The development of this course has been funded by the Curriculum Resource Center (“CRC”) at the Central European University (“CEU”), whose programs are partially funded by the Higher Education Support Program (“HESP”). The opinions expressed herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily express the views of CEU.

Lecturer: Svetlana PinzariHost Institution: Academy of International Relations and

Diplomatic StudiesCourse Title: Multilateral diplomacyYear of CDC Grant: 2002 / 2003

Course type: Optional course in international relations studies

Course level: Specialized course for Bachelor degree students, Faculty of International Relations, Academy of International Relations and Diplomatic Studies

1. IntroductionLocating the content of the course within the discipline

The current system of international relations can be mostly characterized by a multilateral model, which is composed of various groups of specific elements. One such specific element is international actors who are significant participants in multilateral or so-called conference diplomacy. International governmental organizations and various international conferences represent the context of such kind of activities such as multilateral diplomacy.

There is no doubt that multilateral diplomacy is a separate subject area for studying and researching within the international relations discipline. Bilateral diplomacy, which is considered a traditional one, and always involves two states in its activities, is momentary diplomacy and as a rule brings quick results and guarantees the interests of the two participants. Multilateral diplomacy, on the other hand, is an instrument for long-term commitments, and represents a long-term and complex activity. Multilateral diplomacy should be conducted and managed through different methods and ways than those for the bilateral one.

In the era of globalization when the emphasis is put more on interdependence and peaceful development, there are global problems, which crucially need the united efforts of all international actors in order to solve them. In these conditions multilateral diplomacy looks like one of the appropriate instruments for dealing with the processes of solving these global problems and of assuring global governance.

Multilateral diplomacy is an issue very much disputed within the scientific and academic circles of international relations specialists. The majority of them looks at it as an activity that takes place only within international governmental organizations. In this context multilateralism (the conduct of multilateral activities by three or more states in accordance with general shared principles) is considered a key instrument for

contemporary statecraft in dealing with the consequences of both integration, and fragmentation and decentralization.

Another issue of dispute is the classification and different types of multilateral diplomacy – plurilateral diplomacy, paradiplomacy, parliamentary diplomacy, conference diplomacy, associative diplomacy, etc. Ways, methods and measures of multilateral diplomacy; its functions, effectiveness and necessity; multilateral diplomacy mechanisms, procedures and structures as well as the consequent decision making process, and different cases in international practice are other tasks for considering within the framework of the proposed course.

The development of skills and practical abilities is a very important part of the course due to the fact that students of the international relations faculty are being prepared for conducting foreign policy and external relations activities. For accomplishing this strategic goal, I propose some lab work and seminars that give students the opportunity to work practically both individually and in a group.

Locating the course within the curriculum

The course “Theory and Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy” being an optional course for the students of the International Relations Faculty (Bachelor degree level, 4th year), is a course designed from an international relations perspective. Its place within the academy’s curriculum may be determined as a specific one due to the fact that this course is aimed at obtaining and learning theoretical and narrative information and at the same time at developing the skills and practical abilities of the students. The whole number of hours is 32, from which 16 are lectures, 10 are seminars and 6 are lab works.

Student’s assumed knowledge basis for course participation

Students have to possess good spoken and written English as well as to have obtained some knowledge from previous courses such as “Introduction to International Relations and Diplomacy”, “Theory of International Relations”, “International Organizations” and “Diplomatic Negotiations”.

2. Objectives of the course

Academic aims (within the discipline):- To develop the capacity to think critically, creatively and

independently over multilateral relations among different groups of international actors within a multilateral context;

- To provide students with a foundation knowledge of the major rules, norms and principles of conducting and taking part in multilateral diplomacy events and activities;

- To acquire skills and abilities of participating in an active mode in multilateral diplomacy activities and events.

Learning outcomes:- To define the term of multilateral diplomacy and to be able to

differentiate between the types of multilateral diplomacy;

- To determine the structure and functions of multilateral diplomacy, its mechanisms and the ways of cooperation as well as the rules of procedure;

- To consider the international actors taking part in the multilateral diplomacy processes, activities and events;

- To be familiar with written documents and acts on multilateral diplomacy events and cases;

- To be able to explain, using comparative analysis, the difference between conferences conducted up until 1945 and those conducted after World War II and at present;

- To be able to analyze the actions/behavior of the multilateral diplomacy actors and place them in the context of international relations manifestations and events;

- To determine the role and place of international governmental organizations and international civil service in conducting international relations and world politics;

- To be able to analyze and characterize the decision making process within multilateral diplomacy spheres and environment;

- To study UN, Council of Europe, OSCE cases from the point of view of conducting multilateral diplomacy and using system approach to analyze their activities and positions in the international arena;

- To analyze summit diplomacy (cases of G-7/G-8, EU/European Community summits);

- To consider the precedent and prospects of multilateral diplomacy.

3. Course details

Lecture synopsis.

