COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL · 2017. 3. 28. · 1116 Index Brake power, 159, 171, 182, 184, 189–197,...
Transcript of COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL · 2017. 3. 28. · 1116 Index Brake power, 159, 171, 182, 184, 189–197,...
1113
Index
A
Accelerating climb, 353, 355
Acceleration sensitivity, 958–963
Ackert’s theory, 775
Adams-Bashfourth-Moulton, 1021, 1026–1027,
1033–1034, 1038
Adams-Moulton, 748
Additional section lift, 85–87, 108
Adiabatic, 19, 131
Advance angle, 173–174, 176, 186, 219
Advance ratio, 183–192, 197, 199, 214, 225–
226, 478–479, 508, 513
Adverse yaw, 81, 337, 570–571, 691
Aerodynamic, 1
angle, 498–499, 525, 597
angle of attack, 63, 74, 78, 80, 175, 185,
189, 219
balance, 635, 637
coefficients, 3, 183, 224, 262, 497, 508, 684,
721, 723, 748, 773–774
controls, 605
coordinates, 1–2, 518, 717
coupling, 924, 928, 934–935, 986
derivatives, 500, 504, 565, 768–788, 846,
914, 917, 924
drag, 260–261, 338
efficiency, 262, 264, 266, 389, 426
force, 1–4, 14, 18, 28–30, 46, 49, 94, 99–
107, 143, 259, 403
force vector, 102
hinge moment, 633
hysteresis, 942
moment, 1–4, 103–105, 107, 259, 403, 437,
455, 474, 497, 499, 548
nondimensional derivatives, 792–794
pitch angle, 169–170, 173, 175, 181–182,
185–186, 218–219
pitch length, 170, 183, 185
pressure, 403, 455
properties, 26
torsional spring, 752
twist, 51–55, 57–58, 63, 72, 553–554
yaw departure, 940
Aerodynamic center, 5–7, 30, 45, 120–130,
145, 381–395, 400, 403, 413, 420, 422,
424–425, 427, 430, 436, 438, 448, 453–
472, 555, 560–561, 608, 624, 625, 635,
645, 647, 688 (see also Neutral point)
definition, 458–459
general relations for, 464–471
ideal, theoretical, 30
of drag, 460
of lift, 460
semispan, 88–93
traditional approximation, 462–463
two-surface small-angle approximation,
471–472
vertical offset, 436–472
wings with constant sweep and dihedral, 463
Aerodynamics, 1, 3, 20, 28, 49, 135, 139
compressible, 131
inviscid, 16, 28
inviscid compressible, 131–134
overview, 1
Aeroelastic bending, wing, 679
Aeroelasticity, 624, 877
Aft CG limit, 615–620, 660, 967–968
Aft tail, 384–385, 389–390, 394–395, 436–437,
624, 627, 631, 634–636, 661–666
estimating downwash angle on, 411–421
Afterburner, 164, 241–242
Aileron, 9, 72–82, 377, 549, 567–568, 596–
597, 666, 691
angle, 73, 567–568
deflection, 73–76, 78, 80–82, 567–570, 596–
597, 680–681
Frise, 691
response, 921
reversal, 679
reversal speed, 681
saturation, 582, 584, 585, 589, 591–593
sizing, 574, 595, 921
Air density, 132–133, 230, 265, 268, 272–273,
277, 279, 282, 284, 287–289, 293–294,
298–299, 304, 311, 316, 327, 331–332,
345–346
Aircraft, 1, 10–11, 14–18, 48, 53, 94, 107–131,
138, 153–168, 245, 253
control response, 953, 976–986
controls, 605
design, 259, 263–264, 272, 565
dynamics, 727
engine, 154–155, 157, 190, 200, 236–237
equations of motion, 715, 719
fixed wing, 74, 681
flight simulation, 989–1060
handling qualities, 953–986
maneuverability, 605
performance, 16, 259–805
plane of symmetry, 95, 497
COPYRIG
HTED M
ATERIAL
1114 Index
position, 1044
propulsion, 153–168, 191, 253
stability, 223, 380–381, 436, 447
stability and control, 225, 259
state, 957
tailless, 453, 517, 565
weight, 279, 292, 322, 356
Airflow, 1, 47, 131
Airfoil, 4, 26–28, 144, 318
cambered, 143
coordinates, 33–34
modern, 318
section, 3, 5, 26, 28, 32, 34, 38–50, 95–96,
100, 134, 138, 168, 384, 388, 427, 448
section geometry, 16
section moment data, 30
section theory, 50
supercritical, 139
supersonic, 138, 143, 145
symmetric, 26, 30, 143, 145, 318, 384, 388–
393, 395
theory, 39
thickness, 28, 30, 38, 45
thin, 28, 134, 143, 145
Airplane
high-wing, 558–560
low-wing, 558
spin, 693–695, 703, 706
spin-resistant, 705, 706
stall, 693
Airscrew, 170 (see also Propeller)
Airspeed, 14, 16, 81, 158–161, 164, 171–179,
190–191, 197, 200, 216–219, 231–232,
259–368, 377–379, 387, 392–393, 397,
439, 557, 719
best climb, 281
best glide, 310–316
design, 318, 393
forward, 173–176, 187, 190, 207, 216
freestream, 205
indicated, 327, 331
landing, 351–352, 411
liftoff, 344–345, 411
maximum, 274–277
maximum endurance, 291–293, 299, 301
maximum range, 296–302, 305
minimum, 259, 317
minimum-control, 582–596
minimum drag, 264, 267, 296, 299–301
minimum power, 273, 307
minimum sink, 307–308
minimum thrust, 273
optimum, 265
subsonic, 155, 165, 168
supersonic, 144, 164, 253
true, 327
VNE, 325–326
All-flying tail, 385, 682, 687
All-movable trim adjustment, 688–689
Altitude, 10–12, 17, 190, 264–265, 272–273,
281–282, 289, 292, 294, 297–298, 305–
307, 311, 327, 358, 377, 989, 1044–1049,
1052–1055, 1057
density, 306
geometric, 10, 17
geopotential, 10–11
obstacle clearance, 353–361, 364
Ambient
pressure, 153, 203, 233–234, 246, 483
temperature, 237, 245
Amphibian, 456
Amplification factor, 817–818 (see also
Dynamic gain)
Angle
advance, 173–174, 176, 186, 219
aerodynamic, 498–499, 525, 597
aerodynamic pitch, 169–170, 173, 175, 181–
182, 185–186, 218–219
aileron, 73, 567–568
azimuth, 736, 990 (see also Heading)
bank, 260, 321–324, 336, 497–499, 548–549,
736, 901, 990
climb, 260, 278, 282–286, 309, 321–324,
332–334, 357–360, 386, 392, 437
crab, 295
dihedral, 95, 550, 554, 565–566
downwash, 173–174, 176, 218–219, 387,
390–391, 394–395, 411, 413, 415, 417–
420, 479–480, 484, 509, 571
Euler, 735–743, 753–754, 759, 927, 989–990
elevation, 437, 696, 736, 990
ground track, 295
heading, 295, 736 (see also Azimuth angle)
induced, 173, 175, 181, 183, 218
Mach, 140, 142–143
orientation, 499
phase, 818
pitch, 169–170, 176, 180, 182, 185–186, 219
roll, 78
sideslip, 225, 497–503, 508–511, 516–519,
526, 548–549, 551, 557, 719, 721, 901
sidewash, 502–503, 509, 519
sweep, 95–96, 417–418
thrust, 171, 262, 265–270, 274, 278–279,
296, 320, 338
upwash, 422, 424–425, 428, 479
wind direction, 295
wind-track, 295, 308
Index 1115
Angle of attack, 3–5, 14–16, 28–32, 37–42, 45,
52–58, 75, 99–100, 107, 143, 185, 189,
200, 216, 219, 225, 246, 262–263, 266,
334–335, 338, 340, 344–346, 379–386,
390–403, 413, 423, 437–440, 443–444,
448–449, 453–455, 474, 476, 478, 484,
499–501, 523, 548, 611, 719
aerodynamic, 63, 74, 78, 80, 175, 185, 189,
219
blade, 189–190, 218
differential in, 551
effective, 50, 391, 411
equilibrium, 392, 730, 804
fuselage, 393, 396, 429
geometric, 51, 73–74
high, 15, 940–942, 987
induced, 50–51, 78, 96
local aerodynamic, 63, 74
local section, 50, 101, 106, 176, 183
low, 14
optimum, 349
propeller, 171–172, 201, 216–220, 222, 225,
480, 508–510, 513–515
small, 134
trim, 450
zero, 143, 391, 395–396, 404, 406, 428, 448,
450, 480, 484
zero-lift, 30–31, 40–42, 51, 59, 170, 184–
185, 390, 424
Angular momentum equation, 206–207, 212
Anhedral, 95, 550
Area, 3–4
characteristic, 473
frontal, 3, 473
planform, 3, 53, 96
wing, 259, 265, 318, 345
Area rule, 139
Aspect ratio, 49, 53–54, 57, 62, 66–67, 70, 76,
83, 96, 102, 105–106, 262, 269, 272, 275,
318, 389, 391, 412–413, 415, 420, 426–
428, 448–449, 505, 527, 552, 870
apparent, 505
effective, 505, 527–528
high, 102, 265
low, 106
true, 527–528
Atmosphere, 10–14
desert, 11
polar, 11
standard, 11, 14
Atmospheric pressure, 14
Atmospheric temperature, 14
Attitude, 380, 387, 423
descriptors, 1004
equilibrium, 379–381
liftoff, 337
quaternion representation, 1007, 1010
Autopilot, 969, 985–986
Axis of propeller rotation, 171, 173, 176, 216
Azimuth angle, 736, 990 (see also Heading)
constraint, 1014
B
B-17 Flying Fortress, 157, 159
B-29 Superfortress, 157
Bairstow approximation, 858
Balanced field length, 353–355, 363–365
Bank angle, 260, 321–324, 336, 497–499, 548–
549, 736, 901, 990
load-limited, 323–324
maximum, 322–324
regulatory limit, 589
stall-limited, 322–324
Basic section lift, 85–87, 108
Beech Bonanza, 690
Bell Airacomet, 161–162
Bernoulli’s equation, 203, 208
Betz condition, 179, 199, 217
Bifilar pendulum, 884
Biot-Savart law, 25, 412, 417, 518
Blade
angle of attack, 189–190, 218
drag, 190, 200
interference, 159
section, 173, 175, 189, 218
wake, 199
Blade-tip vortex, 177–179, 215
helical, 215
Body, 3 (see also Fuselage)
axis, 1
bluff, 3, 15
-fixed stability and control coordinates, 7–8
streamlined, 14, 15
Body force, 668
Boeing 707, 163
Boeing 747, 165
Boundary conditions, 38
Boundary layer, 14–17, 19, 42, 134, 138, 146,
199
concept, 14
equations, 14
flow, 14, 38
separation, 15–16, 29, 42, 138
solution, 39
theory, 14, 38
viscous, 14, 16
wake, 16
Bow shock, 143
1116 Index
Brake power, 159, 171, 182, 184, 189–197,
205, 212–213, 293
British Fairey Delta, 597
British Spitfire, 158–159, 385, 487–488, 514,
599
Bypass ratio, 164, 245, 248–253
C
C-130 Hercules, 166, 558–560
Camber, 26–28, 39, 84, 143–145
line, 26–28, 30–31, 37–42, 143, 145
maximum, 27, 30, 32
negative, 384
positive, 384, 390
Camber line geometry, 40–42
Camber line ordinate, 40
