CAPSTONE PROJECT

COOLING WATER AND TREATMENT PLANT FOR POWER PLANT

UNDER GUIDENCE OF

DR. Y.S GOEL SIR

A ONE YEAR PROJECT REPORT

PROJECT COMPLETED: - HALF (AFTER ONE SEM.)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR HIMANSHU KAUSHAL (MENTOR) OMKAR KUMAR JHA - 10902923 DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (M3904) SHEKHAR PATAKU - 10902017 Sig: PRANAV KUMAR - 10903323 ……………………………………………………………..

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA (PB)

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that.................................... Bearing Registration no. ......................

Has completed capstone project titled,

“............................................................................................” Under my guidance

and supervision. To the best of my knowledge, the present work is the result of

their original investigation and study. No part of the dissertation has ever been

submitted for any other degree at any University.

The dissertation is fit for submission and the partial fulfillment of the conditions

for the award of partial degree

Signature and Name of the Research Supervisor

Designation

School

Lovely Professional University

Phagwara, Punjab.

Date:

2

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that each contents of this project report are our own. Anything

here mentioned is for educational purpose; hence some contents are being

taken/analyzed from data from internet, Tata steel, books etc. So, there for, it is

solely dedicated to the project guide, student and Lovely Professional University,

under department of mechanical engineering (M3904) for capstone project

purpose.

- OMKAR KUMAR JHA

- PRANAV KUMAR

- SHEKHAR PATAKU

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, On behalf of the Department of Mechanical Engineering (M3904), we

wish to extend our heartfelt gratitude to LOVELY PROFESSIONAL

UNIVERSITY, PHAGWARA (PB) for giving the opportunity to get familiar with

and conduct project work. We took this opportunity to convey our sincere thanks

to Mr. Manish Gupta (COD-S) for providing guidance, moral support and

modalities to conduct this project.

We would like to thank our Mentor Mr. Himanshu Kaushal for coordinating and

helping us during the project. We also extend our sincere thanks to all other

officials of LPU for providing valuable information and their inputs for the study

over project to us. We would like to express our thanks to all the people at LPU

and MECHANICAL SCHOOL as well who made our project duration very

pleasant and comfortable and for all their hospitality extended to us.

We sincerely thank to all the people who have given a lot of effort by guiding the

project for so many days.

-Thanks and Regards

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE PROJECT

3. PROJECT PHASES

4. CHEMICAL AND REACTIONS

5. ANALYSIS

6. DESIGN

7. CALCULATION

8. CONCLUSIONS/FUTURE

9. REFRENCES

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INTRODUCTION

In this academic year 2011-12, we have to submit a capstone project on any

engineering application based project. According to curriculum it is mandatory to

complete a working project to understand the necessity of real time problems

which are not mentioned in general study content.

Water, obviously is a basic human need. Providing safe and adequate quantities of

the same for all rural and urban communities is perhaps one of the most important

undertakings, for the public works Dept. Indeed, the well planned water supply

scheme is a prime and vital element of a country's social infrastructures as on this

peg hangs the health and wellbeing of its people.

The population in India is increasing , with an estimated 40% of urban population.

This goes on to say that a very large demand of water supply; for Domestic,

Industrial, Firefighting, Public uses, etc.; will have to be in accordance with the

rising population. Hence, identification of sources of water supply, there

conservation and optimum utilization is of aramount importance. The water

supplied should be 'Portable' and 'Wholesome'. Absolute pure water is never found

in nature, but invariable contains certain suspended, colloidal, and dissolved

impurities (organic and inorganic in nature, generally called solids), in varying

degree of concentration depending upon the source. Hence treatment of water to

mitigate and lor absolute removal of these impurities (which could be; solids,

pathogenic micro-organisms, odor and taste generators, toxic substances, etc.)

become indispensable. Untreated or improperly treated water becomes unfit for

intended use proves to be detrimental for life.

The designed water treatment plant has an experimental setup as the basic source

of water. The type of treatment to be given depends upon the given quality of

water available and the quality of water to be served. However such an extensive

survey being not possible in the designed water treatment plant but somehow the

data has been taken and collected from different sources. It is assumed that all

kinds of treatment processors are necessary and an elaborate design.

