edition),
W W Daniel, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1995.
� Essential Bioinformatics, Jin Xiong, John Wiley and Sons. 2006.
� Introduction to Bioinformatics, A Teresa and D P Smith, Prentice Hall,
1999.
� Statistical Methods in Biology, N T J Bailey, Cambridge University Press,
1995.
� Statistics for Biologist, R C Campbell, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
� Bioinformatics, A practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins,
(2nd
edition), A D Baxevanis, and B F Ouellette, John Wiley and Sons,
2002.
� Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Khan, Publishing Corporation, 1999
� Instant notes, Bioinformatics, Westhead, Parish, and Twyman, (1st
edition), Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd., 2003.
� Introduction to Bioinformatics, A M Lesk, Oxford University Press, 2002.
� Molecular databases for Protein sequence and Structure studies, J A
Sillince and M Sillince, Springer Verlag, 1991
� Practical statistics for Experimental Biologists, A C Swardlaw, John
Wiley and sons Inc., 1985
� Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov and Devereux, Stockton Press, 1989
• Tests of significance- t-test(1 population & 2 population
test), Chi-square( independence of attributes)
• Simple correlation (Karl Pearson method) & regression
• ANOVA( 1 way & 2 way classification)
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
25
SEMESTER III
PRACTICALS (ZOL-326)
Vertebrates
Specimen study
Class- Ascidiaceae
Herdmania, Botryllus, Pyrosomas, Doliolum, Salpa, Oikopleura
Class- Pisces Rhinobatus,Chimaera,Acipensor,Amia,Notopterus,Exocoetus,
Echeneis,Diodon,Triacanthus, Trichurius, Mastacembalus
ClassAmphibia
Ichythophis,Ambyostoma,Rhacophorus,Yeganophis,
Rana
Class- Reptilia
Chelone,Phyronosoma,Chameleon,Draco, Naja, Bungarus, Viper, Alligator
Class- Aves
-Koel(male & female),Indian tailor bird, Kite,Jungle Fowl,
Peacock,Emu,Ostrich,Penguin,Great Indian Bustard, Siberian Crane, Archeopteryx
Class- Mammalia
Loris,Indian Otter,Bat,Pangolin,Ornithorhyncus,Kangaroo,
Whale(any aquatic mammal),Rhesus monkey,Chinkara,Lion
BONES
SKULL
• Frog
• Varanus
• Fowl
• Rabbit
MANDIBLES
• Frog
• Fowl
• Rabbit
VERTEBRAE
• Frog
• Varanus
• Fowl
• Rabbit
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
26
PECTORAL & PELVIC GIRDLE
• Frog
• Varanus
• Fowl
• Rabbit
LIMB BONES
• Frog
• Varanus
• Fowl
• Rabbit
DISSECTION
Scoliodon-
• Afferent, Efferent Blood vessels
• Eye muscles
• Internal ears
• Cranial nerves
Rat/ Mice-
• Arterial System
• Venous System
• Digestive System
• Endocrine System
• Cranial nerves
• Reproductive system
Computer Applications
� Exercise Related to Ms-Word.
� Exercise Related to Ms-PowerPoint
� Exercise Related to Ms-Excel
� Exercise Related to DOS
� Exercise Related to Unix
� Exercise Related to Multimedia
� Exercise Related to Web Access
� Exercise Related to HTML
� Exercise Related to HTTP
Quantitative Biology
� Preparation of frequency tables and graphs manually and with help of
computers.
� Calculation of standard deviation, variance and standard error of the mean.
� Calculation of Probability and significance between means using t-test and
ANOVA test.
� Chi square test for independence of attributes
� Plotting the slope of a line on a graph; calculation of the slope of a line
� Coefficient correlation and regression.
Bioinformatics
(As per the theory paper)
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
27
Suggested readings:
� The life of Vertebrates; Young J.Z.; Oxford University Press. Oxford.
� Colbert’s evolution of the vertebrates; Colbert E.H; John Willey and Sons.
� Modern text book of Zoology-Vertebrates; Kotpal R. L.; Rastogi Publications.
� Molecular Modeling for Beginners - by Alan Hinchliffe
� Molecular Modeling and Simulation - by Tamar Schlick
� Molecular Modeling - by Warren J. Hehre
� Naveen Prakash, Introduction to Database Management Systems, Tata McGraw
Hill.
� Statistical Methods,Snedecor,H.W And Cochran,W.G.,Affiliated East-West
Press,New Delhi(Indian Ed)
� Biometery,Sokal,R.R. and Rolf F.J,Freeman San Francisco
� Statistical Methods, S.P.Gupta,Sultan Chand and Co.
� Introduction to Bioinformatics,Risk A.M.,Oxford University Press.
� Basic Statistics; B.L Aggarwal, New Age intervations Pvt ltd.