Cambered wing, pitch stability of, 381–384
Canard, 421–437, 449–453, 608
lift coefficient, 424, 426, 432
lift slope, 424
movable, 666
volume ratio, 425–426, 429
Cartesian aerodynamic coordinates, 1–2, 518,
717
Ceiling
absolute, 282
service, 282
Center of aerodynamic force, 468
Center of drag, 460, 468
Center of gravity, 381–383, 386–395, 399–407,
422–425, 435–436, 439, 444–445, 448,
453–473, 500–501, 504–506, 560
limits, 407, 615–623, 646–661, 967–968
low, 664
vertical position, 663
Center of lift, 460, 468
Center of pressure, 5, 29–30, 145
fuselage, 473–474
Center of thrust, 386, 395, 422, 436
Center of vorticity, 415–417
Centripetal acceleration, 606, 616, 668, 698
Centroidal chord, 88–93
CFD, 39, 96, 105–107, 474, 482
Characteristic length, 99, 103
Characteristic polynomial, 974
Chord, 2, 27, 41
centroidal, 88–93
flap, 41
geometric mean, 83
length, 2–3, 27, 30, 51, 54–55, 59, 63, 77,
103, 175–176, 183–186, 200, 220
line, 1–5, 26–27, 46, 98, 143, 261
mean aerodynamic, 84, 89, 460
root, 55
tip, 55
Chord length ratio, 183–184, 186
Circulation, 21, 24, 48, 51, 78, 94, 98, 177,
180–181
distribution, 52, 55, 75
local section, 51, 177
vector, 555
Climb, 277–287
accelerating, 353, 355
Climb angle, 260, 278, 282–286, 309, 321–324,
332–334, 357–360, 386, 392, 437
load-limited, 333–334
stall-limited, 333
steady, 358
Clustering, 32, 104
cosine, 32–33, 104–105
Cobra maneuver, 334, 987
Coefficient, 3–4
axial force, 3
drag, 3–4, 15–16, 30, 52–55, 58, 62, 107,
138, 145
induced drag, 52–55, 58–59
lift, 3, 15–16, 30, 38, 41–42, 52–63, 66, 80,
106, 135, 146, 175, 182–183, 200, 262–
267, 271–272, 277, 283–284, 310, 317,
320, 322, 334, 336–340, 344, 346, 357–
360, 382–383, 387–391, 396, 398, 401,
411–412, 415, 424, 449–451, 455, 608
moment, 3, 5, 29, 36, 42, 135, 145–146, 382,
387, 392, 449, 609
normal force, 3, 5
pressure, 135–137, 142–143
yawing moment, 78–81
Cofactor, 973, 975
Combustion chamber, 228, 233–235, 237, 241,
247
Complex amplitude, 984
Compressibility, 131, 159, 196
Compressible flow theory, 230
Compressible subsonic flow, 134–139
Compressor, 228, 233, 237–238, 246
inlet, 234–235
outlet, 234
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 39, 96,
105–107, 474, 482
Conservation of mass, 203, 208
Constant-speed pull-up maneuver, 606–607
Constraint
azimuth angle, 1014
design, 318
elevation angle, 1014
pitch, 1014
roll, 1013
rotational, 1013
Index 1117
yaw, 1014
Continuity equation, 16–18, 210
Contrails, 177–178
Control, 9, 48, 682
alternative, 666
anticipation parameter, 960, 962, 963, 967
automatic, 985
column, 632
derivatives, 597
inputs, 968
irreversible, 633
lateral, 666
loader, 633
longitudinal, 605, 669
orthogonality, 1026–1028
pitch, 9, 72, 385, 426, 472, 605, 632, 637,
638–641, 644, 655–658, 682–687 (see
also All-flying tail; Elevator; Stabilator;
V-tail)
reversible mechanical, 633
roll, 9, 72–73, 567, 570, 691–692, 969 (see
also Ailerons; Spoilers)
stick, 632
surface deflection, 72, 74, 424–434, 670,
672, 675
weight-shift, 407–411
wheel, 632
yaw, 9, 504, 570, 692, 693, 704, 941, 969
(see also Rudder; V-tail)
yoke, 632
Control derivative, 504, 512, 570, 597, 627,
681
Control force, 632
derivative, 639
gradient, 632, 637, 640, 643, 654, 660
in ground effect, 655–658, 661
per g, 637, 640, 643, 660
pitch, 605, 639, 656–658
Control point, 32–35, 99–105
Control problem
generalized linear, 970, 977, 981
special linear, 970, 972, 978
Control response, 953, 968–986
Control reversal
aileron, 679
elevator, 632
Control surface, 9, 72
asymmetric, 72
deflection, 72, 74, 424–434, 670, 672, 675
distribution function, 74, 80
effectiveness, 425
geometry, 76
hinge moment, 633
other configurations, 682–693
sign convention, 9, 73, 437, 513, 567, 597–
598, 635, 676, 683, 918
spanwise asymmetric, 72
Control system, 633
autopilot, 969, 985–986
digital, 953
fly-by-wire, 633, 646, 692, 953
gain coefficient, 692
Control theory
automatic, 986
classical, 985
modern, 985
optimal, 986
Control volume, 153–154, 228–229
Cooper-Harper rating scale, 954–955
Coordinated
maneuver, 666, 668
turn, 322–324, 328–331, 337, 926, 927, 936–
937
Coordinates, 1, 21, 523, 715–716
aerodynamic, 1–2, 518, 717
airfoil, 33–34
atmosphere-fixed, 717, 719, 726
body-fixed, 697–698, 717–718, 725, 735,
739, 741, 769, 770, 798, 926, 989, 993,
995
Cartesian, 717, 1044
Earth-fixed, 717–718, 735, 739, 741, 926,
989, 993, 995
fixed, 718
flat-Earth, 967, 1044
geographic, 1044–1063
inertial, 717, 727, 732, 734, 735, 758, 989–
990, 992, 995, 1002
nodal, 33
noninertial, 989–991, 995, 1002
panel, 33
polar, 21
right-hand, 499
surface, lower, 27–28
surface, upper, 27–28
transformation, 135
Corbett-Wright
gain coefficient, 1022–1026, 1029
orthogonality control, 1021–1026, 1029,
1038
Coriolis acceleration, 732
Coriolis forces, 930
Cosine clustering, 32–33, 104–105
Crab angle, 295
Critical engine failure speed, 354–355, 364–
365
Curl, 16, 18, 20
Curved vortex sheet, 32
1118 Index
Cycle analysis, 233
D
Damped natural frequency, 736, 814–817, 839,
888, 890
Dutch roll, 891, 912
lateral mode, 888
phugoid/long period, 843, 854, 856, 864
short-period, 842, 848
Damped sinusoid, 814, 815, 825, 976
Damping
Dutch roll, 891, 895, 909, 911–912, 916–
919, 939, 943–944
drag, 869–870
phase, 863, 869–870
phugoid/long period, 854, 857, 863, 869–
871, 939, 964
pitch, 610, 845, 869–870, 979
rate, 814–817, 839, 855, 888, 896, 899–901,
911–912
ratio, 815–818, 839, 888, 891, 960, 964, 966
requirements, 960–968
roll, 78, 895, 909, 914, 939, 965
short-period, 845, 848, 939, 963–964, 979
spiral mode, 901, 917, 939, 965
yaw, 918, 981
Decay rate, 816 (see also Damping)
Deflection, 41
aileron, 73–82, 567–570, 596–597, 680–681
control surface, 72, 74, 424–434, 672, 675
efficiency, 43–44, 81
elevator, 389–400, 405–408, 438–444, 448,
606, 611
flap, 39–46, 99–100
rudder, 503–504, 510–515, 570–596, 676
Degrees of freedom, 497
lateral, 497, 596
longitudinal, 497, 596
DeHavilland Dash 8, 166
Derivatives (see also Gradient)
aerodynamic, 500, 504, 565, 768–788, 846,
914, 917, 924
control, 597
force and moment, 768–788
nondimensional, 792–794
Design, 45, 260, 565, 597
aircraft, 259, 263–264, 272, 565
airspeed, 318, 393
constraint, 318
final, 259–260
parameters, 259–260, 263
preliminary, 45, 107, 259–260, 388–391,
411, 418, 473, 505–506, 515, 527–528
requirements, 259
tail, 524–525
Differential equations, 135
elliptic, 135
hyperbolic, 135, 139
partial, 135, 139
Differential operator, 733
Dihedral, 52–55, 94–98, 104–105, 413, 415,
517, 519, 558
angle, 95, 550, 554, 565–566
factor, 554, 565
tail, 529–547
Dihedral effect, 548, 550, 565–566
fuselage, 565–566
vertical stabilizer, 566
Dimensionless, 3–4, 75–77, 99–104, 107
Direction cosine, 992
formulation, 992–993, 1000, 1038
matrix, 992
transformation, 1004
Direction of flight, 261 (see also Heading)
Distance
acceleration, 337–338, 344–345, 349, 351,
361
braking, 351–352
FAR takeoff, 353–355, 358, 361–364
free-roll, 351–352
ground roll, 337, 353
liftoff, 337
rotation, 337–338, 344, 347, 351
Disturbance (see also Perturbation)
lateral, 730, 885, 904
longitudinal, 730, 885
pitch, 451–452
roll, 904
to steady equilibrium flight, 730
yaw, 500, 904
Divergence
directional, 904
drag, 138, 776
pitch, 939–940
spiral, 893–894, 897, 901, 904, 965
Divergent mode, 834–835, 858, 876, 942
Doublet, 21
Doubling time, 834, 893–894, 965
Douglas X-3 Stiletto, 524
Downwash, 48, 50, 94–96, 104, 172–177, 179,
340, 390–391, 411, 413, 415, 417–420,
449, 478, 484, 523, 564
angle, 173–174, 176, 218–219, 387, 390–
391, 394–395, 411, 413, 415, 417–420,
479–480, 484, 509, 571
distribution, 390
gradient, 397, 420, 480, 484, 505, 509, 571
induced, 177, 416
Index 1119
uniform, 63
velocity, 391, 411–413
Drag, 2–3, 168, 171–174, 189, 216, 219–220,
228, 259–260, 267, 278, 296, 337, 339–
340, 347, 379–380
additive, 229–232
aerodynamic, 260–261, 338
blade, 190, 200
coefficient, 3–4, 15–16, 30, 52–55, 58, 62,
107, 138, 145
curve, 138
damping, 869–870
divergence, 138, 776
effects of, 436–472
force, 2, 171, 174, 219, 228, 261–262, 277,
357, 381, 403, 455
induced, 50, 52–66, 171, 173, 176, 220, 262,
264, 272, 278, 339–340, 357, 380, 389,
425, 517
level flight, 278, 317
local section, 175–176
minimum, 298–299, 318–319
nacelle, 229, 232
nonlinear, 447
parasitic, 107, 171, 176, 200, 220, 262, 264–
265, 272, 339
pre-entry, 229
section, 30, 145, 220
trim, 409–411
viscous, 146
wave, 145–146
zero-lift, 272, 318
Drag coefficient, 3, 176, 182–184, 200, 220,
265, 267, 336, 338, 345–347, 352, 357–
360, 448–450
constant, 346
parasitic, 262, 265, 318–319
zero-lift, 319, 340, 346
Drift error, 1023, 1026–1028, 1038
Ducted fan, 165, 245
Dutch roll, 886, 893, 895, 906–919, 943–945,
966, 981, 983
amplitude, 892, 895, 907
approximation, 906–919
coupling ratio, 911, 912, 914, 917