So hereby we 3 classmate decided to construct a working model of a water

treatment plant on small scale with some new techniques which can further

attached to power plant for their cooling water necessity as well.

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This project is decided because in daily life we encountered with so many

problems regarding water recycling, reuse and treatment. For this we have also

setup so many plants which can do all the operations indeed. But in real time we

have to setup new plant for each operation separately because of their certain

limitations like space availability, operating cost, maintenance etc.

This prospective proposal of project can remedies the entire problem and can

produce single point output station of the water having less energy consumption

for different uses which are further explained in details.

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THE PROJECT

The project is solely based on the working of the water treatment plant. In water

treatment process, we generally treat water for drinking purpose but here in this

project not only we will produce drinking water but also water used for other

purposes like industrial as well as power plant based cooling water which is high

grade water having no salt or other additive dissolved into it. Because if there will

be any contaminant there it may cause the rust, blast or other accidental cases due

to unwanted particles.

In other ways or words treatment is mainly based upon removal of unwanted

particles from raw water so this removal depends upon our need .where we want to

use or product and how much efficiency we need to develop upon it.

For good performance of the product we have to ensure about its all quality and

services. Like how much is this acidic or basic in nature, how much contaminant it

includes in itself. For good reason of required criteria we have to identify pros and

cons of the input and output and the process applying as well.

So in water treatment we mainly consider about TURBIDITY, PH, DISSOLVED

PARTICALS, ODOR, COLOR etc. These are the key factors to control the water

quality in output. So for all above quality we have certain procedure and process

which gives us 97% desired output. But for optimum quality of product we can

leave the product in SETTLING TANK for some hours to settle down and then we

can further pump it to stations for other uses.

Corrosion is also a big problem due to chemical mixed in it like Alum, PaCl,

CaOCl, Chlorine Gas etc which can corrode the surface of the pipe if not

controlled. In industry corrosion failure are the one which are occurring every year

at large scale. For this a company has to make certain arrangement like control the

PH value, reserve the inventory of the commonly corrosive components etc.

Water treatment has mainly some initial stages mentioned here with diagram

shown below:

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PUMP HOUSE

RAW WATER

RESERVIOR

CHEMICAL

MIXING

WATER LAKE/ POND

FILTERED

WATER

CLARIFLOCCULATOR

FILTRATION BED

CHLORINATION

O.H

TANK

DEMINERLIZATION/

REVERSER OSMOSIS/

ION EXCHANGE

BFP

CWPH

CONDE

-NSER

PUMP

HOUSE

COOLING TOWER DISTRIBUTION FOR

DRINKING PURPOSE

Flow Diagram

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Standard working cycle

First of all the raw water is pumped to mixing channel where it got mixed with

alum for coagulation which make the dissolve particles more heavy and settle them

down to the base. Then the pre chlorination occur, which controls the color and

other bacteria inside the water by adding up continuous amount of chlorine gas into

water .then further water moves to flocculate chamber where flocculation is done.

Means this point rotates regularly and agitates the water to help to settle down the

particles again. Then it further moves to filter house which consist of BED made

by sand 5-6” grits 3-4”,gravels 3-4”, then the big gravels 4-5” in depth. In the

bottom a pipe is fitted to suck the water (clean) .

This pipe is also used for back BED WASH with the help of high jet of air which

vibrates all the particles of bed and removes the contaminants from the sand

surface. Then further treated water moves to post chlorination stage where after

checking all the values (desired as ph, color, odor etc) then adds extra amount of

chlorine gas. Then this final water is sent to settling tank or reservoir where treated

final water is finally taken in rest for at least of 3-4 hours then pumped to different

stations for transporting to different location according to use.

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PROJECT PHASES

This capstone project is decided for 2 phase 1 sem each. In 1 semester only simple

water treatment will be verified then after in next semester the treated water will be

again treated for power plant with the help of reverse osmosis principle.

In power plant basically water is used for various purposes. All the other purpose

can be solved from the above steps itself but the cooling water or working fluid

cannot be used as same. For this purpose the treated water will be again treated by

some methods like reverse osmosis, ultraviolet treatment, chemical treatment etc.