The themes and topics for discussion within the multilateral diplomacy course are as follows:

# Theme or topic Type of class

# of hours

1. Introduction to the “Multilateral diplomacy” courseMultilateral diplomacy as a specific field of study

Lecture 2

2. History and theory of multilateral diplomacy Lecture 23. International conferences – a framework of

multilateral diplomacySeminarLab work

22

4. Decision-making within the multilateral diplomacy process

LectureLab work

22

5. Acts of multilateral diplomacy LectureSeminar

22

6. The UN multilateral diplomacy: principles, rules of procedure and specific features (case study). A management review of the UN system

LectureSeminar

24

6. Regional standards of conducting multilateral diplomacy (case studies of the European Union and the Council of Europe)

LectureSeminar

22

7. Summit diplomacy: theory and practice Lecture 2

G-7/G-8 and European Community case studies Lab work 28. Multilateral diplomacy in retrospect and prospect Lecture 2

The whole number of hours: LecturesSeminarsLab works

16106

A paragraph outlining the aims and content of each lecture. Seminar/ Tutorial synopsis A paragraph outlining the aims and content of each seminar/tutorial. You should include the set questions, which will serve as the basis of each seminar discussion.

NB: In your course detail remember to show a logical week-by week development of the course. Each set of aims, content and questions raised previously.

Week 1. Theme 1. Introduction to the “Multilateral diplomacy” course.Multilateral diplomacy as a specific field of study(Lecture, 2 hours)Aims:- to present the goals and the content of the course, and its structure;- to analyze the bibliography sources available for the students;- to provide students with information on the attendance rules,

assessment and evaluation;- to distribute the first part of the reader (The ABC of multilateral

diplomacy).

Content: Past and present of diplomatic practice. Bilateral and multilateral diplomacy: similarities and differences. The relevancy of studying and researching the multilateral diplomacy phenomenon. Defining the term of “multilateral diplomacy”. Factors determining the relevancy and novelty of the course. Goals and learning outcomes of the multilateral diplomacy course. Bibliography and additional sources for the “Theory and Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy” course: analysis and classification. Conditions for assessment and the evaluation requirements.

Week 2. Theme 2. History and theory of multilateral diplomacy(Lecture, 2 hours)Aims:- to make students acquainted with the main theoretical and historical

aspects of the multilateral diplomacy phenomenon;- to present different approaches and definitions of the multilateral

diplomacy term as well as its functions;- to determine and to characterize the main actors of multilateral

diplomacy

Content: Causes and premises of the emergence of the multilateral diplomacy phenomenon. Stages and phases of the evolution of the multilateral diplomacy phenomenon. Characteristics and features of the evolution of multilateral diplomacy at its different stages and phases. The term of multilateral diplomacy, the approaches and definitions. Ways of defining multilateral diplomacy. Functions of multilateral diplomacy. Actors of multilateral diplomacy: a definition, their function and classification.

Week 3. Theme 3. International conferences – the framework of multilateral diplomacy(Seminar, 2 hours)Aims:- to consider general information on the definitions and functions of

international conferences;- to point out the main criteria of classification and to classify

international conferences;- to compare international conferences in the past, those developing

after World War II, and contemporary ones, taking into evidence their similarities and differences;

- to determine and to characterize the actors of an international conference;

- to make students acquainted with the main principles and methods of the international conference organizing process and procedures.

Content: (questions for discussion)1. International conferences: definition, types and evolution.2. Comparative study of international conferences:

a) International conferences/congresses in the past.b) Developments of international conferences after World War I

and in the inter-war period.c) Features and specific characteristics of contemporary

international conferences (after World War II).d) Contemporary international conferences: main characteristics,

factors of development and peculiarities.3. Objectives of an international conference. Types of international

conferences.4. Actors of international conferences: types and their characteristics.- delegations as representatives of their governments;- the secretariat and its executive head;- the presiding officer;- various groups of governments;- NGOs, journalists and observers.

5. Organizing an international conference: theoretic aspects, principles and methods. Organizational and human settings of international conferences:

- Initiating a conference and determining its goals and objectives;- Preceding negotiations;- Documentary preparation;- Agenda: term, approaches to its formulating and difficulties in the

process of its composition; - Types of working and number of participants;- Rules of procedure;- Electing a presiding officer(s);- Time and place of the conference.

(Instructions and recommendations for lab work 1).

Theme of the additional essay/presentation in class:Diplomats in conference diplomacy: characteristics and requirements

Week 4. Theme 3. International conferences – the framework of multilateral diplomacy(Lab work 1, 2 hours)Aims:- to consolidate knowledge accumulated during the seminar;- to form a professional attitude towards the organization process of an

international conference;- to make students capable of presenting the formal model/sample of

organizing an international conference;- to form the necessary skills for organizational work, providing

students with necessary information, help and relevant advice.

Content:1. Organizing an international conference as a professional job (a brief

introduction to Lab work activities).2. Practical work in teams on organizing an international conference.

Each team has to be responsible for the whole organizational process of the conference and has to present the results in a scheme or a model with corresponding comments and explications

3. The tasks for groups are as follows:Task for group 1.You are the diplomatic representatives of the State Mercury, working in the diplomatic mission at an international organization called GFT. You have to organize an international intergovernmental conference on social issues.Please, describe each step to be done in order to organize the conference.Task for group 2.You are the co-workers of the Secretariat of an international organization called “ABC”, with the main goal of promoting economic and trade cooperation among the state-members of the organization.. You have to organize a meeting of the “ABC” General Conference.Please, describe each step to be done in order to achieve this goal.Task for group 3.You are the representatives of the non-governmental organization called GBD, with the main goal of uniting the efforts of all international actors against war. You have to organize an international conference on the theme “World without wars, aggression and violence”.Please, describe each step to be done in order to achieve this goal.

