Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Types of Informative Speeches.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Types of Informative Speeches


• Give the audience a clear picture• Use precision, clarity and color• Consider using a presentational aid

Speech of Description


• Teaches how something works, or how to do something

• May be simple or complex process• Usually benefits from visuals• Often use a sequential pattern• Time to answer questions is important

Speech of Demonstration


• Useful for complicated, abstract or unfamiliar concepts

• Demands depth of knowledge and ability to explain clearly

• Requires time for question and answers

The Speech of Explanation


• Common in professional and community settings

• May be informal and brief, or formal, technical and lengthy

• Provides background for decisions or solving problems

The Informative Oral Report


Capturing and Maintaining Audience Attention

• Relevance

• Novelty

• Importance

• Variety


Helping Listeners Learn

• Limit the number of details

• Support major ideas with statistics or other information

• Make information meaningful

• Decide what listeners need to know in order to understand


Helping Listeners Learn

• Use restatement and repetition

• Take time to respond to questions

• Involve listeners actively

• Assess learning, if possible


Ethical Considerations for informative speaking

• Do not camouflage a persuasive purpose as informative

• Be certain of accuracy of information• Invite the audience to investigate on

their own• Think of yourself as a teacher• Strive for integrity


Persuasion & Demagoguery

• Reasoned arguments have substance

• Demagogues use a charismatic ethos

• Demagogues use pathos, substituting emotion for argument

• Rhetorical excess and extremism are unethical


Constructing a Reasonable Argument


• Debatable assertions by the speaker• Takes a side on a controversial matter and

invites debate

Claims


• Fact• Value• Policy

Claims


• Advocates of new policies are expected to establish

– Need for change

– A specific plan

– Proof the plan is workable

Burden of Proof


Fallacies of Reasoning and Evidence


Fallacies of Relevance

• Appeal to Ignorance (Ad Ignoratum)– If not proven wrong, it must be right

• Appeal to Popular Beliefs (Ad Populum)– The bandwagon appeal

• The Disconnected Conclusion (Non Sequitur)– Does not follow


Fallacies of Relevance

• Appeal to Tradition (Ad Verecundiam)– We’ve always/never done it this way

• The Red Herring– Attempt to throw off the audience

• The Straw Man– Attributes a flimsy argument to opponent


Fallacies of Faulty Reasoning

• False Dilemma– suggests only two alternatives

• Begging The Questions– restates an assumed claim in different words

• The Faulty Analogy– compares things that are not similar

• The Slippery Slope– claims that a cause will inevitably lead to a

negative conclusion


Fallacies of Inadequate Evidence

• False Case (Post Hoc)– confuses a chronological relationship with

causal one

• The Hasty Generalization– generalizes from too few examples


Fallacies of Personal Attack

• Against the Person (Ad Hominem)– Substitutes attack for substance

• Guilt by Association– Dismisses an idea or person by connecting

with something already discredited

Functions of Ceremonial Speaking

• Entertain

• Celebrate

• Commemorate

• Inspire

• Set social agendas


Types of ceremonial speaking

• Speech of introduction

– Describe speakers background & topic, be brief, ask audience to welcome speaker

• Speech of acceptance

– Prepare, meaning of award, give thanks

• Speech of presentation

– Meaning of award and why person gets it, plan physical presentation

• Roasts and toasts

– Prepare, be positive, be briefCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Types of ceremonial speaking

• Eulogies and other tributes– Balance emotion, refer to family, be positive but

realistic• After dinner speeches

– Recognize occasion, keep low key (remember the setting)

• Speeches of inspiration– Appeal to emotion, use real life stories, be dynamic, make

your goal clear, consider organizing device (acronym), close with a dramatic ending


Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008 Types of Informative Speeches.

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