Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cervical enlargement Dura and arachnoid mater Lumbar...

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cervicalenlargement

Dura andarachnoidmater

LumbarenlargementConusmedullarisCaudaequinaFilumTerminale(Pia Mater)

Cervicalspinal nerves

Lumbarspinal nerves

Sacralspinal nerves

Thoracicspinal nerves

(a) The spinal cord and its nerve roots, with the bony vertebral arches removed. The dura mater and arachnoid mater are cut open and reflected laterally.

Pg 465

Foramen magnum

L2

Functions:SensoryMotorReflexesPrograms?


Figure 12.31a Anatomy of the spinal cord.

(a) Cross section of spinal cord and vertebra

Epidural space(contains fat)

Pia mater

Spinalmeninges

Arachnoidmater Dura mater

Bone ofvertebra

Subdural space

Subarachnoidspace(contains CSF)

Dorsal rootganglion

Bodyof vertebra

1 layer

Pg 467


Cervicalenlargement


LumbarenlargementConusmedullarisCaudaequinaFilumTerminale(Pia Mater)

Cervicalspinal nerves

Lumbarspinal nerves

Sacralspinal nerves

Thoracicspinal nerves


Pg 465

Foramen magnum

L2

Functions:SensoryMotorReflexesPrograms?


(b) The spinal cord and its meningeal coverings

Dorsal funiculus

Dorsal median sulcus

Central canal(CSF)

Ventral medianfissure

Pia mater

Arachnoid mater

Spinal dura mater

Graycommissure Dorsal horn Gray

matterLateral hornVentral horn

Ventral funiculusLateral funiculus

Whitecolumns

Dorsal rootganglion

Dorsal root(fans out into dorsal rootlets)

Ventral root(derived from severalventral rootlets)

Spinal nerve

467


Ascending tracts Descending tracts

Fasciculus gracilisDorsalwhitecolumn

Fasciculus cuneatus

Dorsalspinocerebellar tract

Lateralspinothalamic tract

Ventral spinothalamictract

Ventral whitecommissure

Lateralcorticospinal tract

Lateralreticulospinal tract

Ventral corticospinaltract

Medialreticulospinal tract

Rubrospinaltract

Vestibulospinal tractTectospinal tract

Ventralspinocerebellartract

Pg 469

sensory motor

Lt. touch, pressure, proprioception

proprioception

Pain, temp.

Crude touch, pressure

UMN

UMN

cerebellum

Ears

Corp. Quadrigemina


Axons of first-orderneurons

Temperaturereceptors

Lateralspinothalamictract (axons ofsecond-orderneurons)

Pain receptors

Medulla oblongata

Cervical spinal cord

Lumbar spinal cord

(b) Spinothalamic pathway

Pg 472


Primarysomatosensorycortex

Axons of third-orderneurons

Thalamus

Cerebrum

Midbrain

Cerebellum

Pons

(b) Spinothalamic pathwayPg 472


Bloodvessels

Fascicle

Epineurium

Perineurium

Endoneurium

AxonMyelin sheath ?

(b) Pg 491

Sensory (afferent)Motor (efferent)Mixed


Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

InfundibulumFacialnerve (VII)

Vestibulo-cochlearnerve (VIII)

Glossopharyngealnerve (IX)

Vagus nerve (X)Accessory nerve (XI)

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

(a)

Filaments ofolfactory nerve (I)

Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

Optic chiasma

Optic nerve(II)

Optic tractOculomotornerve (III)Trochlearnerve (IV) Trigeminalnerve (V) Abducensnerve (VI)

CerebellumMedullaoblongata

Pg 493

On occasion, our trusty truck acts funny, very good vehicle any how.

Oh, Oh, Oh to touch and feel very green vegetable, ah heaven.

4.16-4.17

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Pg 494

Smell


Table 13.2 Cranial Nerves (2 of 14)

Pg 494

Vision



Pg 495

-Eye Movement (Extrinsic Eye muscles)-Intrinsic smooth muscle of eye for pupil and lens



Pg 495

Eye Movement


Pg 496

Sensory from skin of face.Motor to muscles for chewing



Pg 497

Eye Movement


-Motor to muscles of face for facial expression-Motor to lacrimal and salivary glands-Taste


Hearing & Balance


-Motor to muscles of pharynx (throat)-Motor to salivary glands-Sensory for taste-Sensory for blood pressure


-Taste-Smooth, Cardiac and glands in Thoracic and Abdominal cavities


Motor to muscles of neck for movement



Pg 500

Motor to tongue for swallowing and speech


Cervicalenlargement


LumbarenlargementConusmedullarisCaudaequina

Filumterminale

Cervicalspinal nerves (8)