Week 5. Theme 4. Decision-making within multilateral diplomacy processes(Lecture, 2 hours)Aims:- to provide the students with the information on the decision theory

and the rational actor;- to present definitions of decision-making as well as its functions and

specific characteristics;- to get acquainted with the main features of multilateral diplomacy

decision-making;- to consider the two types of decision making within conference

diplomacy and within international organizations.

Content: Defining the decision-making process: functions and specific characteristics. Decision-making at conferences, at international governmental organizations and summits: similarities and differences. The functions of the decision-making process within international conferences and international organizations.Decision-making at conferences: agenda setting; the influence game and bargaining; voting in the United Nations; voting in the European Union; informal agreements; implementation and feedback; dispute settlement in general and in detail.Decision-making in an international organization: organization theory; the international secretariat; the secretary-general and the leadership; attitude change in the United Nations; attitude change in the European Union; domestic bureaucracies and foreign policy.

Week 6. Theme 4. Decision-making process in multilateral diplomacy(Lab work 2, 2 hours, simulation game)Aims:- to consolidate knowledge on decision-making within multilateral

diplomacy;- to form practical skills in accomplishing the decision making process

in multilateral diplomacy events and context;- to make students work together, in the spirit of critical thinking and

cooperative learning, in order to accomplish tasks.

Content:Students are divided into three groups with the following tasks:Team 1Decision-making at an international conferenceAn international conference is held in Geneva these days. The general topic for the conference is cooperation in the field of higher education among universities from Europe.

1. Determine the actors of the conference;2. Elaborate the agenda of the conference;3. Simulate the decision-making process in descriptive terms (use a

decision-making plan, the articles of the Reader – Pre-negotiations, Around the table negotiations; as well as your previously obtained knowledge; in your presentation you may use visual aids or dialogue simulations, etc).

Team 2Decision–making in an international organizationYou are asked to simulate the decision-making process in an international organization (of your preference) in descriptive terms.

1. Determine the international organization and its body.2. Determine the subject of discussion, composing the agenda of the

meeting.3. Simulate the decision-making process in descriptive terms (use a

decision-making plan, the articles of the Reader – Pre-negotiations, Around the table negotiations; as well as your previously obtained knowledge; in your presentation you may use visual aids or dialogue simulations, etc).

Team 3Making a decision on reforming the UN Trusteeship Council You are asked to simulate the decision-making process on reforming the UN council in descriptive terms (use a decision-making plan, the articles of the Reader – Pre-negotiations, Around the table negotiations; as well as your previously obtained knowledge; in your presentation you may use visual aids or dialogue simulations, etc)Results of in-group activities have to be presented in the form of schemes/models with the necessary explications and comments.

Week 7. Theme 5. Acts of multilateral diplomacy(Lecture, 2 hours)Aims: - to determine the term of “multilateral diplomacy acts”;- to make a classification of multilateral diplomacy acts;- to elaborate the rules and standards for writing and presenting an

official speech.

Content: Diplomatic acts within the multilateral diplomacy process, events and activities: terms and types. Specific features of diplomatic documents within multilateral diplomacy processes. International treaties as a main group of multilateral diplomatic acts. Types and characteristics of international treaties (treaties, conventions, agreements, exchange of notes, declarations). Other forms of treaties: final act, protocol, memoranda of understanding, agreed minutes, interim agreement. Formalities of treaties: language, signature, initialing and signature, entry into force, registration, duration, reservation, notice of termination and procedure of termination.Speeches and the rules of preparing official speeches (presentation of video materials – two speeches by Kofi Annan; presentation of information on rules and advice on preparing speeches. Elaborating our rules and standards of the instructions for a seminar called “Presenting an official speech”).

Week 8. Theme 5. Acts of multilateral diplomacy(Seminar, 2 hours)Aims:- to provide students with the necessary information on practicing

multilateral diplomacy acts;- to consolidate knowledge from the previous lecture;- to develop the skills and practical abilities in writing and presenting

official speeches at multilateral diplomacy events.

Content: (questions for discussion)1. Main types of multilateral diplomacy acts: definition of terms

and features.2. Analyzing the structure of Mr. Vladimir Petrovsky`s speech

“Diplomacy as an Instrument of Good Governance” (Malta, 13 February 1998).

3. Presentation of official speeches made by students (3 minutes per student, evaluation, comments and analyzing speeches made by their colleagues. Final comments of the teacher).

Week 9. Theme 6. UN multilateral diplomacy: principles, the rules of procedure and specific features(Lecture, 2 hours). Aims:- to make students familiar with the main principles and rules of

conducting multilateral diplomacy within the UN system;- to explain the main features of the UN multilateral diplomacy;- to learn mechanisms of cooperation within the UN system.

Content: The UN as a universal organization. The constitutional basis of the UN for forming and functioning. The chapter of the United Nations: characteristics and the main thesis. The main organs of the United Nations and its internal structural mechanism. Multilateral diplomacy within the UN: actors, the rules of procedure, and cooperation and confrontation processes.The system of the UN. Conferences and other events, mechanisms of cooperation and binding links. Specialized agencies of the United Nations. UNDP and its mission in Chishinau. Week 10. Theme 6. UN multilateral diplomacy: principles, the rules of procedure and specific features. A management review of the UN system(Seminar, 2 hours)Aims:- to make students familiar with the elements of the management

process within the UN system (through video and audio materials taken from the UNDP mission in Moldova);

- to consider and analyze the main principles and the rules of procedure within the multilateral diplomacy processes in the UN (cases of the General Assembly and Security Council);

- to consider the main features and tendencies within the United Nations management processes, underlining achievements, problems and possible ways of solution.