But our main aim is to control the salt present inside the water. If not then this salt

can corrode the cooling surface of the power plant and can reduce the thermal

efficiency of the cycle by absorbing excess heat.

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So one stage is to be completed in present semester and the treatment of cooling

and working water will be finalized into next or final semester.

So hereby we are submitting the project in analysis, calculation and design

segment comes under our 1 year project so far.

In this academic session the project has finally reached at the mid evaluation with

above stated criteria and hence submitting the raw data of the ideal plant with

important components likewise...

CHEMICAL AND REACTIONS

Antifoams

Foam is a mass of bubbles created when certain types of gas are dispersed into a

liquid. Strong films of liquid than surround the bubbles, forming large volumes of

non-productive foam.

The cause of foam is a complicated study in physical chemistry, but we already

know that its existence presents serious problems in both the operation of industrial

processes and the quality of finished products. When it is not held under control,

foam can reduce the capacity of equipment and increase the duration and costs of

processes.

Antifoam blends contain oils combined with small amounts of silica. They break

down foam thanks to two of silicone's properties: incompatibility with aqueous

systems and ease of spreading. Antifoam compounds are available either as

powder or as an emulsion of the pure product.

Powder Antifoam powder covers a group of products based on modified

polydimethylsiloxane. The products vary in their basic properties, but as a group

they introduce excellent antifoaming in a wide range of applications and

conditions.

The antifoams are chemically inert and do not react with the medium that is

defoamed. They are odorless, tasteless, non-volatile, non-toxic and they do not

corrode materials. The only disadvantage of the powdery product is that it cannot

be used in watery solutions.

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Emulsions Antifoam Emulsions are aqueous emulsions of polydimethylsiloxane fluids. They

have the same properties as the powder form, the only difference is that they can

also be applied in watery solutions.

Coagulants

When referring to coagulants, positive ions with high valence are preferred.

Generally aluminium and iron are applied, aluminium as Al2(SO4)3-

(aluin) and

iron as either FeCl3 or Fe2(SO4)3-

. One can also apply the relatively cheap form

FeSO4, on condition that it will be oxidised to Fe

3+ during aeration.

Coagulation is very dependent on the doses of coagulants, the pH and colloid

concentrations. To adjust pH levels Ca(OH)2 is applied as co-flocculent. Doses

usually vary between 10 and 90 mg Fe3+

/ L, but when salts are present a higher

dose needs to be applied.

Corrosion inhibitors

Corrosion is a general term that indicates the conversion of a metal into a soluble

compound.

Corrosion can lead to failure of critical parts of boiler systems, deposition of

corrosion products in critical heat exchange areas, and overall efficiency loss.

That is why corrosion inhibitors are often applied. Inhibitors are chemicals that

react with a metallic surface, giving the surface a certain level of protection.

Inhibitors often work by adsorbing themselves on the metallic surface, protecting

the metallic surface by forming a film.

Organic inhibitors will be adsorbed according to the ionic charge of the inhibitor

and the charge on the surface.

Disinfectants

Disinfectants kill present unwanted microrganisms in water. There are various

different types of disinfectants:

· Chlorine (dose 2-10 mg/L)

· Chlorine dioxide

· Ozone

· Hypochlorite

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Chlorine dioxide disinfection

ClO2 is used principally as a primary disinfectant for surface waters with odor and

taste problems. It is an effective biocide at concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm and

over a wide pH range. ClO2 penetrates the bacterial cell wall and reacts with vital

amino acids in the cytoplasm of the cell to kill the organisms. The by-product of

this reaction is chlorite.

Chlorine dioxide disinfects according to the same principle as chlorine, however,

as opposed to chlorine, chlorine dioxide has no harmful effects on human health.

Hypochlorite disinfection Hypochlorite is aplied in the same way as chlorine dioxide and chlorine. Hypo

chlorination is a disinfection method that is not used widely anymore, since an

environmental agency proved that the Hypochlorite for disinfection in water was

the cause of bromate consistence in water.