Lumbarspinal nerves (5)

Sacralspinal nerves (5)

Thoracicspinal nerves (12)


Pg 465

Exit out intervertebral foramen


Somaticsensoryneuron

Dorsal root (sensory)

Dorsal root ganglion

Visceralsensory neuron

Somaticmotor neuron

Spinal nerve

Ventral root(motor)

Ventral horn(motor neurons)

Dorsal horn (interneurons)

Visceralmotorneuron

Interneurons receiving input from somatic sensory neurons

Interneurons receiving input from visceral sensory neurons

Visceral motor (autonomic) neurons

Somatic motor neurons

Pg 468

Cell bodies of 1st order sensory

-short-mixed

Axons of LMN and Preg.


Dorsal rootganglion

Gray matterWhite matterVentral rootDorsal root

Dorsal andventral rootlets of spinal nerve

Dorsal ramusof spinal nerveVentral ramusof spinal nerve

Sympathetic trunkganglion

Spinal nerve

Rami communicantes

(a) Anterior view showing spinal cord, associated nerves, and vertebrae. The dorsal and ventral roots arise medially as rootlets and join laterally to form the spinal nerve.

Pg 502

Meningeal branchBranch = Ramus

White Rami-T-L-Preganglionic

Gray Rami-C-S-Postganglionic


Dorsal ramus

Ventral ramus

Intercostal nerve

Spinal nerve

Rami communicantes

Dorsal rootganglion Dorsal rootVentral root

Sympathetic trunkganglion

Sternum

(b) Cross section of thorax showing the main roots and branches of a spinal nerve.

Branches of intercostalnerve

• Lateral cutaneous• Anterior cutaneous

Pg 502

Dorsal = sensory from skin of back and motor to muscles of back

Ventral = sensory from skin of front of trunk and appendages and motor to muscles of same.


CervicalnervesC1 – C8

ThoracicnervesT1 – T12

LumbarnervesL1 – L5

Sacral nervesS1 – S5

Coccygeal nerve Co1

Cervical plexus

Intercostalnerves

Cervicalenlargement

Lumbarenlargement

Cauda equina

Brachial plexus

Lumbar plexus

Sacral plexus

Pg 501

Ventral Branches form intercostal nerves and plexuses

neck

arm

legs

legs


Upper

Middle Trunks

Lower

Roots (ventral rami):

Upper subscapular

Lower subscapular

Thoracodorsal

Medial cutaneousnerves of the armand forearm

Long thoracic

Medial pectoral

Lateral pectoral

Nerve tosubclaviusSuprascapular

Dorsal scapular

Posteriordivisions

Anteriordivisions

Lateral

PosteriorCords

Medial

AxillaryMusculo-cutaneous

Radial

Median

Ulnar

Posteriordivisions

Trunks Roots

C4

C5

C6

C7

C8

T1

(a) Roots (rami C5 – T1), trunks, divisions, and cords

Pg 504


Hypoglossalnerve (XII)

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

Segmentalbranches

Lesser occipitalnerveGreater auricularnerve

Ansa cervicalis

Phrenic nerve

Supraclavicularnerves

Accessory nerve (XI)

Transversecervical nerve

Ventralrami:

Ventral rami

Pg 503

Diaphragm


C2C3

C4

C5T1

T2

T2T3T4T5

C6

C8C7 C7

C6

T6T7T8T9

T10

T11

T12L1

S2S3

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L2

L3

L4

L5

S1

C5

C6

C8

T2

C5

C6

S1

(a) Anterior view

C2

C3

C4C5C6C7C8

C8 C8

C7 C7

T1T2T3T4T5T6T7T8T9

T10

T11T12

L1L2 L3

S1(b) Posterior view

L5S2

S1

S1

S3

S2 S1S2

S4S5

L5L5

L4L5L5

L4

C6 C6

C5

L4

L3

L2

L1

L4

Sensory Dermatomes

Much overlap

510

Clicker Question: Which of the following statements are true?

1. Spinocerebellar tracts would convey motor information from the cerebellum down the spinal cord to send impulses out to skeletal muscles.2. Damage to the anterior horns in the spinal cord could result in flaccid paralysis.3. The 3 cranial nerves to control movement of the eye are the oculomotor, abducens, and the trigeminal nerves.4. The dorsal root only carries axons of sensory neurons.

A. 2,4 B. 1,2,4 C. 2,3,4 D. 1,3,4

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cervical enlargement Dura and arachnoid mater Lumbar...

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