� Mathematics by R.D.Sharma (XI & XII)
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
28
SEMESTER IV
PAPER I: Gene Differentiation & Gamete Biology (ZOL-421)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Introduction to animal development
• Problems of developmental biology
• Developmental patterns in Metazoans
• Development in unicellular eukaryotes
Spermatogenesis
Ovarian follicular growth and differentiation
• Morphology
• Endocrinology
• Oogenesis & vitellogenesis
• Ovulation and ovum transport in mammals
16
UNIT
II
Fertilization
• Prefertilzation events
• Biochemistry of fertilization
• Post fertilization events
Creating multicellularity
• Cleavage types
• Comparative account of Gastrulation
Early Vertebrate development
• Neurulation and ectoderm
• Mesoderm and endoderm
12
UNIT
III
Cytoplasmic determinants and autonomous cell specification
• Cell commitment and differentiation
• Cell specification in nematodes
• Germ cell determinants
• Germ cell migration
• Progressive cell -cell interaction and cell specification rate
Body axes
• Establishment of body axis in mammals and birds
• Proximate tissue interactions
• Genetics of axis specifications in Drosophila
Homeobox concept in different phylogenetic groups
12
UNIT
IV
Tetrapod limb development
Hormones as mediators of development
Environmental evolution and animal development
10
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
29
UNIT
V
Biology of sex determination
Cell diversification in early animal embryo
Stem Cells
Teratology
10
Total Teaching Hours 60
Suggested readings:
• An Introduction to Embryology : Balinsky, B.I. : W.B. Saudersm, Delhi.
• Development Biology. Berrill, N.J. McGraw Hill book Com. New York.
• Modern Embryology : Bodemer, C.W. : Holt Reinchart and Winstom, Inc. New
York, Chicago.
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
30
PAPER II: Ethology & Applied Zoology (ZOL-422)
UNITS TOPICS TEACHING
HOURS
UNIT
I
Introduction of Ethology:-
• Aims of Behavioural research
• Diversity of animal behaviour
• Historical perspective
Concepts of Ethology
• Fixed action pattern
• ASE
• sign stimulus
• Innate releasing mechanism
12
UNIT
II
Brain and behaviour
Behavioural genetics
Reproductive behaviour patterns:-
• Courtship
• Mating
• Stickleback behaviour
• Parental care
12
UNIT
III
Social organization
• Dominance hierarchies
• Social competition
• Territoriality
Individual social interaction
• Animal communication
• Dance language of Honey bee
• Aggregation
12
UNIT
IV
Learning
• Definition and forms
• Development of learning
• Mechanism
• Imprinting
• Human Ethology –General aspects
12
UNIT
V
Elementary Knowledge of :-
• Sericulture
• Apiculture
• Lac culture
• Pisciculture
• Poultry keeping
• Dairy industry
• Elements of Pest control
12
Total Teaching Hours 60
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
31
Suggested readings:
• Manning An introduction to behaviour Edward. Arnold.LOndon
• Animal behafiour,Hindi,R.A. Publication Mc Graw Hill Co.New York.
• Animal Sodieties and Evolution : Scientific Ameridan Publications
• Animal behaviour : Mac Farlnd D. Publications.ELBS
• Animal behaviour : Werlace, R.A. Publ. Goodyear Publishin Co lne.
• Grizimek's eneyclopaedia of Ethology.
• Hand book of Ehological method Laharen.Publ.Garland STPM Press
• Reena Mathur: Animal behaviour, Rastiogi Publications Meerut
International College For Girls (Autonomous)
Department of Zoology
32
SEMESTER IV
PRACTICALS (ZOL-426)
Genes & Differentiation • Study of development of Frog:
• Preserved Material available:
• Egg, cleavage,Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Tail bud, Hatching, Mature tadpole
larva, Metamorphic stages, Froglet
• Histological slides: cleavage,Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Tail bud stage
• Study of development of Chick
• Whole mounts: 18, 21, 24, 33, 72 & 96 hrs of incubation period embryos
• Study of the embryo at various stages of incubation in vivo by making a window
in the egg shell
• Exercise to demonstrate developmental stages of living embryo after removal of
blastoderm from the egg
• Study of various foetal envelopes in a 10-12 day old chick
embryo(Amnion,Chorion,Allantois,Yolk sac)
Ethology
• To study the food preference and feeding behaviour of Tribolium.
• To study the light response of Tribolium.
• To study the process of learning in rats with the help of animal maze and analyse
the result of the experiment.
• To study the communication in Earthworm by chemical stimuli i.e. extruding a
substance called “Pheromone” that can transmit message.
• To study imprinting during critical period.
• Study of social organization of Rhesus (Macaca mulata) and Langurs (Presbetis
entellus).
• A visit to Zoo: To study the behaviour
Applied Zoology
• A visit to:
o Poultry farm
o Dairy Industry/Distillary plant
***