Content:1. Studying the visual and audio materials on multilateral events within

the United Nations (meeting of the UN Security Council, September 2002; UN activity reviews in 2001 and 2002).

2. Consideration and comparative analysis of the Rules of Procedure of two main organs of the United Nations (the General Assembly and Security Council).

3. Management of the UN system: main features, achievements, and problems.

4. Coordination as the main problem of the UN system management.5. Considering ways of possible solution of the management problems in

the UN system.

Week 11. Theme 6. UN multilateral diplomacy: principles, the rules of procedure and specific features. The role and place of NGOs in multilateral diplomacy in the 21st century

(Seminar, 2 hours) Aims:- to determine the role and place of contemporary non-governmental

organizations in today’s international relations and multilateral diplomacy;

- to analyze the consultative status of NGOs at international organizations (the case of the UN system);

- to elaborate the mechanisms of cooperation between the UN and NGOs.

Content: (questions for discussion)1. NGOs and their engagement in the multilateral diplomacy

processes at the United Nations.2. New dimensions of diplomacy engaging NGOs: the role and place

of non-governmental organizations in international affairs.3. Multilateral diplomacy at the United Nations: tendencies and

perspectives.4. From “Consultative Arrangements” to “Partnership”: the changing

status of NGOs in diplomacy at the UN. 5. Mission UNDP in Moldova: its structure, the regulations of

functioning and main directions of activity.

Week 12. Theme 7. The regional standard of conducting multilateral diplomacy(Lecture, 2 hours)Aims:- to make students familiar with the regional (European) standards of

conducting multilateral diplomacy processes, with the cases of Council of Europe and European Union (using video and audio material taken from the mission of Council of Europe and European Documentation Center in Moldova);

- to determine and explain the main features and tendencies of regional standards concerning multilateral diplomacy processes (EU and the Council of Europe cases).

Content: The role and place of the regional international organizations in world politics. Council of Europe: main organs, the rules of procedure and internal structural mechanisms. European Union: main organs, the rules of procedure and internal structural mechanisms. Regional standards in conducting multilateral diplomacy: tendencies and perspectives.

Week 13. Theme 7. The regional standard of conducting multilateral diplomacy(a case study on the European Union decision-making process)(Seminar, 2 hours)Aims:- to learn and consolidate the knowledge on the regional standards of

conducting multilateral diplomacy;- to compare the standards of conducting multilateral diplomacy within

the Council of Europe and within the European Union;

- to determine and explain the main tendencies and peculiarities of conducting multilateral diplomacy at regional level (the case of the EU).

Content: Decision-making institutions at the EU. The Council of Ministers. The European Parliament. The Economic and Social Committee. The Committee of the Regions. Decision- making procedures: the consultation procedure, the co-operation procedure, the co-decision procedure and the assent procedure. The post-decision stage and the organs involved: governments and the administrations of member states, the Commission, the European Court of Justice, the Court of Auditors.

Students are asked to elaborate a scheme and explain the decision-making mechanisms and procedures in the EU.

Week 14. Theme 8. Summit diplomacy: theory and practice(Lecture, 2 hours).Aims:- to look at the emergence and evolution of summitry; - to learn the theoretical aspects of organizing and conducting

summitry;- to examine the case of G-7(8) summits.

Content: The origins of the summitry, development phases and consolidating summit diplomacy, types of summits. The term of summit diplomacy, forms of activities within summitry; objectives and functions of summitry. The rules of organizing a successful summit. Group of Seven/Eight Summits: evolution and contemporary developments. The role and place of summitry in world politics.

Week 15. Theme 8. Summit diplomacy: G-7/G-8 and European Union comparative case studies(Lab work 3, 2 hours)Aims:- to consolidate the knowledge on summitry theory and practice;- to obtain the necessary skills of organizing and conducting summit

diplomacy events;- to compare G-7/8 and European Union summits.

Content: 1. The rules and principles of organizing and conducting summit

diplomacy events.2. Summits of G-8: tendencies and the rules of conduct.3. Summits of the European Union: tendencies and the rules of conduct.4. Organizing a summit: human, structural and functional settings.

Task 1.You are the representatives of different states of the ABC-5 group (industrially developed countries) and you are asked to organize a summit of heads of states on political and economic cooperation in the region. Describe the whole organizing process of the summit including each step. Present your plan and ideas in a schematic form.

Task 2.You are the representatives of the EU states and are asked to organize a summit on agricultural policy. Describe the whole organizing process of the summit including each step. Present your plan and ideas in a schematic form.Task 3.You are a work group asked to organize a G-8 summit. The subject for the discussion at the summit is the problem of migration in the whole world. Describe the whole organizing process of the summit including each step. Present your plan and ideas in a schematic form. Week 16. Theme 9. Multilateral diplomacy in retrospect and prospect(Lecture 3, 2 hours)Aims:- to examine multilateral diplomacy in retrospect and prospect;- to explore the factors influencing the development and improvement

of multilateral diplomacy processes;- to summarize the accomplishments and the negative aspects of our

work within the course (through a test on the quality of teaching and learning) .