damped natural frequency, 891, 912
damping, 891, 895, 909, 911–912, 916–919,
939, 943–944
eigenvalues, 906, 909–916, 983
eigenvectors, 891, 892, 906, 907, 913
frequency, 892, 909, 911, 916, 966
handling qualities, 966
mode, 886, 891, 892, 895, 912, 944
oscillation, 891, 895, 944–945
period, 893, 939
phase, 892
phase-divergence ratio, 911, 912, 914, 917
stability ratio, 911, 912, 914, 916
undamped natural frequency, 892, 916
Dynamic angular rates, 670
Dynamic frequency response, 984
Dynamic gain, 984 (see also Amplification
factor)
Dynamic handling quality predictions, 958–968
Dynamic margin, 615–620, 660, 853, 961
Dynamic pitch rate, 616, 670, 678, 679, 960
Dynamic pressure, 383, 387–388, 423
ratio, 504
Dynamic roll rate, 670
Dynamic yaw rate, 670
Dynamics, fundamentals of, 813–836 (see also
Eigenproblem)
E
Earth, 1044–1063
ellipsoidal model, 1044–1051
equatorial plane, 1045–1046
equatorial radius, 1045–1046, 1051
polar axis, 1045–1046, 1052
polar radius, 1045–1046, 1051
spherical approximation, 1051–1057
Effective headwind, 297
Efficiency, 155, 158–159, 164–168, 191, 193,
197, 199, 245, 249–253
aerodynamic, 262, 264, 266, 389, 426
deflection, 43–44, 81
fuel, 168
hinge, 43–44, 81
ideal, 205
maximum, 159, 187, 190–191
propeller, 155, 158–159, 190–191, 200, 293
tail, 388
thermal, 236–250
thermodynamic, 168
Eigenaxis, 993
Eigenproblem, 813–836, 885
generalized, 819, 822, 826–827, 838, 887
special, 826–827, 838, 887
Eigenvalue, 814, 819–820, 823, 825–830, 834–
835, 837–839, 886–888
complex, 814, 816–817, 823, 836
Dutch roll, 906, 909–916, 983
dimensionless, 839, 848, 855–856, 864, 867,
900
phugoid/long period, 843, 855, 856, 858,
861–864, 867–868
pure pitching motion, 873
pure yawing motion, 923
1120 Index
real, 814, 823
rigid-body displacement mode, 834, 844,
892
roll mode, 893, 896–897
short period, 842, 847–849, 983
spiral mode, 897, 898–900
Eigenvector, 819–820, 823, 824, 825, 826, 830,
835, 836, 838, 839, 844, 877, 887, 892,
924, 925, 934
complex components, 836
complex pair, 824
components, 825
Dutch roll, 891, 892, 906, 907, 913
lateral, 892
longitudinal, 844
phugoid/long period, 846, 855, 857–858,
864, 866
roll mode, 890, 897
short period, 845, 847, 849
spiral mode, 890, 898–901
Elastic deflection angle, 626
Electronic yaw damper, 918
Elevation angle, 437, 696, 736, 990
constraint, 1014
Elevator, 9, 377, 385, 390, 605, 635, 666
angle per g, 611, 660
angle to turn, 677–679
control reversal, 632
deflection, 389–400, 405–408, 438–444,
448, 606, 611
effectiveness, 627–631
hinge moment, 635
power, 621–623
response, 976–979
sizing, 646–661
Ellipsoidal-Earth model, 1044–1051
Empennage, 384–385, 690
Endurance, 287–295
maximum, 291–294, 299–300, 303–304, 317
specific, 292–294
Energy
equation, 205, 212
potential, 272, 357, 845–846
rotational kinetic, 845–846
translational kinetic, 846
Engine, 157–168, 171, 173, 190, 195–198, 216,
228–233, 245, 247–251, 253, 260, 277,
282, 293, 484
air-cooled piston, 155, 159
air-cooled radial, 157
aircraft, 154–155, 157, 190, 200, 236–237
bypass, 164
failure, 353–355, 361, 363, 365, 582–596
failure reaction speed, 362
failure recognition speed, 362, 364–365
gas turbine, 160, 168, 228
horizontally opposed, 159
ideal, 233
internal combustion, 155–156, 158, 288
jet, 155, 160, 164, 270, 282, 482, 484–486
liquid-cooled piston, 155
piston, 158, 168, 190, 195, 197, 340
Rolls-Royce Griffon, 158, 161
radial, 156–157
reciprocating, 282
reciprocating jet, 160
reciprocating piston, 159
rotary-radial, 155–156
static-radial, 157
supercharger, 159
turbofan, 155, 164–166, 168, 245–249, 252–
253, 306, 340, 482–483, 486
turbojet, 155, 160–166, 228–238, 241–242,
245, 248–249, 252, 268, 270, 274–275,
282, 286, 303, 340, 358, 361, 482–483,
486
turboprop, 166–168
turboshaft, 168
Engine-out flight configuration, 596
Engine-propeller combination, 155, 159–161,
164, 173, 196, 198, 245, 270, 282, 482,
486
Enthalpy, 154, 205, 235
freestream, 205
Equations of motion, 716, 735, 1032
6-DOF, rigid body, 753
aircraft, 715, 719
general linearized, 928
lateral, 886, 943
linearized, 754–767, 943, 970, 977, 986
longitudinal, 886, 977
nondimensional linearized, 788–798, 931
nonlinear, 969, 986
rigid-body, 715–716, 753, 834, 943, 989
Equator, 1044, 1049, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1057,
1060, 1062
Equilibrium, 377–381, 386, 451
angle of attack, 392, 730, 804
neutrally stable, 379
stable, 377–379, 452
static, 377–383, 386–387, 390
unstable, 377–381, 664
Error
drift, 1023, 1026–1028, 1038
orthogonality, 1021–1023, 1026–1029, 1038
quaternion, 1010
round-off, 1028–1029
simulation, 1025, 1029, 1034–1036
Index 1121
truncation, 1029, 1033, 1034
Euler angle, 735–743, 753–754, 759, 927, 989–
991, 997, 1000, 1003–1008, 1013, 1016–
1018
definitions, 735–737, 990–991
formulation, 735–753, 989–993, 996, 1003,
1013, 1037–1038
integration of, 743
rotation, 993–994
singularities, 743
time derivatives of, 741
transformation, 743, 1003, 1013, 1038
Euler axis, 993–995, 1009
formulation, 993–996
rotation, 993–996, 999
vector, 1009–1010
Euler instability, 1022
Euler integration, 1030, 1036
Euler-Rodrigues
quaternion, 996, 1000, 1004, 1008–1012,
1037
quaternion conjugate, 1002
quaternion formulation, 996–1005, 1009–
1010, 1017–1020, 1037–1038
symmetric parameters, 996–997, 999–1002,
1009
Euler’s formula, 993, 997
Euler’s theorem, 997
Exhaust jet, 482–484, 525
entrainment, 525
Exhaust nozzle, 233–235
Exit nozzle, 228, 235
Exit plane, 229
Exponential method, 1030–1031 (see also
Local linearization method)
External stores, 472–474, 505–506
F
F-14 Tomcat, 524, 580, 582, 585–591
F/A-18 Hornet, 595, 687
FAR takeoff, 353–355, 358, 361–364
Failure state, 958
Fan nozzle, 246–248
Fang and Zimmerman algorithm, 1025
Feathering the prop, 189
Feedback control system, 918–919
Finite thickness, 38
Finite wing, 25, 46–49, 54, 58, 94, 97, 99, 172,
390, 555
theory, 46–94
First law of thermodynamics, 153–154, 234–
235, 241, 246
Fixed-wing aircraft, 74, 681
Flap, 39–46
chord fraction, 42
chord length, 40
deflection, 39–46, 99–100
sealed, 43–44
trailing-edge, 39–46, 51, 72
Flap effectiveness, 39, 42–43, 45, 567–568
ideal section, 41–42
local section, 75
Flaperons, 666
Flat-Earth
approximation, 717, 1037
coordinate system, 989, 1044
quaternion formulation, 1035–1042
Flat vortex panels, 32
Flex-wing aircraft, 681
Flight
accelerating, 605
envelope, 325–326, 957
equilibrium, 730, 744, 756–759, 763, 792
free, 379–380, 383, 392
gliding, 306, 309, 312, 317
level, 269, 278–279, 295–296, 317, 322, 386,
389
mechanics, 1, 253, 259–260, 715
powerless, 307–308
simulation, 259, 989, 996, 1029, 1032
simulator, 1002
steady, 17–18
steady level, 260–263, 267–271, 274–275,
279–283, 287–290, 293, 295, 298, 306,
317, 358, 377
testing, 253
trimmed, 377, 379–380, 384, 392, 425, 444,
452–453
turning, 321–322, 670, 672
Flight envelope, 957
operational, 957, 968
permissible, 957
service, 957
Flight phase categories, 955–956
Floatplane, 514–515
Flow, 14
adiabatic, 19, 131
axisymmetric, 209
boundary layer, 14, 38
compressible, 20, 131, 134–135, 139
compressible subsonic, 134–139
core, 246, 248
doublet, 2-D, 21
entrained, 482, 525
fan, 246
field, 18, 47, 136, 411, 557
fluid, 16, 143
freestream, 17, 20, 171, 216
1122 Index
incompressible, 18, 20, 26, 46, 132, 134–
136, 193–194, 200–203, 212
induced, 215
inviscid, 14, 15–19, 94, 131, 135
inviscid irrotational, 17
irrotational, 20, 131, 133, 139
isentropic, 19, 131, 230, 246–247
leakage, 42
lifting, 2-D, 24
over multiple lifting services, 94–107
potential, 20–25, 29–30, 32, 37–38, 49, 131,
136, 199
separation, 232, 940 (see also Stall)
source, 2-D, 21
stagnation, 2-D, 21
streamtube, 203, 214
subsonic, 30, 134, 139, 143, 145
supersonic, 134–139, 143
three-dimensional, 716
turbine, 233
two-dimensional, 716
uniform, 18, 20–22, 28, 32, 34, 99, 131, 133,
206–209, 212, 229, 502
viscous, 232
vortex, 2-D, 21
Fluid, 19
compressible, 19
density, 177
flow, 16, 143
inviscid, 232
statics, 10
Flying qualities (see Handling qualities)
Flying wing, 383–384
Force, 2, 259, 384
aerodynamic, 1–4, 14, 18, 28–30, 46, 49, 94,
99–107, 143, 403
axial, 2–4
braking, 355
buoyant, 18, 228
center of aerodynamic, 468
derivatives, 768–788
drag, 2, 171, 174, 219, 228, 261–262, 277,
357, 381, 403, 455
friction, 351
gradient, 508
lift, 261, 322–323, 381, 455
normal, 2, 172, 216, 223–227, 476–478, 480,
482–483
off-axis, 216
pressure, 14–18, 38, 138, 455, 474
resultant aerodynamic, 18
rolling friction, 340
section, 2
shear, 403, 455
side, 2, 216, 223, 225, 319, 322, 377, 381,
387, 497, 499, 501, 506–508, 513, 526,
548, 560
thrust, 171, 216, 270, 352, 357–358
vector, 270
viscous, 38, 138
viscous shear, 14
Forced response, 813, 817
Forcing frequency, 818
Ford Tri-motor, 156–157
Forebody blowing, 987