Ozone disinfection Ozone is a very strong oxidation medium, with a remarkably short life span. It

consists of oxygen molecules with an extra O-atom, to form O3. When ozone

comes in contact with odour, bacteria or viruses the extra O-atom breaks them

down directly, by means of oxidation. The third O-atom of the ozone molecules is

than lost and only oxygen will remain.

Disinfectants can be used in various industries. Ozone is used in the

pharmaceutical industry, for drinking water preparation, for treatment of process

water, for preparation of ultra-pure water and for surface disinfection.

Chlorine dioxide is used primarily for drinking water preparation and disinfection

of piping.

Every disinfection technique has its specific advantages and its own application

area. In the table below some of the advantages and disadvantages are shown:

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Technology Environmentally

friendly

Byproducts Effectivity Investment Operational

costs

Fluids Surfaces

Ozone + + ++ - + ++ ++

UV ++ ++ + +/- ++ + ++

Chlorine

dioxide

+/- +/- ++ ++ + ++ --

Chlorine gas -- -- - + ++ +/- --

Hypochlorite -- -- - + ++ +/- --

Flocculants

To promote the formation of flocs in water that contains suspended solids polymer

flocculants (polyelectrolytes) are applied to promote bonds formation between

particles. These polymers have a very specific effect, dependent upon their

charges, their molar weight and their molecular degree of ramification. The

polymers are water-soluble and their molar weight varies between 105 and 10

6 g/

mol.

There can be several charges on one flocculent. There are cationic polymers, based

on nitrogen, anionic polymers, based on carboxylate ions and polyampholytes,

which carry both positive and negative charges.

Neutralizing agents (alkalinity control)

In order to neutralize acids and basics we use either sodium hydroxide solution

(NaOH), calcium carbonate, or lime suspension (Ca(OH)2) to increase pH levels.

We use diluted sulphuric acid (H2SO4) or diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl) to

decline pH levels. The dose of neutralizing agents depends upon the pH of the

water in a reaction basin. Neutralization reactions cause a rise in temperature.

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Oxidants

Chemical oxidation processes use (chemical) oxidants to reduce COD/BOD levels,

and to remove both organic and oxidisable inorganic components. The processes

can completely oxidise organic materials to carbon dioxide and water, although it

is often not necessary to operate the processes to this level of treatment

A wide variety of oxidation chemicals are available. Examples are:

· Hydrogen peroxide;

· Ozone;

· Combined ozone & peroxide;

· Oxygen.

Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide is widely used thanks to its properties; it is a safe, effective,

powerful and versatile oxidant. The main applications of H2O2 are oxidation to aid

odour control and corrosion control, organic oxidation, metal oxidation and

toxicity oxidation. The most difficult pollutants to oxidize may require H2O2 to be

activated with catalysts such as iron, copper, manganese or other transition metal

compounds.

Oxygen

Oxygen can also be applied as an oxidant, for instance to realize the oxidation

of iron and manganese. The reactions that occur during oxidation by oxygen are

usually quite similar.

These are the reactions of the oxidation of iron and manganese with oxygen:

2 Fe2+

+ O2 + 2 OH- --> Fe2O3 + H2O

2 Mn2+

+ O2 + 4 OH- --> 2 MnO2 + 2 H2O

Species (Other than H2O) Contained in Water

Chemical analysis of virtually any freshwater sample reveals that "water"-- even

water that has been rigorously cleaned and treated-- is really a solution containing

many dissolved species. A solution is a homogenous system (a system that is

uniform throughout) containing more than one substance. A solution in which H2O

is the solvent is known as an aqueous solution. In addition to H2O (which is the

solvent), water samples may include:

ions (e.g., Na+, Ca

2+, F

-, and HSO4

-)

dissolved gases (e.g., O2 and CO2)

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other natural dissolved molecules (e.g., organic by-products of decaying

leaves)

dissolved molecules from human activity (e.g., industrial and agricultural

wastes)

Reactions are:

Mg2+

(aq) + Ca2+

(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) ---> Mg(OH)2 (s) + Ca

2+ (aq)

From water from lime precipitate

Ca2+

(aq) + Ca2+

(aq) + 2 CO32-

(aq) ---> 2CaCO3 (s)

from water from lime from soda ash precipitate

CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ---> H2CO3 (aq)

H2CO3 (aq) + OH

- (aq) ---> H2O + HCO3

- (aq)

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ANALYSIS

The treatment plant or any other plant has some criteria to work upon or the certain

condition to follow so that good and efficient working may obtained.