Content: General remarks on multilateral diplomacy in retrospect and prospect. Sources of pessimism. Sources of optimism. Summary of achievements. Future needs and prospects. Factors determining the need for multilateral diplomacy activities and events.

4. AssessmentOutline of students’ assessment

Grading at the course will be based on the following:- Attendance and the degree and quality of participation in class

discussions (including participation, reviews and questions) – students are expected to attend 80 % of the classes, to do all required readings and actively participate in class discussions, with useful contribution: 25 %;- Oral presentations (for each seminar, students are expected to

provide an oral presentation to the auditorium on the topics assigned: 15 %;- Lab works: 20 %;- Final examination (at the end of the course students have a credit

test on “Theory and Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy): 40 %.

List of subjects for the credit test examination:1. The relevancy of studying and researching the multilateral diplomacy

phenomenon.2. The subjects and objects of studying at the “Multilateral diplomacy”

course.3. The term of “multilateral diplomacy”: definitions and approaches.4. The functions of multilateral diplomacy.5. The types and forms of multilateral diplomacy.6. International conferences – the framework of multilateral diplomacy.7. Premises and causes for the emergence of the multilateral diplomacy

phenomenon. The evolution of multilateral diplomacy.

8. The actors of international conferences.9. The advantages and disadvantages of multilateral conferences.10. Negotiations as an arena of multilateral diplomacy.11. Delegations as the representatives of their governments within

multilateral diplomacy events.12. The Secretariat and its executive head as actors of multilateral

diplomacy events.13. The Presiding officer and his/her functions at an international

conference.14. Other groups of actors at an international conference.15. Types of international conferences.16. Preparation stages of an international conference. Conference

organization and procedure setting.17. Decision-making at international conferences and organizations:

a comparative analysis.18. The main theories on decision-making within international

organizations.19. A management review of the UN system.20. The main problems in the management processes of the UN

system.21. The UN system in action: mechanisms, procedures and

characteristics22. Preparing a speech: theoretical remarks and presentation.23. The universal standards of conducting multilateral diplomacy

activity (the case of the UN).24. The regional standards on conducting multilateral diplomacy

(the cases of the Council of Europe and the European Union).25. International treaties: types and specific characteristics.26. NGOs and multilateral diplomacy.27. Decision-making process in the European Union.28. Summitry: origins, terms/definitions and functions.29. G-7/G-8 summits: theory and practice.30. Prospects of multilateral diplomacy.

5. Reading list Outline of readings per lecture

Week 1. Theme 1 Introduction to the “Multilateral diplomacy” course. Multilateral diplomacy as a specific field of study (Lecture, 2 hours).

1. Multilateral Diplomacy. // Berridge J.R. Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. – 1995.

2. Vladimir Petrovsky. Diplomacy as an Instrument of Good Governance. //Annotation to the book Multilateral Diplomacy.

3. Дмитричев Т.Ф. Многосторонняя дипломатия США: теория и практика. М., 1984.

4. Исраэлян В.Л. Дипломаты лицом к лицу. М. – 1990.

Week 2. Theme 2. History and theory of multilateral diplomacy (Lecture, 2 hours).

1. Ambassador Chen Luzbi. Multilateral Diplomacy in a Time of “Relative” Sovereignty. // Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Editors: Muldoon jr. James P., JoAnn Fagot Avial, Richard Reitano, Earl Saliva. – 1999.

2. Berridge J.R. Dictionary of Diplomacy. 2000.3. JoAnn Fagot Aviel. The Evolution of Multilateral Diplomacy. //

Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Editors: Muldoon jr. James P., JoAnn Fagot Avial, Richard Reitano, Earl Saliva. – 1999.

4. Multilateral Diplomacy. // Berridge J.R. Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. – 1995.

5. Murphy, Craig N. International Organizations and Industrial Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. - 1994.

6. Зайцева О.Г. Международные межправительственные организации. М. - 1986.

7. Кольяр К. Международные институты и учреждения. М. - 1972.8. Морозов Г.И. Международные организации. Некоторые вопросы

теории. М. -1974.9. Шибаева Е., Поточный М. Вопросы структуры и деятельности

международных организаций. М. - 1988.

Week 3. Theme 3. International conferences – the framework of multilateral diplomacy(seminar, 2 hours).

1. Appathurai E.R. Permanent Missions in New York. // Berridge J.R. and A.Jennings. Diplomacy at the UN. 1985.

2. Feltham R.C. Diplomatic Handbook, 5th edition. London. 1988.3. Helen Leight-Phippard. The Influence of Informal Groups in

Multilateral Diplomacy. // Melissen Jan, ed. Innovation in Diplomatic Practice. – 1998.

4. Kaufmann Johan. Conference Diplomacy: An Introductory Analysis. - 1988.

5. Watson A. Diplomacy. The Dialogue Between States. London. - 19826. Ашавский Б.М. Международно-правовые вопросы подготовки и

проведения международных конференций. Учебное пособие. М. – 1998.

7. Ашавский Б.М. Международные межправительственные конференции. М. – 1980.

8. Блищенко И.П., Дурденевский В. Дипломатическое и консульское право. М. – 1962.