Forebody strakes, 941, 987
Forebody suction, 987
Forward airspeed, 173–176, 187, 190, 207, 216
Forward CG limit, 407, 621–623, 653–654,
658, 660, 661
Fourier, 52
coefficients, 52–62, 67–81
integral, 77
series, 52–55
Free response, 813–814, 817, 834
Freestream, 2–3, 18, 29–30, 50, 98–99, 133–
134, 139–141, 143, 154, 171, 205, 216,
230–234, 386, 476, 482
airspeed, 205
conditions, 132
density, 3
dynamic pressure, 387–388
enthalpy, 205
flow, 17, 20, 171, 216
Mach number, 136, 138, 139–143, 237, 775
pressure, 154, 205, 208, 228
static pressure, 202, 207, 210, 231
temperature, 230
velocity, 2, 17, 21, 35, 48, 51, 133–136, 139,
153–154, 182, 203–204, 207, 222, 236,
386, 391, 411, 413, 422, 436, 485, 555
Frequency
Dutch roll, 892, 909, 911, 916, 966
phugoid/long period, 856, 858, 863, 868–
869, 877, 964
response, 817, 983, 984
response curves, 985
short period, 846, 848, 959–964
Frise ailerons, 691
Fuel consumption, 287, 289–290, 295, 304
minimum, 289–291
power-specific, 287, 317
rate, 289–292, 303–304
specific, 159, 287–290, 298–299, 303–304
thrust-specific, 304, 306
total rate, 289, 292, 303
Fuel injection, 159
Full-stall landing, 652, 655
Index 1123
Fuselage
angle of attack, 393, 396, 429
bending, 627–628, 630
center of pressure, 473–474
contribution of, 472–476
dihedral effect, 565–566
effect, 505
reference line, 261, 386, 391, 393, 395, 401,
422, 424, 436–439, 448, 479–480, 484
Fuselage-wing interaction, 558
G
Gain, 984
Corbett-Wright, coefficient, 1022–1026,
1029
coefficient, 1021, 1025, 1029
dynamic, 984
static, 984
Gas turbine, 160, 168, 228
Gauss elimination, 827
Geocentric angle, 1052, 1055
Geocentric coordinates, 1052
Geocentric latitude, 1046
Geodesic, 1049–1057, 1060, 1061
Geodetic bearing, 1050
Geodetic latitude, 1046, 1051
Geographic coordinates, 1044–1063
Geometric mean chord, 83
Geometric shape, 26
Geometric twist, 51–52, 55, 95, 105, 553–554
Geometric washout, 169
Gimbal lock singularity, 743, 989–993, 996,
1007–1009, 1038
Glide ratio, 308–315
maximum, 311–317
zero-wind, 310–311, 317
Gliding flight, 306
Gloster Meteor, 161–162
Gloster/Whittle E28/39, 161–162
Goldstein’s hypothesis, 180, 199
Goldstein’s kappa factor, 180
Goldstein’s vortex theory, 179–180, 185, 187,
196, 200–202, 214, 217
Gossamer Albatross, 272
Gossamer Condor, 272
Gradient, 17–19
control force, 632, 637, 640, 643, 654
downwash, 397, 420, 480, 484, 505, 509,
571
moment, 508
normal force, 478–479
pressure, 15, 19
sidewash, 503–505, 509, 511, 518–525
temperature, 11, 19
upwash, 425, 428
velocity, 19
Great circle, 1056, 1060–1063
navigation, 1060–1063
Gross weight, 259–262, 267, 290–292, 299–
301, 312, 314, 318–319, 322, 326–327,
345
maximum, 323–326
Ground control speed, 346
Ground effect, 339–340, 357–359, 646–658
Ground roll, 337–341, 344, 346, 349–350, 352,
358
landing, 351–352
takeoff, 353
Ground speed, 295–296, 309, 338, 354, 719
Ground track, 295
Gyroscopic coupling, 805–807, 924–925, 928,
934, 986, 1037
Gyroscopic effects, 155, 806
H
Half-chord, 53, 145
Handling qualities, 377, 381, 633, 953–968,
983, 986
aircraft, 953–987
Dutch roll, 966
lateral phugoid, 965
phugoid/long period, 964
prediction, 958–968
roll mode, 964
short period, 958–963
spiral mode, 965
Heading, 295, 736 (see also Azimuth angle)
Headwind, 295–298, 310–316, 338
effective, 297
Heavily damped motion, 74, 845, 886
Heaviside expansion theorem, 975
Heinkel He-162, 596
Heinkel He-178, 160
Heinkel He-280, 160
Helical
blade-tip vortex, 215
path, 177–179
surface, 179
vortex, 177, 179, 180
Helix, 170, 215
High-lift device, 318, 338, 340, 351, 427, 435,
564
High thrust vector, 472
Hinge-efficiency, 43–44, 81
Horizontal tail, 384, 386, 389, 391, 395, 411,
413, 420, 444–447, 482, 501–505
dihedral, 529–547
Horizontal tail volume ratio, 394–395, 504
1124 Index
Horseshoe vortex, 96–99, 101–104, 105
Householder method, 839
I
Ideal gas, 10, 14, 131, 230, 233
constant, 10, 12, 19, 230, 239
law, 141
Incompressible, 18, 205
flow, 18, 20, 26, 46, 132, 134–136, 193–194,
200–203, 212
inviscid flow, 18, 203
velocity potential, 18
Induced
angle, 173, 175, 181, 183, 218
downwash, 177, 416
Induced drag, 50, 52–66, 171, 173, 176, 220,
262, 264, 272, 278, 339–340, 357, 380,
389, 425, 517
minimum, 62
Inertia tensor, 717, 725, 735
Inertia, moment of, 617, 725–728, 752, 794,
806, 871, 873, 874, 876
Inertial coordinates, 717, 727, 732, 734, 735,
758, 989–990, 992, 995, 1002
Inertial coupling, 805–807, 924–925, 928, 934,
939–940, 986, 1037
Inertial cross coupling, 732
Inertial reference frame, 726
Infinite series, 29, 31
Inlet, 233
duct, 228
plane, 229
pressure, 232
velocity, 164
Inverse rotation, 1002
Inverse transformation, 721–722, 975
equations, 722
Inviscid, 14–19
adiabatic flow, 19, 131
aerodynamic force, 28
aerodynamic moment, 28
aerodynamics, 16, 28
CFD solution, 105–107
compressible aerodynamics, 131–134
flow analysis, 15
fluid, 232
forces, 106
lift coefficient, 36–37
moments, 106
panel codes, 107
theory, 146, 199
Irreversible controls, 633
Irrotational, 18, 20, 131, 139
Isentropic, 19, 131, 142, 233
J
Jacobian, 101
Jet engine, 155, 160, 164, 270, 282, 482, 484–
486
contribution of, 482–486
Jet propulsion, 160–161
Jet transport, 785, 794, 804
K
Kalman filtering, 1000
Kinematic
equations, 1021
formulation, 992
transformation equations, 742, 753, 989,
991, 996, 999, 1018
Kinetic energy, 153, 236, 242, 247–248, 357
Kutta, 46
condition, 28, 34
lift, 49
Kutta-Joukowski law, 24, 29, 48–49
L
Landing, 337–353
Landing configuration, 659
Landing gear, 338, 340, 342
tail-dragger, 338, 345, 513–514
tricycle, 338, 345–346
Landing performance, 337
Laplace
equation, 18, 132, 134–136
transform, 970–971, 974, 975, 983, 985
Lapse rate, 11
Lateral control and maneuverability, 666
Lateral disturbance, 730, 885, 904
Lateral dynamics, linearized, 885–945
Lateral equations, 886
linearized, 763, 836
Lateral mode, 958
damped natural frequency, 888
damping rate, 888
undamped natural frequency, 888
Lateral motion, 669–670, 836, 885–887
Lateral phugoid, 895, 966
handling qualities, 965
Lateral static stability, 497–597
Lateral trim, 497–597
generalized small-angle requirements, 574–
577
steady-heading sideslip, 577–582
Latitude, 989, 1003, 1008, 1044, 1046–1052,
1054, 1055, 1057, 1062
Leading edge, 1–2, 4–5, 26–27, 33, 53, 95, 143
blunt, 143
moment coefficient, 30
Index 1125
sharp, 143
Length, 2–3
characteristic, 99, 103
l’Hospital’s rule, 67
Lift, 2–3, 138, 175–176, 216, 219, 259–260,
267, 277–278, 337
additional section, 85–87
basic section, 85–87
force, 261, 322–323, 381, 455
maximum, 108–119
vector, 50, 78, 173, 176–177, 220, 319
Lift coefficient, 3, 15–16, 30, 38, 41–42, 52–
63, 66, 80, 106, 135, 146, 175, 182–183,
200, 262–267, 271–272, 277, 283–284,
310, 317, 320, 322, 334, 336–340, 344,
346, 357–360, 382–383, 387–391, 396,
398, 401, 411–412, 415, 424, 449–451,
455, 608
canard, 424, 426, 432
design, 62, 81
differential, 337
inviscid, 36–37
maximum, 16, 39, 108–119, 318, 327, 330–
331, 342, 346, 351, 384, 408
optimum, 347, 350
section, 3, 30–31, 36–39, 46, 99–100, 106,
144, 175
tail, 388
thin airfoil, 41
wing, 388
Lift slope, 37, 39–42, 53–56, 59, 62, 77, 145,
383, 390, 394, 402, 405, 424, 644
canard, 424
in situ section, 551–554
section, 30, 42, 51, 55, 220
Lift-to-drag ratio, 262–267, 310, 314
Lifting-line, 96–97
equation, 52, 94, 96, 527–528, 553, 555
numerical method, 96, 105–107, 391, 525–
527, 552, 561, 570, 648, 690
solution, 98
theory, 48–94, 96, 105, 106, 391, 412, 414,
417, 505, 518–519, 552, 555, 569, 779,
782–783
Liftoff, 342, 346, 351, 353, 355–360
attitude, 337
speed, 342–346, 353, 361–364
Linear control problem
generalized, 970, 977, 981
special, 970, 972
Linear time-invariant systems, 970
Linearized equations
coupled, 836–847, 885
lateral, 763, 836
longitudinal, 763, 836
of motion, 754–767, 943, 970, 977, 986
Linearized lateral dynamics, 885–945
Linearized longitudinal dynamics, 813–876
Load factor, 322–324, 327, 331, 333, 335, 357,
605–606, 646, 672, 958
allowable, 326–327
load-limited, 325, 327, 329, 336
maximum, 324, 326
stall-limited, 325, 327, 329, 336
Load-limit, 330–331
negative, 323, 325
positive, 323, 325–327, 330–331
Local linearization method, 1030–1036 (see
also Exponential method)
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, 165
Lockheed P-38 Lightning, 524, 571–596, 602,
631–632
Lockheed P-80, 163
Long-period, 846, 854 (see also Phugoid)
amplitude, 843–844
approximation, 854–871
damped natural frequency, 843, 854, 856,
864
damping, 854, 857, 863, 869–871, 939, 964
damping rate, 855–856, 864, 939
eigenvalues, 843, 855, 856, 858, 861–864,
867–868
eigenvectors, 846, 855, 857–858, 864, 866
frequency, 856, 858, 863, 868–869, 877, 964
handling qualities, 964
lateral oscillation, 966
mode, 837, 842–843, 846, 858, 871, 877
