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Transcript of Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Endocrine...
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Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Endocrine Endocrine SystemSystem
Chapter 16Chapter 16
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IntroductionEndocrine system encompasses
the production and secretion of hormones from glands
Orme: means “to excite” Hormones: activate (or excite) a
specific target cells, causing a response
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Endocrine AnatomyThree glands in head:
Pituitary produces hormones that affect other glands & target organs
Hypothalamus produces hormones that affect the pituitary gland.
Pineal is below hypothalamus & responsible for controlling circadian rhythms, sexual growth, other body functions
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Pituitary Gland Master Gland
Posterior Pituitary glands secretes: Hormones regulate kidneys via reabsorption (ADH) Oxytocin: uterine contractions during labor;
lactation in pregnant women
Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes: ACTH – stimulates adrenal gland Thyroid Stimulating Hormone – thyroid gland Growth Hormone Prolactin – stimulates mammary gland, make milk Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing
Hormone – stimulates ovary
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Functions of the Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus: In brain, below thalamus glandLinks nervous system to endocrine
systemRegulates water balance, metabolism of
fats and carbohydrates, body temperature, appetite, emotions
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Pineal GlandProduces and secretes melatonin
Melatonin: helps to regulate sleep-wake cycle; affected by light; linked to puberty and menstrual cycle
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Thyroid GlandLocation: base of neckProduces and secretes three hormones:
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin Iodine necessary to synthesize T4, T3Trigger rate of metabolism
of proteins, fats (lipids), sugars (carbohydrates) throughout body
Important for growth and homeostasis of body
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Parathyroid Glands
Para—“across”Two sets of secreting glandsMain regulators of calcium levels in bloodDraw calcium out of bones to increase it in extracellular fluidLowers concentration of phosphates
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Adrenal GlandsMedulla - synthesizes and
secretes catecholamines: norepinephrine/epinephrine
Cortex - three types of hormones:Glucocorticoids: reduce inflammation,
increase capacity to deal with stressful situations
Mineralocorticoids: regulate secretion of both water and salt in kidney
Sex hormones: androgens or estrogens
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Endocrine Anatomy (Continued)
Pancreas - largest gland; produces and secretes:digestive juicestwo hormones
Insulin Glucagon
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Endocrine AnatomyReproduction:
Ovaries (female): progesterone, estrogen
Males: testosterone Responsible for gender characteristics
Anterior pituitary gland releases FSH increases estrogen causes LH to be secreted ovulation
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Description of Hormones (Continued)
Glands: two mechanisms of action (exocrine or endocrine)
Endocrine glands: enter bloodstream to get to target cells
Exocrine glands: sent to target organ or tissue via tube or duct (skin -> duct -> sweat gland)
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Conditions of the Pituitary and Hypothalamus Gland & Their
TreatmentsHyperfunction of pituitary gland -
caused by tumor growthsIncrease of growth hormone (GH):
Giantism - present in children (elongated bones, height of 8 ft)
Acromegaly - present in adults (increased size of head, tongue, nose, hands, feet, toes)
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Hypofunction of pituitary gland - decrease in hormones
Dwarfism: congenital defectSimmonds’ disease: adults; lack of
menstruation in women; impotence in menLack of ADH (from lesions, tumors, infections);
infection in or on hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland
Treated with medication for life
Conditions of the Pituitary and Hypothalamus Gland and Their
Treatments (Cont)
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Conditions of the Thyroid and Their
TreatmentsHyperthyroidism: excess of thyroid
hormoneCauses: Graves’
disease (autoimmunity), goiter
Radioactive iodine decreases nodules in goiters
Radiation destroys part of thyroid gland
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Osteoporosis Management and Treatment
Treatment for osteoporosis: Fosamax, Calcimar
Prevention of osteoporosis: must be started early in life - lifestyle changes, exercise, diet, smoking cessation
Exercise, calcium, vitamin D: increase bone density
Medications like Fosamax increase bone density
Long-term use of corticosteroids, medroxyprogesterone, excessive thyroid hormones promote osteoporosis
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Conditions of the Pancreas Gland and Their Treatments
Two categories of diabetes mellitus: Insulin-dependent or Type 1
Requires SC injections of insulin for rest of life Non–insulin-dependent or Type 2
Treatment: lifestyle changes; oral medications Causes of diabetes:
Inability of pancreas to secrete insulin Resistance to insulin that affects the levels of
glucose (results in hyperglycemia) Can lead to renal disease, blindness, gangrene
(leads to amputation of extremities)
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Conditions of the Pancreas Gland and Their Treatments
(Continued)Two main types of insulin for insulin
dependent:Natural insulin - taken from animals
(pigs, cows)Synthesized human insulin Fast Acting Intermediate
Acting
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New Combination Agents
Therapy for Type 2 diabetes: multiple drug therapy
Four new combinations for NIDDM:Glucovance (metformin/glyburide)Metaglip (glipizide/metformin)Avandamet (rosiglitazone/metformin)Actoplus Met (pioglitazonel/metformin)