Week 4. Theme 3. International conferences – the framework of multilateral diplomacy. Organizing an international conference(Lab work 1, 2 hours).

1. Feltham R.C. Diplomatic Handbook, 5th edition. London. 1988.2. Kaufmann Johan. Conference Diplomacy: An Introductory Analysis. -

1988.3. Ашавский Б.М. Международные межправительственные

конференции. М. – 1980.4. Блищенко И.П., Дурденевский В. Дипломатическое и консульское

право. М. – 1962

5. Международное право. Учебное пособие для вузов. Ред. Игнатенко. М.- 2000.

6. Международное публичное право. Под ред. Бекяшевой К.А. М. - 2003.

Week 5. Theme 4. Decision-making within multilateral diplomacy processes(Lecture, 2 hours)

1. “Around-the-table” Negotiations. // Berridge J.R. Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. – 1995.

2. Kaufmann Johan. Conference Diplomacy: An Introductory Analysis.- 1988.

3. Paul W. Meerts. The Changing nature of Diplomatic Negotiation. // Melissen Jan, ed. Innovation in Diplomatic Practice. – 1998.

4. Pre-negotiations. // Berridge J.R. Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. – 1995.

5. Reinaldo Bob. Decision-making within International Organizations.6. Ашавский Б.М. Международно-правовые вопросы подготовки и

проведения международных конференций. Учебное пособие. М. – 1998.

7. Блищенко И.П., Дурденевский В. Дипломатическое и консульское право. М. – 1962.

8. Курс международного права в семи томах. М. – 1992. Т. 6.9. Лукашук И.И. Искусство деловых переговоров. М. - 2002.10. Митрошенков О.А. Эффективные переговоры. М. - 200311. Шатин Ю.В. Искусство переговоров. М. - 2002.

Week 6. Theme 4. Decision-making within multilateral diplomacy processes.(Lab work 2, 2 hours)

1. “Around-the-table” Negotiations. // Berridge J.R. Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. – 1995

2. Paul W. Meerts. The Changing nature of Diplomatic Negotiation. // Melissen Jan, ed. Innovation in Diplomatic Practice. – 1998.

3. Pre-negotiations. // Berridge J.R. Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. – 1995.

4. Ашавский Б.М. Международно-правовые вопросы подготовки и проведения международных конференций. Учебное пособие. М. – 1998.

5. Блищенко И.П., Дурденевский В. Дипломатическое и консульское право. М. – 1962.

Week 7. Theme 5. Acts of multilateral diplomacy(Lecture, 2 hours)

1. International treaties. // Barston R.P. Modern diplomacy. Longman, London and New York. 1988.

2. Kaufmann Johan. Conference Diplomacy: An Introductory Analysis. - 1988.

3. Алексенцев А.И. Конфиденциальное делопроизводство. М. - 2001.

4. Ашавский Б.М. Международно-правовые вопросы подготовки и проведения международных конференций. Учебное пособие. М. – 1998.

5. Блищенко И.П., Дурденевский В. Дипломатическое и консульское право. М. – 1962.

6. Быкова Т.А. Подготовка совещаний и собраний (практическое пособие). М. - 2000

7. Кирсанова М.В. Деловая переписка. М. - 2001.8. Клэр Тейлор. Основы делопроизвоства в современном бизнесе. М.

- 1997.9. Котий Г.А., Гюльмисаров В.Р. Деловые письма на английском

языке. Образцы с переводом на русский язык. М. - 1999.10. Рогожин М.Ю. Документы делового общения. М. - 2002.11. Селянинов О.П. Дипломатические беседы (организация и

проведение). М. МГИМО. - 2002.

Week 8. Theme 5. Acts of multilateral diplomacy(Lecture, 2 hours)

1. International treaties. // Barston R.P. Modern diplomacy. Longman, London and New York. 1988.

2. Kaufmann Johan. Conference Diplomacy: An Introductory Analysis. - 1988.

3. Ашавский Б.М. Международно-правовые вопросы подготовки и проведения международных конференций. Учебное пособие. М. – 1998.

4. Блищенко И.П., Дурденевский В. Дипломатическое и консульское право. М. – 1962.

5. Клэр Тейлор. Основы делопроизвоства в современном бизнесе. М., 1997.

6. Котий Г.А., Гюльмисаров В.Р. Деловые письма на английском языке. Образцы с переводом на русский язык. М. - 1999.

7. Селянинов О.П. Дипломатические беседы (организация и проведение). М. МГИМО. - 2002.

Week 9. Theme 6. The UN multilateral diplomacy: principles, the rules of procedure and specific features(Lecture, 2 hours)

1. Bailey, Sydney D. and Sam Daws. The procedure of the UN Security Council. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998.

2. Basic facts about United Nations. New York, 2002.3. Multilateral diplomacy and the United Nations today. Westview press.

A Member of the Persens Books Group. 1999.4. Video materials / cassettes from UNDP mission in the Republic of

Moldova.5. Шреплер Х.-А. Международные экономические организации.

Справочник. М., 1998.

Week 10. Theme 6. The UN multilateral diplomacy: principles, the rules of procedure and specific features. A management review of the UN system(Seminar, 2 hours)

1. Basic Facts about the United Nations. New York - 2002.2. Management of the UN System. New York. - 1999.3. Multilateral diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Editors:

Muldoon jr. James P., JoAnn Fagot Avial, Richard Reitano, Earl Saliva. Westview press. A Member of the Persens Books Group. - 1999.