motion, 846, 859, 862, 868
oscillations, 843, 877, 979
period, 843, 939
phase, 843–844
phase-divergence ratio, 863
pitch-damping-ratio, 863
stability ratio, 863, 868–871
undamped natural frequency, 843, 856, 863,
868
Longitude, 989, 1003, 1008, 1044, 1047–1049,
1053–1055, 1057, 1062
Longitudinal control, 605, 669
Longitudinal disturbance, 730, 885
Longitudinal dynamics, 837
linearized, 813–876, 885
stick-fixed, 876
Longitudinal equations, 886
linearized, 763, 836
Longitudinal-lateral coupling, 596–597, 924–
939, 986, 1037
nonlinear effects, 986–987
1126 Index
Longitudinal mode, 839, 877, 958
Longitudinal motion, 497, 596, 836–847
Longitudinal static stability, 377–486
Longitudinal trim, 377–486
M
Mach angle, 140, 142–143
Mach lines, 143–144
Mach number, 18–19, 132–139, 166, 168, 196,
200, 235, 240, 242, 247, 262
critical, 134, 136–139
design, 232
design cruise, 231
exit, 241
flight, 131, 134–135, 230–232, 237–245,
249, 252–253
freestream, 136, 138, 140, 142–143, 237,
775
hypersonic, 134
inlet, 230–232
local, 136, 200
low, 36
subsonic, 134–135
supersonic, 134, 140, 142
tip, 196
transonic, 134
zero, 135
Maneuver, 325–326
cobra, 334, 987
coordinated, 666, 668
margin, 612, 613, 960–961, 968
point, 612–621, 643–646, 660, 853, 854, 960
post-stall, 334, 661
pull-up, 605–607, 610, 633, 637, 644, 969,
979
Maneuverability, 605, 666, 682
aircraft, 605
analysis, 605
Maneuvering speed, 326–327, 330–331
Mass flow rate, 153, 154, 159, 164–165, 193,
204, 228–230, 245, 483, 727
Mass moment of inertia tensor, 725, 874
Mass transfer, 726
Maximum lift coefficient, 108–119
Maximum range, 259, 297–302, 304–306, 317
Mean aerodynamic chord, 84, 89, 460
Mean chord length, 3, 383, 387, 394, 402
Mean-sea-level ellipsoid, 1044–1052
Meridian, 1044–1046, 1050–1054, 1057
prime, 1044, 1050, 1062
Messerschmitt Me-262, 161
Minimum-control airspeed, 582–596
absolute, 588–592
aileron limited, 584, 586, 588–590
ground-, 595–596
rudder limited, 584, 586, 588–590
Minimum power required, 280, 289
Minimum runway length, 353 (see also FAR
takeoff)
Mirror image model, 648–649
Mission task elements, 955
Mode
convergent, 835, 858, 942, 984
critically damped, 816, 823
Dutch roll, 886, 891, 892, 895, 912, 944
damped, 835
divergent, 834–835, 858, 876, 942
long-period, 837, 842–843, 846, 858, 871,
877
longitudinal, 839, 877, 958
nonoscillatory, 835
oscillatory, 835, 943
overdamped, 816, 823
phugoid, 836, 842–843, 846, 858, 877, 895,
964
rigid-body, 831, 834, 835, 844, 892
roll, 886, 890–896, 909, 943, 965
short-period, 837, 842, 844–847, 877, 895,
958
spiral, 886, 890, 893–895, 897–905, 943,
965
time constant, 965
undamped, 835
underdamped, 816, 823
Moment, 1–4, 259, 384
about leading edge, 4
aerodynamic, 1–4, 103–105, 107, 259, 403,
437, 455, 474, 497, 499, 548
bending, 90–93
coefficient, 3, 5, 29, 36, 42, 135, 145–146,
382, 387, 392, 449, 609
derivatives, 768–788
gradient, 508
nondimensional derivatives, 792–794
pitching, 2, 120–130, 138, 145, 216, 223,
225, 377, 381–387, 390–397, 400, 403,
420, 422, 445, 449–450, 474, 476–477,
482, 484, 497
propeller-induced, 171
propeller yawing, 508, 510, 515, 572
quarter-chord, 30, 32, 41–42, 45, 103
restoring, 500–501
rolling, 2, 72–74, 76–77, 80–82, 171, 176,
216, 377, 381, 387, 497–499, 526, 549–
550, 556–564, 567–596, 885
section, 2
semispan components, 88–93
slope, 45, 392, 404, 475, 481
Index 1127
thrust, 437
twisting, 90–93
yawing, 2, 78–82, 172, 216, 224–225, 377,
381, 387, 497–501, 504–510, 513, 515,
548–550, 556–561, 567–570, 703, 885
Moment coefficient, 3, 5, 29, 36, 42, 135, 145–
146, 382, 387, 392, 449, 609
bending, 90–93
leading edge, 30
pitching, 3, 5, 45, 120–130, 144–145, 224,
384, 390, 392, 394, 405–406, 424, 434–
435, 445, 450–456, 473, 477, 479
quarter-chord, 30, 32, 41
rolling, 76–77, 82
section, 3, 103
semispan, 88–93
twisting, 90–93
yawing, 78–82, 224–225, 504, 548
Moment of inertia, 617, 725–728, 752, 794,
806, 871, 873, 874, 876, 1082–1085
Momentum, 94, 153, 204, 229
angular, 206–208, 211
axial, 228
downward, 94
equation, 16–18, 131, 141, 206–209, 211,
228
fluid, 173, 204
flux, 215, 228–229
theory, 204, 207, 212–216
Motion
critically damped, 815
lateral, 596
longitudinal, 497, 596, 836, 838
overdamped, 814–815
phugoid, 846, 859, 862, 868
pure pitching, 871–873, 1015
underdamped, 814–815
Multiple lifting surfaces, 94–107
N
Nacelle, 228–229, 391, 394, 411, 472–474,
505–506
contribution of, 472–476
drag, 229, 232
effect, 505–506
Natural frequency
damped, 736, 814–817, 839, 888, 890
undamped, 815, 818, 836, 839, 868, 888, 891
Navier-Stokes equations, 14, 132
Navigation, 1046, 1058–1060
great circle, 1060–1063
rhumb line, 1051–1059
Neutral axis, 462–464, 467, 470–471
definition, 462
Neutral point, 401, 403–404, 407, 428, 475,
481, 647 (see also Aerodynamic center)
Neutral roll stability, 904–905
Newtonian mechanics, 207, 715
Newton’s corrector equation, 274
Newton’s law of gravitation, 10
Newton’s method, 101–102, 274–275, 316, 440
Newton’s second law, 2, 94, 153, 228–229,
260, 338, 355, 362, 483, 605, 669, 725–
727, 730, 732, 735, 741, 753, 757, 821,
876, 989, 1017
Nodes, 32–35, 97, 99, 102, 104
Nondimensional derivatives, 792–794
Nonlinear effects, 436–472, 939–943, 969, 986
Nonlinear inertial coupling, 939–940
Normal force
coefficient, 3–5
gradient, 478–479
North American XB-70, 164
Notation, 1, 716, 728–730, 740, 790, 993
Nozzle, 246
core, 246–248
exhaust, 233–235
exit, 228, 235
fan, 246–248
Numerical lifting-line method, 96, 105–107,
391, 525–527, 552, 561, 570, 648, 690
Numerical panel method, 30, 105–106
O
Operating conditions, 259
Optimum, 54, 62, 346, 349
airspeed, 265
angle of attack, 349
flight profile, 306
induced drag, 63
lift coefficient, 347, 350
thrust angle, 265–266
total washout, 62
washout, 62, 64–65, 80–82
washout distribution, 63–66, 80
washout distribution function, 69, 71
Orthogonality
control, 1026–1028
error, 1021–1023, 1026–1029, 1038
Oscillations
Dutch roll, 891, 895, 944–945
limit-cycle, 943
long-period lateral, 895, 966
phugoid/long period, 843, 877, 979
pilot induced, 943
rolling, 886
short period, 845, 877
sideslipping, 886
1128 Index
sinusoidal, 984
yawing, 886
Oscillatory roll-spiral mode, 895, 966
Oswald efficiency, 262, 265, 272, 318–319
P
P-38 Lightning, 524, 571–594, 601–602, 631–
632, 713
P-3C Orion, 583
P-51 Mustang, 514
Panel codes, 36, 98, 136, 482
3-D, 96, 505
inviscid, 107
vortex, 137
Panel methods, 106, 474
numerical, 30, 105–106
vortex, 32, 36–39, 42–45, 391, 648
Panels, source, 2-D, 22–24
Panels, vortex, 2-D, 24–25
Payload-to-power ratio, 272
Performance, 16, 168, 171, 197, 203, 249
aircraft, 16, 259–260
characteristics, 304
landing, 337
takeoff, 337, 344, 346
turning, 336
Perturbation, 133–134, 141 (see also
Disturbance)
Phase angle, 818
Phase damping, 863, 869–870
phugoid, 871
Phugoid, 846, 854, 964, 979 (see also Long-
period)
amplitude, 843–844
approximation, 854–871
damped natural frequency, 843, 854, 856,
864
damping, 854, 857, 863, 869–871, 939, 964
damping rate, 855–856, 864, 939
eigenvalues, 843, 855, 856, 858, 861–864,
867–868
eigenvectors, 846, 855, 857–858, 864, 866
frequency, 856, 858, 863, 868–869, 877, 964
handling qualities, 964
lateral, 895, 966
mode, 836, 842–843, 846, 858, 877, 895,
964
motion, 846, 859, 862, 868
oscillations, 843, 877, 979
period, 843, 939, 964
phase, 843–844
phase damping, 871
phase-divergence ratio, 863
pitch-damping-ratio, 863
stability ratio, 863, 868–871
undamped natural frequency, 843, 856, 863,
868
Pilot
compensation, 954
opinion, 953–960, 968, 983
reaction time, 351, 352, 363, 894, 944–945,
965
response time, 944, 964
technique, 357
Piloting task
classification, 956
definitions, 955
Pitch, 2, 72, 170, 180, 183, 185, 195, 377, 379–
381, 390, 445, 548, 736–737
angle, 169–170, 176, 180, 182, 185–186, 219
constraint, 1014
control, 9, 72, 385, 426, 472, 605, 632, 637,
638–641, 644, 655–658, 682–687 (see
also All-flying tail; Elevator; Stabilator;
V-tail)
control force, 605, 639, 656–658
damping, 610, 845, 869–870, 979
disturbance, 451–452
divergence, 939–940
length, 170–171, 183, 185, 200
stiffness, 383
Pitch-acceleration-sensitivity limit, 617–618
Pitch-damping derivative, 610, 780
Pitch rate, 607–608, 742
dynamic, 616, 670, 678, 679, 960
traditional dimensionless, 608, 610, 616
Pitch stability, 381–385, 394–395, 404, 421,
422, 424, 426, 505, 631
contribution of jet engines, 482–486
contribution of running propellers, 476–481
derivative, 383, 397, 401, 405, 424, 447–
448, 451, 455, 473, 480, 485, 500–501,
506, 550, 611, 627, 645
effect of the fuselage, nacelles, and external
stores, 472–475
nonlinear effects, 436–472
static, 421, 435, 500–501
wing-canard combination, 421–436
wing-tail combination, 384–400
Pitch-to-diameter ratio, 158, 183–199, 225–