The combination of following processes is used for municipal drinking water

treatment worldwide:

Pre-chlorination: - for algae control and arresting any biological growth

Aeration: - along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron and

manganese and oxygen.

Coagulation: - for flocculation

Coagulant aids: - also known as polyelectrolyte‟s- to improve coagulation

and for thicker flock formation...

Sedimentation: - for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids

trapped in the flock.

Filtration: - removing particles from water

Desalination: -Process of removing salt from the water.

Disinfection: - - for killing bacteria. The above mentioned technologies are

well developed and generalized designs are available which are used by

JUSCO utilities (public or private). In addition to the generalized solutions, a

number of private companies provide solutions by patenting their

technologies.

Final testing: water (treated) is finally checked for its turbidity then sent to

its respective towers or storages.

So hereby some steps of analysis are mentioned so far.

Management of a design project Preliminary studies Basic design procedure and general considerations

Coagulation and chemical application

Flocculation process

Sedimentation (clarification) process

Chemical feed system

Instrument and process control

Disinfection process

Sludge handling and disposal

Intake system/pumping system

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Flow measurement/piping system

Elements of detailed design

Lime-soda ash softening

Iron and manganese removal

Membrane separation

Overall process design

Water quality results showed high removal rates of turbidity based on the

mechanism of pore size exclusion, these results would indicate that a significant

fraction of matter contributing to turbidity was in the particulate fraction (i.e.,

particle size >0.04 μm. Lower removal rates for organic matter as measured by

TOC indicate that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may represent a considerable

fraction of the TOC (TOTAL ORGANIC COMPOUND) present in the raw water.

These results are supported by color and technical measurements, for which

Reduced removal rates were achieved with filtration indicating that the

concentration of dissolved organic material in the raw water would warrant pre-

treatment (i.e., coagulation) to enhance overall removal efficiencies. Poly-

aluminum chloride (PACl), ferric salts such as ferric sulphate [Fe(SO4)3] or ferric

chloride (FeCl3), or Synthetic coagulating agents such as poly-acryl amides would

also be Viable coagulants that could be evaluated with this water.

• Particle count analysis: would provide additional data on permeate water quality

in terms of removal of particles within size range of (2 – 15 μm) and other

cryptosporidium, 2 – 5 μm).

As a surrogate monitoring technique, particle counting determines particle

size and thus warns of particles in the size range of 2-6 μm.

• Dead-End Flow Configuration: Recirculation pumps and associated piping is

required resulting in reduced capital costs and operational cost Savings due to

reduced energy input.

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DESIGN Before END OF SEM. we have completed our design, analysis, calculations phase

for 1st set of project. The design is attached under as created into PRO-E wildfire

v4.0:

SIDE VIEW

Now after midterm the analysis and design work has been done and thereafter the

calculation part also.

In the calculation and analysis phase we have encountered problem related to scale

the prototype of the project related to actual one. The problem faced is totally

genuine in terms of actual cycle of the plant.

As the cycle starts the power input to components and the specific rating of

different component always counter the actual process including overflow, dry run

and so on; . At some stages we found that the water did not clean according to

necessity or the other ratings are not matching with specific data so then re-

consideration of project with recalculation becomes necessary.

SEDIMENTATION

TANK

FINAL STORAGE

OUTPUT WATER

PIPE

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ROTATING ARM

PUMP 2

CHEMICAL MIXING

CHAMBER

PUMP 1

STORAGE

TANK

POROUS PIPE

FLOCCULATOR

COUNTER AGITATOR

SHAFT

CLOSE BED AREA

GUIDE PIPE

FILTER BED

PUMP 3

MAIN WATER

ENTRANCE PIPE

CHEMICAL DOSER

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COMPONENTS OF PROPOSED DESIGN

In this project we tried to overcome the energy loss and tried to use the

conventionally available component so that operating and maintenance cost with

setup cost may get reduced.