Week 11. Theme 6. The UN multilateral diplomacy: principles, the rules of procedure and specific features. The role and place of NGOs in multilateral diplomacy in the 21st century(Seminar, 2 hours)

1. Jacques Fomerand. UN Conferences: Media Events or Genuine Diplomacy? // Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Editors: Muldoon jr. James P., JoAnn Fagot Avial, Richard Reitano, Earl Saliva. – 1999.

2. JoAnn Fagot Avial. NGOs and International Affaires: A New Dimension of Diplomacy. // Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Editors: Muldoon jr. James P., JoAnn Fagot Avial, Richard Reitano, Earl Saliva. Westview press. A Member of the Persens Books Group. – 1999.

3. Judy Mayotte. NGOs and Diplomacy. // Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Editors: Muldoon jr. James P., JoAnn Fagot Avial, Richard Reitano, Earl Saliva. – 1999.

4. Peter Willetts. From “Consultative Arrangements” to “Partnership”: the Changing Status of NGOs in Diplomacy at the UN. // Global Governance, 6 (2000).

5. Richard Eisendorf and Tim Werner. The Common Ground Approach: A Case Study of an NGO. // Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Editors: Muldoon jr. James P., JoAnn Fagot Avial, Richard Reitano, Earl Saliva. Westview press. A Member of the Persens Books Group. – 1999.

Week 12. Theme 7. The regional standard of conducting multilateral diplomacy(Lecture, 2 hours).

1. Video material taken from Council of Europe mission in the Republic of Moldova and Center for European Documentation. .

2. Ильин Ю.Д. Лекции по истории и праву Европейского Союза. М. - 2002.

3. Капустин А.Я. Европейский Союз: интеграция и право. Монография М. - 2001.

4. Совет Европы. Справочник. Страсбург. - 2002.5. Туманов В.А. Европейский Суд по правам человек. Очерк

организации и деятельности. М.- 2001.

Week 13. Theme 7. The regional standard of conducting multilateral diplomacy(a case study on the European Union decision-making process)(Seminar, 2 hours)

1. European Union decision-making process. // Material taken from Center of European documentation in the Republic of Moldova.

2. Ильин Ю.Д. Лекции по истории и праву Европейского Союза. М. - 2002.

3. Капустин А.Я. Европейский Союз: интеграция и право. Монография М. - 2001.

Week 14. Theme 8. Summit diplomacy: theory and practice(Lecture, 2 hours).

1. David H. Dunn. What is Summitry? // Diplomacy at the Highest Level. The evolution of International Summitry. Editor David Dunn. Macmillan Press Ltd. - 1996.

2. Erik Goldstein. The Origins of Summit Diplomacy. // Diplomacy at the Highest Level. The evolution of International Summitry. Editor David Dunn. Macmillan Press Ltd. - 1996.

3. Richard Reitano. Summits, Multilateral Diplomacy, and the United Nations. // Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Editors: Muldoon jr. James P., JoAnn Fagot Avial, Richard Reitano, Earl Saliva. Westview press. A Member of the Persens Books Group. – 1999.

4. Summitry. // Berridge J.R. Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. – 1995.

Week 15. Theme 8. Summit diplomacy: G-7/G-8 and the European Union: comparative case studies(Lab work 3, 2 hours)

1. David H. Dunn. How Useful is Summitry?// Diplomacy at the Highest Level. The evolution of International Summitry. Editor David Dunn. Macmillan Press Ltd. - 1996.

2. J.D. Armstrong. The Group of Seven Summits. // Diplomacy at the Highest Level. The evolution of International Summitry. Editor David Dunn. Macmillan Press Ltd. - 1996.

3. John Redmond. From “European Community Summit” to “European Council”: The Development and Role of Summitry in the European Union. // Diplomacy at the Highest Level. The evolution of International Summitry. Editor David Dunn. Macmillan Press Ltd. - 1996.

Week 16. Theme 8. Multilateral diplomacy in retrospect and prospect.

1. Alicia Barcena. The Role of Civil Society in Twenty-First-Century Diplomacy. // Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Editors: Muldoon jr. James P., JoAnn Fagot Avial, Richard Reitano, Earl Saliva. Westview press. A Member of the Persens Books Group. – 1999.

2. Dietrich Kappeler. Diplomacy of Tomorrow: New Developments, New Methods, New Tools. // DiplooProject, Diplomatic Academy of Malta.

3. Jovan Kurbalija. Diplomacy in the Age of Information Technology. // Melissen Jan, ed. Innovation in Diplomatic Practice. – 1998.

4. Richard Reitano and Caleb Elfenbein. Diplomacy in the Twenty-First Century: Civil Society Versus the State. // Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today. Editors: Muldoon jr.

James P., JoAnn Fagot Avial, Richard Reitano, Earl Saliva. Westview press. A Member of the Persens Books Group. – 1999.

6. Teaching methodology

In the spirit of developing critical thinking both traditional and so-called interactive methods of teaching are used in the teaching process of the course. The classical methods (revision and consolidation of the main ideas of the previous courses and lectures, description of processes and mechanisms, halfway revision and final summary as well as narrative description) are mostly applied at the lectures. Additionally, discussions, case studies, simulation games, and debates are worth mentioning as new methods.