226, 478
Pitching, 2
moment, 2, 88–93, 120–130, 138, 145, 216,
223, 225, 377, 381–387, 390–397, 400,
403, 420, 422, 445, 449–450, 474, 476–
477, 482, 484, 497
moment of inertia, 874
motion, pure, 871–873, 1015
Index 1129
Planar, 22
curve, 26
segment, 22
source sheet, 22
Planform, 3, 49, 52–55, 57–58, 60, 62, 66, 76,
96, 100, 103, 183
arbitrary, 59, 62, 66, 77, 199
elliptic, 49, 58, 62–63, 77, 184
rectangular, 66–67, 69
spanwise symmetric, 76
tapered, 70
wing, 60, 62, 72, 77, 80
Poisson’s kinematic equations, 992
Position and orientation, 735–753 (see also
Euler angle; Quaternion)
Position factor, 420, 428
Position vector, 753
time rate of change, 741
Post-stall
dynamic turn, 334
maneuver, 334, 661
stability, 661, 663
Potential
energy, 312, 357, 845–846
field, 22
perturbation, 141
perturbation velocity, 133–134
scalar field, 20
scalar velocity, 132
uniform flow, 133
velocity, 18, 131–134
velocity field, 21
Potential flow, 20–25, 29–30, 32, 37–38, 49,
131, 136, 199
compressible, 132, 141
elementary, 20, 22
incompressible, 20, 135–136
linearized approximation, 134, 139
small angle, 140, 142–145
solution, 37–38, 96, 106, 647
supersonic, 140, 143, 145
theory, 38, 48, 145
Potential line, 140
Power, 153, 155, 159, 165–168, 171, 187–190,
193–197, 200, 206, 236, 245, 248
available, 274, 277, 279–284, 293, 295, 298,
303, 306, 321–322
brake, 159, 171, 182, 184, 189–197, 205,
212–213, 293
coefficient, 182, 184, 187–188, 192, 197,
201–202
distribution, 185–186
excess, 279–280, 321–322
failure, 306
full throttle, 273, 275, 279, 284
input, 154, 194
propulsive, 171, 189, 198, 205, 236, 273,
293
required, 270–277, 279–284, 288–290, 293,
295, 298, 303, 305, 307, 321–322
Power-specific fuel consumption, 287, 317,
370
Power-to-weight ratio, 155–160, 168, 274–275,
285
Prandtl-Glauert compressibility correction,
134–135, 774–776
Prandtl’s tip loss factor, 181
Pressure, 15, 94, 143
aerodynamic, 403, 455
ambient, 153, 203, 233–234, 246, 483
coefficient, 135–137, 142–143
difference, 94
distribution, 37–38
dynamic, 383, 387–388, 423
force, 14–18, 38, 138, 455, 474
freestream, 154, 205, 208, 228
gradient, 15, 19
local static, 18
stagnation, 19, 131, 230, 233–235, 241
uniform, 206, 209
Pressure ratio, 165, 234, 237–238, 248
compressor, 166, 237–245, 249, 252–253
fan, 248–253
stagnation, 246
Propeller, 153–216, 253
angle of attack, 171–172, 201, 216–220,
222, 225, 480, 508–510, 513–515
blade, 168–169, 173–174, 176–177, 181, 199
blade shape, 159
blade theory, 173–202, 214
blade-tip speed, 159
brake power, 171
constant-pitch, 171, 185, 340
constant-speed, 158–159, 190–191
contribution of, 476–482
counter-rotating, 503, 524
diameter, 159, 182–183, 194, 197–199
disk, 202–204, 207–211, 215, 219, 222, 224
downwash angle, 479–480
downwash gradient, 481
effect of, 506
efficiency, 155, 158–159, 190–191, 200, 293
fixed-pitch, 171, 184, 187, 189–190, 192,
197, 288, 478
forces and moments, off-axis, 216–228
geometry, 181, 201–202
induced velocity, 172–176
momentum theory, 202–216
1130 Index
normal force, 477–478
performance, 171, 200–201
pitch, 191–192, 200–201, 293, 346
plane of rotation, 171–172, 216, 222–223
slipstream, 476, 502–503, 508, 513, 524,
564–565
theory, 199
thrust, 182, 184, 201, 222
variable-pitch, 158–159, 171, 189–191, 273,
293
yawing moment, 508, 510, 515, 572
Proper orthogonal transformation, 993
Propulsion, 153, 253
aircraft, 153–157, 159–160, 168, 191, 253
overview, 153–253
Propulsion system, 153, 155, 228
aircraft, 153, 155
ideal, 153–155, 159, 164
Propulsive efficiency, 154, 159, 164–165, 171,
184, 187–190, 197–198, 205–206, 213–
214, 236–237, 245, 248–252, 485–486
Propulsive power, 171, 189, 198, 205, 236,
273, 293
available, 287, 304
Pull-up maneuver, 605–607, 610, 633, 637,
644, 969, 979
constant speed, 606–607
Pure pitching motion, 871–876, 1015
eigenvalues, 873
Pure rolling motion, 919–922, 1015
Pure yawing motion, 922–923, 1015
eigenvalues, 923
Q
QR method, 839
Quarter-chord, 30, 45, 99, 105
line, 50, 53, 95–97, 104
moment coefficient, 30, 32, 41
moment slope, 41–42
wing, 390, 394, 399–400, 405–407, 417, 428
Quaternion, 997, 1000–1004, 1009–1011
algebra, 997, 1000–1001, 1025, 1038
attitude, 1010
bank angle constraint, 1013
closed-form solution, 1013–1020
command-attitude, 1010
components, 1011, 1030
conjugate, 1001–1002
Euler-Rodrigues, 996, 1000, 1004, 1008–
1012, 1018, 1037 (see also Euler-
Rodrigues symmetric parameters)
error, 1010
formulation, 743, 989, 1003, 1013–1015,
1020–1021, 1030–1031, 1038–1040
magnitude, 1001
numerical integration of, 1019–1034
of finite rotation, 996
product, 1000–1004
relations with other attitude descriptors,
1004–1011
renormalization, 1022–1023, 1026, 1038,
1042
rotational constraints, applying, 1011–1013
transformation, 743, 1013, 1038
unit, 1009–1010
R
Radius of curvature, 606
Radius of gyration, 617, 853, 876, 960, 961,
968, 1082–1085
Ramjet, 160, 379
Range, 295
maximum, 259, 297–302, 304–306, 317
specific, 295–305
Rate gyro, 918
Rate of climb, 259–260, 277–287, 306, 321–
322
maximum, 280, 282, 284–286
steady, 277, 306–307
Reaction force, 153
Reaction time, 351, 352, 363, 894, 944–945,
965
Redundancy relations, 993
Relative air flow, 1
Relative airspeed, 177
Relative wind, 2
local, 50
Residual, 137
Resonance, 818, 877
Response frequency, 817, 983–984
maximum, 836
Response time, 944, 964
Response to control inputs, 968–986
Restoring moment, 500–501
Reversible mechanical controls, 633
Reynolds number, 14–16, 57
Rhumb line, 1051, 1058–1062
bearing, 1058
navigation, 1051–1059
Right-hand rule, 499
Rigid body, 260
displacement, 833
dynamics, 725–735, 836
equations, 6-DOF, 756
equations of motion, 715–716, 721, 753,
834, 943, 989
mode, 831, 834–835, 844, 892
Rigid-wing aircraft, 681
Index 1131
Roll, 2, 72–74, 78, 80, 377, 379–381, 736–737,
885
acceleration, 73–74, 965
amplitude, 892
angle, 78
approximation, 896–897
constraint, 1013
control, 9, 72–73, 567–574, 691–692, 969
(see also Ailerons; Spoilers)
convergence, 893
coupling, 915
Dutch, 886, 893, 895, 906–919, 943–945,
966, 981, 983
damping, 78, 895, 909, 914, 939, 965
disturbance, 904
eigenvalue, 893, 896–897
eigenvector, 890, 897
handling qualities, 964
mode, 886, 890–896, 909, 943, 965
moment, 2, 72–74, 76–77, 80–82, 88–93,
171, 176, 216, 377, 381, 387, 549–550,
556–564, 567–596, 885
oscillations, 886
rate, 72–75, 77, 80–82, 742, 885, 896, 965
response, 74
rotation, 497
time constant, 965
trim requirements, 567–596
Roll-axis, 499, 570
Roll-damping, 78, 895, 909, 914, 939, 965
derivative, 778, 914, 917
rate, 920–921
ratio, 909, 914
Roll-spiral pair, 891, 895
Roll stability, 517, 548–566, 915
derivative, 549–551, 554, 557–566, 917
dihedral effect, 548–566
effect of rotating propellers, 563–565
effect of wing dihedral, 550–554
effect of wing sweep, 554–557
influence of the fuselage, nacelles, and
external stores, 557–560
influence of the tail, 560–563
insufficient, 904
neutral, 904–905
ratio, 915
Roll-yaw coupling, 676, 904, 916
derivatives, 917
Rolling friction, 338–340, 344, 346, 351
Rolls-Royce Griffon, 158, 161
Rollup, 50
Rotary-radial configuration, 155
Rotation
constant, 1015–1016, 1034
rate, 344
triad, 729
Rotational
constraint, 1013
speed, 176, 342
Round-off error, 1028–1029
Rudder, 9, 377, 666
deflection, 503–504, 510–515, 570–596, 676
effectiveness, 504
response, 980–982
saturation, 582, 584, 585, 589, 591–593
sizing, 592–596
Runge-Kutta
fourth-order, 747, 1021, 1023–1025, 1028–
1029, 1035, 1038
second-order, 1029–1030, 1035
S
Sailplane, 318
Scalar potential field, 20
Secant method, 137, 198
Section flap deflection-efficiency, 43–44
Section flap effectiveness, 39–46, 75
Section flap hinge-efficiency, 43–44
Section lift, 2, 52, 63, 75, 78, 106, 144, 175
additional, 85–87
basic, 85–87
Section lift coefficient, 3, 30–31, 36–39, 46,
99–100, 106, 144, 175
Segment, 22, 25–26, 97–98, 107
bound, 97, 99, 102, 104
differential, 22, 24, 29
trailing, 97
Semispan, 73–74
aerodynamic center, 88–93
moment components, 88–93
Shape of the Earth, 1044–1051
Shock, 138
bow, 143
waves, 138, 232
Short-period, 844, 845, 847, 979
amplitude, 843–844
approximation, 847–854, 857
approximation errors, 853
damped natural frequency, 842, 848
damping, 845, 848, 939, 963–964, 979
damping rate, 848, 852
damping ratio, 852, 960
eigenvalues, 842, 847–849, 983
eigenvectors, 845, 847, 849
frequency, 846, 848, 959–964
handling qualities, 958–963
mode, 837, 842, 844–847, 877, 895, 958
oscillation, 845, 877
1132 Index
period, 842
phase, 843–844
undamped natural frequency, 842, 852, 853,
959, 960
Short takeoff, 427
Side force, 2, 216, 223, 225, 319, 322, 377,
381, 387, 497, 499, 501, 506–508, 513,
526, 548, 560
coefficient, 224, 497, 508, 525–526
Sideslip, 216, 223, 497, 501, 519, 524, 551,
555, 560, 570, 577–582, 885
