Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 Capítulo 10 Personalidad.
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 Capítulo 7 Memoria.
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Transcript of Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 Capítulo 7 Memoria.
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1Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Capítulo 7
MemoriaMemoria
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7-2
La naturaleza de la memoria
• Memoria– Codificación– Almacenamiento– Recuperación
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Procesamiento de información en la memoria
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7-4
Codificación de la memoria
• Atención
• Niveles de procesamiento
• Elaboración
• Imágenes
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7-5
Profundidad del procesamiento
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7-6
Almacenamiento de la memoria
• Memoria sensorial
• Memoria a corto plazo– Duración de la memoria 7 ± 2– Fragmentación y ensayo – Memoria de trabajo
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7-7
Teoría de la memoria de Atkinson y Shiffrin
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7-8
Memoria de trabajo
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7-9
Almacenamiento de la memoria
• Memoria a largo plazo– Memoria explícita (memoria declarativa)
• Episódica
• Semántica
• Memoria retrospectiva y prospectiva
– Memoria implícita (memoria no declarativa)• Procedimental
• Imprimación
• Condicionamiento clásico
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Sistemas de la memoria a largo plazo
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Diferencias entre memoria episódica y semántica
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7-12
Almacenamiento de la memoria
• Cómo se organiza la memoria– Jerarquías– Redes semánticas – Esquemas
• Guión
– Redes conexionistas
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Redes semánticas
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7-14
Teorías de red semántica, esquema y conexionista
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Almacenamiento de la memoria
• Dónde se almacenan los recuerdos– Memoria explícita– Memoria implícita
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Estructuras cerebrales implicadas en la memoria a
largo plazo
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Recuperación de la memoria
• Efecto de la posición serial• Claves para la recuperación y la tarea
de recuperación– Recuerdo y reconocimiento– Especificidad de la codificación– Imprimación– Fenómeno de “en la punta de la lengua”– Contexto y estado
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Efecto de la posición serial
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Recuperación de la memoria
• Precisión en la recuperación de la memoria– Recuerdos fotográficos– Trauma personal– Testimonio del testigo ocular– Recuerdos reprimidos
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Recuerdos fotográficos de estudiantes universitarios
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Olvido
• Herman Ebbinghaus
• Falla en la codificación
• Falla en la recuperación– Interferencia
• Proactiva• Retroactiva
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Interferencia proactiva y retroactiva
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La curva del olvido de Ebbinghaus
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Olvido
• Falla en la recuperación– Decaimiento y transitoriedad
– Olvido motivado
– Amnesia
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Memoria y estrategias de estudio
• Estrategias de codificación– Ser un buen administrador del tiempo
– Poner atención y minimizar la distracción
– Entender el material en lugar de memorizarlo en forma mecánica
– Formularse preguntas
– Tomar buenas notas
– Usar estrategias mnemónicas
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Memoria y estrategias de estudio
• Estrategias de almacenamiento– Organice su memoria– Extienda y consolide su aprendizaje
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Memoria y estrategias de estudio
• Estrategias de recuperación– Use buenas claves de recuperación– El método PQ4R