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Enrollment No . Name

130120106039 KAIZER DAVE 130120106045 KISHAN VYAS 130120106061 BINOY PATELInternal Guide: Prof. Jay Sir

Prof. Sandeep Sir

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology: Department of

Civil Engineering

Design of Reinforced concrete Structure (2170607) -COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL

GANDHINAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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RETAINING WALL

• A Retaining wall is a structure used to retain the earth or other materials and to maintain ground surface at different elevations on either side of it.

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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RETAINING WALL TERMINOLOGY

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS

• Gravity retaining walls.• Cantilever retaining walls.• Counterfort retaining walls.• Buttress wall.• Bridge abutment. • Box culvert.

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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Gravity retaining wall

Cantilevered retaining wall

Precast concrete retaining wall

Precast concrete crib retaining wall Sheet pile wall

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL• In the counterfort retaining wall,

the stem and the base and the base slab are tied together by counterforts, at suitable intervals. Because of provision of counterforts, the vertical stem as well as the heel slab acts as a continuous slab, in contrast to the cantilevers of cantilever retaining wall.

• Counterfort retaining walls are economical for height over about 6m.

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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FORCES ACTING ON RETAINING WALL• Lateral earth pressure• Self weight of retaining wall• Weight of soil above the base

slab• Surcharge, i.e. forces due to

loads on earth surface.• Soil reaction below base slab• Frictional force at the bottom

of base slab

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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Earth Pressure (P)• Earth pressure is the pressure exerted by the retaining material on the retaining wall. This pressure tends to deflect the wall outward.• Types of earth pressure :• Active earth pressure or earth pressure (Pa)

and• Passive earth pressure (Pp).• Active earth pressure tends to deflect the wall away from the backfill.

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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Factors affecting earth pressure• Earth pressure depends on type of backfill, the• height of wall and the soil conditions• Soil conditions: The different soil conditions are • Dry or moist backfill with no surcharge • Submerged backfill • Backfill with uniform surcharge • Backfill with sloping surface •Inclined back and surcharge

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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(1)Analysis for dry back fills with no surcharge

• Maximum pressure at any height, p=kaϒh

• Total pressure at any height from top,

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• = Coefficient of active earth pressure = (1-sinΦ)/(1+sinΦ)=Φ = 1/, coefficient of passive earth pressure = Angle of internal friction or angle of repose

ϒ=Unit weight or density of backfill

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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(2) Submerged backfill

• Lateral pressure due to submerged weight of soil = ϒH• Lateral pressure due to water, =H• Total pressure at base, = ϒHH

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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(3)Backfill with uniform surcharge

• The lateral pressure due to surcharge,

=q• The lateral pressure due to backfill, =H• Lateral pressure intensity at base, q+H

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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(4) Backfill with sloping surface• The total earth pressure

acts at an angle β with horizontal.

cosβ• β=angle of surcharge• If surcharge is

horizontal,β=0Therefore,

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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(5) Inclined back and surcharge• Resultant of pressure

and weight of soil wedge W is calculated as

P= where

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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Stability Conditions• The retaining wall should

satisfy the following stability condition-

•Stability against overturning •Stability against sliding •Maximum pressure at base should not exceed safe bearing capacity of soil.

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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Stability against overturning• As per IS:456-2000, CI.20.1, factor of safety against

overturning should not be less than 1.4.In case where dead load provides the restoring moment, only 0.9 times the characteristic dead load shall be considered.

Hence ,the factor of safety is given by relation, F.S= ≥ 1.4 = ≥ 1.55

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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Stability against sliding• As per IS:456-2000, CI.20.2, factor of safety against

sliding should not be less than 1.4.In this case also 0.9 times characteristic dead load shall be taken into account.

F.S= ≥ 1.4 = ≥ 1.4 = ≥ 1.55Where,µ=coefficient of friction

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering

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Maximum pressure at base should not exceed safe bearing capacity of soil.

• The intensity of soil pressure at toe, ]……….at toe ]………..at heel• should not exceed safe bearing capacity(SBC) of soil.• For no tension, should not be negative.

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology : Department of Civil Engineering