angle, 225, 497–503, 508–511, 516–519,
526, 548–549, 551, 557, 574–582, 719,
721, 901
effect of, 520, 550
oscillations, 886
steady-heading, 577–582
translation, 497
velocity, 499, 549, 551
zero, 503, 510, 512, 548
Sidewash, 502–503, 509, 513, 519, 522–523,
564, 569
angle, 502–503, 509, 519
factor, 522
Sidewash gradient, 503–504, 509, 511, 518,
521–525
induced, 521–522
Sign convention, 73, 597, 640, 1044
aircraft position, 1044
angles/moments, 73, 78, 497–500, 504–505,
508, 519, 549, 556, 597, 716–717
control forces, 640
control surface, 73, 437, 513, 567, 597–598,
635, 676, 683, 918
Singularity, 742, 991–992, 996, 1000, 1003,
1038
gimbal lock, 743, 989–993, 996, 1007–1009,
1038
Sink, 21–22
rate, 307–308, 317
Sinusoidal
input, 983
oscillation, 984
Slipstream, 153, 177, 179, 206–210, 215, 476,
502–503, 508, 513, 524, 564–565
rotation, 206–207, 212–214, 564
ultimate, 154, 205, 209–211, 213
velocity, 165, 193, 203–204, 209, 212–213
Slipstream effects, 564
Small-angle approximation, 40–46, 217–222,
266, 321, 387–388, 422, 519, 556
Small-climb-angle approximation, 282–286,
322–324, 332
Small-disturbance theory, 754, 756, 760, 764
Small glide angle, 310
Small-glide-angle approximation, 314
Small thrust angle, 283, 477, 486, 507
Small-thrust-angle approximation, 267–270,
274, 278, 296, 320
Sound barrier, 138
Source, 21
negative, 21
panel, 2-D, 22–24
sheet, 22
Span, 2
efficiency factor, 53, 262
finite, 46, 50
infinite, 46
Spanwise
circulation distribution, 75
coordinate, 26
differential section, 100
section lift distribution, 75
symmetric airplane, 499
variation in airspeed, 335–337
vorticity distribution, 416
Spatial vector, 25–26, 97, 99, 102–103
Specific endurance, 292–294
Specific fuel consumption, 159, 287–290, 293,
298–299, 303–304
Specific heat, 230, 233
constant, 233
Specific range, 295–305
maximum, 297–302, 305
Speed of sound, 19, 131–132, 138, 159, 230,
242
Spherical-Earth approximation, 1051–1057
Spin, 693–696, 700–703
airplane, 693–695, 703, 706
axis, 694
characteristics, 704–705
dynamic parameters of, 699
flat, 693–694, 705
fully developed, 697, 704
initiation, 703
recovery, 693, 703
resistance, 693
steady developed, 702, 705
steep, 693–694, 705
Spiral
amplitude, 892
approximation, 897–905
convergence, 897, 901, 904
damping, 901, 917, 939, 965
damping rate, 899, 901, 939
dive, 705, 894
divergence, 893–894, 897, 901, 904, 965
eigenvalues, 897, 898–900
Index 1133
eigenvectors, 890, 898–901
handling qualities, 965
instability, 894
mode, 886, 890, 893–895, 897–905, 943,
965
stability, 918
Spirit of St. Louis, 156
Spitfire Mark XVIII, 158–159, 385, 487–488,
514, 599, 706, 708–710, 714
Spoilers, 351, 691–692
Stabilator, 385, 580–581, 682–688
compound, 682–686
differential, 580–581
simple, 687–688
Stability, 377, 384, 389, 436, 447, 627–630
aircraft, 223, 380–381, 436, 447
analysis, 425, 437, 472
augmentation system, 613, 953, 985–986
axes, 769, 771, 803
axes, transformation of, 798–805
derivative, 402, 448
directional, 500
dynamic, 813, 953
lateral static, 497–598
longitudinal static, 377–486
neutral, 378
pitch, 381–385, 394–395, 404, 422, 424,
426, 505, 631
post-stall, 661, 663
ratio, 863, 868–871, 911, 914, 916
roll, 517, 548–550, 555, 915
rotational, 500
static, 377, 380–384, 386, 395, 402, 411,
425–426, 472, 475, 478, 482, 485–486,
497–500, 506, 613, 953
translational, 379–380
weathercock, 500 (see also Yaw stability)
yaw, 500–502, 505, 510, 515, 517–518, 522,
524–525, 529–547, 548, 915, 918
Stabilizer, 94
horizontal, 94–95, 385
vertical, 94
Stable
equilibrium, 377–379, 452
neutrally, 401
unconditionally, 394
Stagnation, 19
conditions, 20, 132, 234, 247
density, 19, 131
flow, 21
point, 21, 34
pressure, 19, 131, 230, 233–235, 241
temperature, 230, 234–235, 238, 241–242,
245–246, 249
Stall, 15, 42, 45, 102, 106, 108–119, 269, 282,
317, 324–327, 380, 383–384, 393, 402,
661, 693
airplane, 693
asymmetric, 693
deep, 665
limit, 330
negative, 451, 453
positive, 451, 453
recovery, 661
shallow, 666
wake, 666
wingtip, 57, 335–337
Stall speed, 317, 326, 351, 432, 434–435
level flight, 317
Standard atmosphere, 1080–1081
Standard sea level, 12, 192, 197, 231, 263,
268–271, 275, 279–282, 287, 332, 358,
395
State space approach, 985
State variable, 756
State variable response vector, 971, 974
Static equilibrium, fundamentals, 377
Static gain, 984
Static instability, 404
Static margin, 400–409, 427, 432–434, 475,
480–481, 613, 628, 659
Static pressure taps, 38
Static-radial configuration, 156
Static stability, 377, 380–384, 386, 395, 402,
411, 425–426, 472, 475, 478, 482, 485–
486, 497–500, 506, 613, 953
fundamentals, 377
lateral, 497, 499
longitudinal, 377, 499
pitch, 421, 435, 500–501
Static thrust, 171, 192–197
Steady climbing flight, 277–278, 355
Steady coordinated turn, 319–337, 666, 667–
669, 672, 675, 695, 926–927
Steady flight, 17–18
Steady-heading sideslip, 577–582
Steady level flight, 260–263, 267–271, 274–
275, 279–283, 287–290, 293, 295, 298,
306, 317, 358, 377
Steady level turning flight, 322
Step function, 975, 976
Step response, 974
Stick-fixed dynamic response, 945, 966, 983
Stick-fixed lateral dynamics, 943
Stick-fixed maneuver margin, 612, 613
Stick-fixed maneuver point, 612–613, 623, 646
Stick-fixed neutral point, 400–403, 475, 613,
645
1134 Index
Stick-fixed static margin, 402
Stick-free maneuver point, 644, 646
Stick-free neutral point, 644–646
Stiffness, 383
Strakes, 941, 987
Streamline, 28, 143, 202–203, 209
Streamtube, 202–203, 206–209
Strip theory, 568
Structural flexibility, 623
effects of, 623–632
Structural limit, 323, 327
Subsonic
airspeed, 155, 165, 168
flight, 232, 240
Supersonic, 96
aircraft, 138, 145
airspeed, 144, 164, 253
flight, 143, 232, 240
flow, 134–139, 143
Supersonic airfoil theory, 145
Sweep, 52, 55, 94–98, 102, 104–106, 120–130,
453, 516, 519, 565
angle, 95–96, 417–418
back, 557
factor, 418, 420, 428
forward, 557
variation, 96
Symmetric
airfoil, 26, 30, 143, 145, 318, 384, 388–393
flight condition, 381
spanwise, 72–80
T
T-tail configuration, 525, 528, 561, 666
Tail, 384–400, 608
design, 524–525
dihedral, 529–547
effect of position, 521
efficiency, 388
lift coefficient, 388
position factor, 415
sidewash factor, 521
volume, 394
volume ratio, 395
Tail boom stiffness, 629
Tailplane, 385
Takeoff, 337–365
acceleration phase, 338, 340
distance, 16, 259
FAR, 353–355, 358, 361–364
performance, 337
Taper
linear, 65–66
ratio, 54–55, 57, 62–64, 413, 554
Temperature, 133, 142, 160, 229–230, 237–242
ambient, 237, 245
atmospheric, 14
freestream, 230
gradient, 11, 19
local, 141
ratio, 143, 230
stagnation, 230, 234–235, 238, 241–242,
245–246, 249
static, 235
turbine inlet, 166–167, 237–240, 248, 252
Thermal efficiency, 236–250
Thermodynamic cycle analysis, 228, 241, 246
Thickness, 14, 27, 28, 30, 37–39, 42, 45, 105,
143–145
airfoil, 28, 30, 38, 45
distribution, 28, 37, 39
finite, 38
maximum, 27–28
Thin airfoil approximation, 37
Thin airfoil theory, 28–46, 774–775
Thomas algorithm, 827
Throttle setting, 279, 298
Thrust, 153, 168, 176, 181–182, 189–191, 196,
203–205, 211–215, 221–222, 259–260,
267–269, 317, 321, 332–334, 338–340,
476, 483, 506
angle, 171, 262, 265–270, 274, 278–279,
296, 320, 338
asymmetric, 377
available, 228–229, 268, 273, 277–279, 282–
283, 298, 333, 358
coefficient, 189, 192, 196, 198, 201, 214,
224, 477–478
equilibrium, 477
fraction, 507
full throttle, 268
installed, 228, 232
maximum, 194, 338
moment, 437
normal, 277
required, 260–272, 296, 320, 358
reversal, 351–352, 355
specific, 237–245, 248–249, 251
static, 171, 192–197
uninstalled, 229, 232, 236–237, 242, 248
vector, 260, 266, 279, 282–283, 381, 386,
437, 444–445, 448, 450, 456
vectoring, 666, 987
Thrust-specific fuel consumption, 161, 166,
168
Thrust-to-weight ratio, 155, 166, 237, 245,
268–269, 277, 279, 282, 284, 306, 481
Time constant, 816
Index 1135
Time domain, 974
response, 983
Time scale, 788, 934
Time to double amplitude, 834, 893–894, 965
Time to half amplitude, 816
Torque, 171, 176, 181–182, 206–208, 212–213,
222
coefficient, 182, 184, 224
Torsional pendulum, 874–876
Torsional stiffness, wing, 679, 681
Total aircraft weight, 279
Trailing edge, 4, 26, 33–34, 47, 384
reflexed, 384
Trailing-edge flap, 39–46, 51, 72
Trailing vortex filaments, 50
Trailing vortex sheet, 47–48, 50, 94, 96–98,
179, 199, 415
Transfer function, 970, 974, 983–985
matrix, 970–971, 973
Transformation, 739
direction cosine, 743
Euler angle, 743, 1003, 1013, 1038
equations, 721
inverse, 721–722, 975
matrices, 739
quaternion, 743
Transition phase, 355, 357
Translational coupling, 930
Transonic, 138, 775
Trifilar pendulum, 874–875
Trim, 377–384, 386–402, 405–412, 420–441,
444–453, 472, 476, 478, 482, 485–486,
499, 682
analysis, 426, 472
lateral, 497–597
level, 399
longitudinal, 377–486