The lecturer’s teaching activity throughout the course is based on a number of principles, such as: - The principle of systematization of the large number of

articles, books, etc. As you may know, there is a lot of information available on the course subject. Moreover, the majority of different international institutions and structures have their own web pages and a good number of publications on the results of their activity, therefore one easily has access to the relevant picture of the situation. The systematization of materials includes classification, as a main component.- Interdisciplinary approach to teaching the “Theory and

Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy” course. Various political, economic, cultural, social, juridical, demographic information and materials are used in teaching the course. We study and look at the subject from several points of view, such as political science, international relations, sociology and economics.- Combination of traditional teaching methods and of the

interactive ones. - Clarity, preciseness and novelty of the given information.

This is a very important issue, as we train future specialists in international relations and they are in great need for such information in order to properly conduct relations and contacts representing the Republic of Moldova in the international arena. In case they will not become diplomats, politicians or governmental experts, I am convinced they will have other great opportunities for having a job working on various projects and special international programs both in our country and abroad. They will need clarity and preciseness of the information on the topic. As the information we share is recent, the course will greatly help them to advance their careers.- Principle of education in the spirit of Culture of Peace.

Having the possibility to become diplomats and to represent our country in international relations, our students – future specialists in international relations – must be educated in the spirit of Culture of Peace that is usually bound with the terms of collaboration and dialogue of cultures. There are generally and universally recognized fundamentals in connection with the Culture of Peace such as tolerance, freedom, equality of nations and people, human rights, solidarity, etc. All these fundamental terms are rules and principles on the basis of which international relations are built.

- Developing Critical Thinking principle is an important issue in education today and it is also a major principle in giving the “Theory and Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy” course. It is necessary to use this philosophy as an active, systematic process of understanding and evaluating facts and information. This permits students to acknowledge that there is no single correct way of understanding and evaluating arguments and facts and that attempts are not necessarily successful. - Principle of Collaboration among students: the teacher is

not the only active participant at classes, but students are active as well. Collaboration during the learning process encourages students to work together cooperatively in order to achieve a common goal. In their efforts to gain knowledge, students must work together as an independent team, encompassing the credo “all for one and one for all”. By working cooperatively as a team, students get a “flavor” of real-world application, through the application of social skills, higher level thinking, and communication skills.- Principle of Cooperation between teacher and students:

the teacher and the students in this structure are partners. An example from my experience: when I was working as a teacher for the first time, I told students to be passive during our classes because they were lectures. It was a big mistake, because it is not right to tell students such things. Now I tell them that we are partners, that they have the right to have their own opinion, and that they have to think and analyze everything that they hear. In order to really study a subject students have to be more active and to participate in the whole process of studying. We learn together, we think together and we are PARTNERS. Teaching is a transformation into learning together.

In the process of teaching/attending the “Theory and Practice of Multilateral Diplomacy” course the following teaching methods are used:- The lecture method – lecturing is the most popular and

widespread teaching method all over the world. By using this method the teacher shares information and students listen or take notes. The popularity of lecturing within our department may be explained by the large number of theoretical hours (about 70 % of the total number of hours). Lecturing is a useful way of imparting a great deal of information quickly, but it is rather passive for students. The best use of lecturing is in combination with other methods; this helps students retain their interest and attention, and it allows for more student participation.- Small Group discussion – it is an equally popular teaching

method, often called cooperative learning, where students work in groups to solve problems, thus giving their knowledge a much-needed social context. It makes students responsible for themselves and each other, and creates a community of learners and writers. With the group discussion technique, several groups within the class are asked to form group opinions and present them to the class.- Questioning method – in this method the teacher starts the

lesson by introducing provocative ideas or questions and students respond. One of the best ways to generate discussion is to ask an open-ended question.- Inquiry/inductive teaching – it is an investigative learning

process that asks students to pose questions, analyze data, and develop

conclusions or generalizations. This teaching method requires the teacher to “teach how to think”. Critical thinking skills are becoming more and more important to create constructive attitude. A constructive approach to teaching and learning is based on the principle that cognition (learning) is the result of “mental construction”. In other words, students learn by fitting new information together with what they already know.- Structural interactive competition (games) - the purpose of

the teaching method is to increase students’ interest in learning factual material through a structured competition. The competition should be titled, such as “traffic truth or consequences” or “traffic jeopardy” with penalties for wrong answers and points given for correct answers. The technique is an enhancement of the oral quiz concept with the same goal in mind.- Handouts - handouts are distributed at the discussions.

Handouts have the effect of reinforcing the expertise of the instructor by giving a secondary source for the topic being discussed.- Quizzes and tests - quizzes and tests require students to

determine their personal level of knowledge by having them answer specific questions in writing. - Visual aids - visual aids serve two purposes. Aids such as

magnetic cards, dolls, mirrors, etc., are used to help students clearly visualize situations talked about during discussions. Other visual aids, such as films, videotapes and slide presentations are structural, passive learning experiences with institutionalized points of view that allows lazy students.- Brainstorming – is a very useful method of critical thinking

development and cooperative learning. Students are asked to solve a problem, and to propose different plans and ways. Then some experts among students examine the main ways of solving the proposed problem, explaining what people have to do in order to prevent such problems.