requirement, 445
residual equations, 446
small-angle lateral, 574–577
stability, 425–426, 485–486
stable, 379, 383–384, 388
static, 596
tab, 632, 634–635
Trim drag, 409–411
Trim point
conventional, 664–665
deep-stall, 664–665
Truncation error, 1029, 1033, 1034
Turbine, 160, 166, 168, 228, 241, 245–246, 248
inlet, 235, 238, 245, 249
outlet, 241, 246
Turbofan, 153, 155, 164–166, 168, 245–253,
306, 340, 482–486
Turbojet, 155, 160–166, 228–238, 241–242,
245, 248–249, 252, 268, 270, 274–275,
282, 286, 303, 340, 358, 361, 482–486
afterburner, 241–245
cycle analysis, 233–241
thrust equation, 228–233
Turbomachinery, 166
Turboprop, 166–168
Turbulence, 451
Turbulent mixing, 482
Turbulent shear layer, 482
Turn, 259, 319–322, 329, 334–337
axis, 335
coordinated, 322–324, 328–331, 337, 926,
927, 936–937
dynamic, 334
elevator angle to, 677–679
level, 321, 323, 327, 332–333
level coordinated, 321–324, 331
steady, 320, 333
steady coordinated, 319–323, 329
steeply climbing, 332–334
Turning radius, 16, 320–324, 327–336, 672
load-limited, 327–328
minimum, 327–337
short, 331
stall-limited, 327–328, 336
Turning rate, 329, 333, 672
load-limited, 329–330
maximum, 329–331, 333, 336
stall-limited, 329–330
Twist, 51–55, 108–130, 169, 413, 415, 519 (see
also Washout)
aerodynamic, 51–55, 57–58, 63, 72, 553–554
blade, 169
geometric, 51–52, 55, 95, 105, 553–554
wing, 57–72
Twisting moment, 680
U
Ultimate slipstream velocity, 203–204, 209,
212–213
Undamped natural frequency, 815, 818, 836,
839, 868, 888, 891
Dutch roll, 892, 916
lateral mode, 888
phugoid/long period, 843, 856, 863, 868
short-period, 842
Uniform flow, 18, 20–22, 28, 32, 34, 99, 131,
133, 206–209, 212, 229
Untwisted, 53–56, 66
Upwash, 95, 177, 424, 428, 478, 484, 558
angle, 422, 424–425, 428, 479
gradient, 425, 428
1136 Index
V
V-n diagram, 325–326, 621–623, 653–654
V-tail, 529–547, 689–691
Variable, 10
change of, 10, 28, 30–32, 57, 104, 133–135,
139
disturbance, 757
state, 756
Vector, 2, 69, 95, 101
addition, 107
calculus, 16
circulation, 555
correction, 102
differential aerodynamic force, 49
differential vortex length, 49
dimensionless aerodynamic moment, 104
dimensionless vortex strength, 102
field, 20–21
fluid velocity, 16, 141
freestream velocity, 134, 139
lift, 50, 78, 173, 176–177, 220, 319
net aerodynamic force, 107
net aerodynamic moment, 107
notation, 16
spatial, 25–26, 97, 99, 102–103
thrust, 260, 266, 279, 282–283, 381, 386,
437, 444–445, 448, 450, 456
total aerodynamic force, 102
unit, 1–2, 21, 26, 97–100, 103, 107, 133
velocity, 16–18, 25–26, 49, 98, 107, 133–
134, 141, 173, 216, 270
vorticity, 98, 179, 555
Velocity, 18, 20, 34–35, 99, 132–134, 141, 153,
165, 169, 182, 203, 208, 215–217, 230,
232, 236 (see also Airspeed)
angular, 171, 173, 182, 207–216, 329
axial, 207–208, 211, 215, 229
body-fixed, 720, 721, 723
characteristic, 182
circumferential, 207, 209
corner, 326 (see also Maneuvering speed)
disturbance, 818 (see also Perturbation)
downwash, 391, 411–413
exhaust gas, 164, 245, 485
exit, 242
field, 18, 21, 131–132
flight, 773
flow, 203
fluid, 17, 49, 175, 203, 207–208
forward, 173, 175, 179, 216
freestream, 2, 17, 21, 35, 48, 51, 133–136,
139, 153–154, 182, 203–204, 207, 222,
236, 386, 391, 411, 413, 422, 436, 485,
555
gradient, 19
increment, 155, 159, 164, 193, 245
induced, 22–26, 32–35, 48, 97–99, 172–176,
179–180, 185, 199, 202–207, 214, 216,
555
inlet, 164
liftoff, 347
local, 132, 141
normal, 25, 34
perturbation, 133–134, 141 (see also
Disturbance)
potential, 18, 131–134
potential field, 21
radial, 209–210
ratio, 274–275, 284–286, 294, 303, 305,
314–315, 485
rotational, 182, 753
sideslip, 499, 548, 551
slipstream, 165, 193, 203–204, 209, 212–213
tangential, 25, 34
translational, 753
vector, 16–18, 25–26, 49, 98, 107, 133–134,
141, 173, 216, 270
vector field, 20–21
Vertical offset, 436
effects of, 436–472
Vertical stabilizer, 525, 560, 569
dihedral effect, 566
Vertical tail, 384, 501, 503–505, 508, 513,
517–522
estimate lift slope for, 525–548
estimate sidewash gradient on, 518–525
volume ratio, 504
Viscous effects, 30, 37, 39, 48, 94, 106, 146
Viscous flow analysis, 38
Volume
characteristic, 394
control, 153–154, 228–229
tail, 394
Vortex, 24, 47–48, 94, 97, 99, 177, 179
blade-tip, 177–179, 215
filament, 25, 46, 48–50, 179
force, 49
forebody, 940–942
helical trailing, 177, 179, 180
horizontal tail, 941
horseshoe, 96–99, 101–104, 105
induced flow, 178
lift, 941
lifting law, 48–50, 52, 99, 177, 411, 518, 555
line segment, 3-D, 25
model, 94, 413, 416, 505, 518, 522, 525
panel, 2-D, 24–25
panel, flat, 32
Index 1137
panels, 33–36
segment, 25–26, 97
shedding, 941
sheet, 28–29, 32, 34, 46–48
sheet, curved, 32
sheet, trailing, 47–48, 50, 94, 96–98, 179,
199, 415
sheet, trailing helical, 180
span factor, 412, 414, 416, 519
strake, 941
strength, 25–29, 32–35, 46, 49, 97–98, 101–
104, 411–412, 518–519
strength factor, 412, 414, 416
trailing, 339, 390
vertical tail, 941
wake, 941–942
wingtip, 47–48, 94, 177, 411–412, 415, 417,
502–505, 518, 520, 941
Vortex panel method, 32, 36–39, 42–45, 391,
648
Vortex segment, 25–26, 97
bound, 97, 99, 105
straight, 25–26, 99
straight semi-infinite, 26
trailing, 97–98
Vorticity, 16–17, 48, 94, 98, 177, 179, 411
bound, 50, 96, 177, 416, 555
distribution, 49, 415–416
free, 97
net, 97
shed, 104, 172, 177, 416
vector, 98, 179, 555
W
Wake, 15, 701
blade, 199
boundary layer, 16
trailing, 16
ultimate, 199
viscous, 199
Washout, 51, 57–75, 413, 453 (see also Twist)
distribution, 57–75, 80, 82
distribution function, 57, 62, 69, 71
effectiveness, 60, 65
elliptic, 82
geometric, 169
linear, 59–60
maximum total, 57
negative, 62
optimum, 62, 64–65, 80–82
positive, 62, 64
spanwise symmetric, 76
symmetric, 74
total, 57, 62, 66
Waypoint, 1062–1063
Weathercock stability, 500 (see also Yaw
stability)
Weight, 260–262, 265, 267, 272, 277, 280,
290–292
aircraft, 279, 292, 322, 356
coefficient, 610
constant, 265, 312, 339
gross, 259–262, 267, 290–292, 299–301,
312, 314, 318–319, 322, 326–327, 345
Weight-shift control, 407–411
Whip-stall, 427
Wind
direction, 295
local relative, 386
speed, 295–296, 309, 313
-track angle, 295, 308
Wind tunnel model, 919–920, 922
Wind tunnel test, 871, 873
Windmilling, 189
Wing
aerodynamic center, 120–130
area, 259, 265, 318, 345, 383, 387
cambered, 381–384
-canard combination, 421–422, 425–427,
434–437
elliptic, 48, 53–54, 57, 62, 66, 77, 412–413,
417, 420, 519, 553
finite, 25, 46–49, 54, 58, 94, 97, 99, 172,
390, 555
finite lifting, 94
lift coefficient, 388
loading, 264, 272–273, 275, 310–313, 317–
318, 331, 335, 337
pitching moment, 120–130
planform, 60, 62, 72, 77, 80
quarter-chord, 390, 394, 399–400, 405–407,
417, 428
rectangular, 51, 72
rock, 941–943
stall, 108–119
sweep, 120–130, 152, 663
sweep factor, 125, 128, 418
swept, 416–417, 517
tapered, 54–65, 72, 77, 413, 417, 519, 554
twist, 57–72, 108–130, 152 (see also
Washout)
unswept, 66, 413, 501, 515, 519
Wing-canard, 421–422, 425–427, 434–437,
448
Wing-canard combination
simplified pitch stability analysis, 421–436
Wing dihedral, 550–551, 554, 565
effect of, 550
1138 Index
Wing sweep, 554–557
effect of, 554
Wing-tail, 384, 401–407, 420, 422, 437–440,
445, 522
Wing-tail combination
Simplified pitch stability analysis, 384–400
Winglet, 505, 525
Wingtip, 46–47
stall, 57, 335–337
vortex, 47–48, 94, 411–412, 415–416, 502–
505, 518, 520, 941
Wright Flyer, 155, 168
Wright R-1820-97, 157
Wright R-3350-23 Cyclone, 158
Wright Whirlwind, 156–157
X
X-3 Stiletto, 523
XB-70, 164
XP-38 Lightning, 590, 601
Y
Yaw, 2, 7–9, 78, 337, 377, 379–381, 500–517,
736–737, 885
adverse, 81, 337, 570–571, 691
constraint, 1014
control, 504, 570, 692, 693, 704, 941, 969
(see also Rudder; V-tail)
control derivative, 9, 504, 512
coupling, 916
damping, 918, 981
disturbance, 500, 904
divergence, 939–940
rate, 742, 896
stiffness, 500, 504, 506, 577
trim, 500, 510
Yaw-damping derivative, 676, 782, 917, 924
Yaw stability, 500–502, 504–506, 509–511,
515, 516–518, 522, 524–525, 529–547,
548, 915, 918
derivative, 500–501, 504, 505, 509, 511,
515–517, 524, 550, 565, 917, 924
effect of rotating propellers, 506–515
effect of tail dihedral, 529–547
effect of the fuselage, nacelles, and external
stores, 505–506
effect of the vertical tail, 501–505
effect of the wing and horizontal tail, 515–
517
excess, 904
insufficient, 904
ratio, 915
Yawing, 2
moment, 2, 78, 80–81, 172, 216, 224–225,
377, 381, 387, 497–501, 504–510, 513,
515, 548–550, 556–561, 567–570, 703,
885
moment coefficients, 497, 504–515, 572
moment gradient, 508
motion, pure, 922–923, 1015
oscillations, 886
rate, 672, 693, 885
rotation, 497
Z
Zero lift, 59, 264, 267
Zero-lift angle of attack, 30–31, 40–42, 51, 59,
170, 184–185, 390, 424
Zero-lift line, 169–170, 173, 175, 185, 218,
386, 512, 571