Due to previous analysis following units are required to be designed for treatment

plant

(1) Intake Structure:

Intake well

Gravity main

Jack well

Rising main

Pump

(2) Treatment unit: Aeration unit

Coagulant dose

Lime soda dose

Chemical dissolving tank

Chemical house

Flash mixer

Clariflocculator

Rapid sand filter

Chlorination unit

(3) Storage unit:

Underground storage tank

Elevated storage

Schematic diagram of each of the unit is shown in THE PROJECT section

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PUMPS

The following four types of pumps are generally used.

Buoyancy operated pumps

Impulse operated pumps

Positive displacement pumps

Centrifugal pump

The following criteria govern pump selection. : Type of duty required.

Present and projected demand and pattern and change in demand.

The details of head and flow rate required.

Selecting the operating speed of the pump and suitable drive.

The efficiency of the pumps and consequent influence on power

consumption and the running costs.

Losses 𝑕𝑓 = 4𝑓𝑙𝑣2

2𝑔𝑑

Total head of pumping = hs + hd + hf + minor losses

Design Criteria for Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit

Velocity of flow = m/sec.

Depth =

Power Required =

Impeller speed =

Loss of head =

Mixing device be capable of creating a velocity gradient

= m/sec/m depth

Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter =

(C) Design Calculation

Design flow

Detention time

Ratio of tank height to diameter

Ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter

Rotational speed of impeller

Assume temperature

= m3/day

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Design Criteria: (Flocculator)

Depth of tank = Detention time = Velocity of flow =. Total area of paddles =

Range of peripheral velocities of blades = Power consumption = Outlet velocity =

FILTER BED

Design Criteria: (Clarifier)

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Surface overflow rate = Depth of water =

Weir loading =

Storage of sludge = Floor slope = 1 in 12 or 8% for mechanically cleaned tank.

Slope for sludge hopper =

Scraper velocity = 1 revolution in 45 to 80 minutes Velocity of water at outlet chamber = not more than 40 m/sec.

CALCULATIONS

A sample data is tabulated as under. This tabulation shows the standard

specifications for the specific properties of treated water. This scale is used for

1 MLD of water to be treated on one cycle of plant. So hereby we can scale it

according to our basic need for standard project .

Standard formulas :

Flow of water required = water volume (MLD) * 3600* 24

Volume of well = 𝜋 ⋰ 4𝑑2 ∗ l.57 m3 (Damming‟s standard)

Discharge rate = area * velocity per unit time

Intake well of diameter = d

Power generated =℘𝑔𝑕

Velocity obtained = cd 2𝑔𝑕

Power output from shaft = 2𝜋𝑛𝑇

60 watt

Cross-sectional area of intake well = 2𝜋𝑟𝑙 Diameter of intake well = (d)

Design of Rapid Gravity Filter:

(a) Rapid Sand Filter

The rapid sand filter comprises of a bed of sand serving as a single medium

granular matrix supported on gravel overlying an under drainage system, the

distinctive features of rapid sand filtration as compared to slow sand filtration

25

include careful pre-treatment of raw water to effective flocculate the colloidal

particles, use of higher filtration rates and coarser but more uniform filter media to

utilize greater depths of filter media to trap influent solids without excessive head

loss and back washing of filter bed by reversing the flow direction to clear the

entire depth of river. .

The removal of particles within a deep granular medium filter such as rapid sand

filter occurs primarily within the filter bed and is referred to as depth filtration.

Conceptually the removal of particles takes place in two distinct slips as transport

and as attachment step. In the first step the impurity particles must be brought from

the bulk of the liquid within the pores close to the surface of the medium of the

previously deposited solids on the medium. Once the particles come closer to the

surface an attachment step is required to retain it on the surface instead of letting it

flow down the filter.

The transport step may be accomplished by straining gravity, setting, impaction

interception, hydrodynamics and diffusion and it may be aided by flocculation in

the interstices of the filter.

(a) Design Criteria: (Rapid Sand Filter) . Rate of filtration = m3//hr

. Max surface area of one bed = m2

o Min. overall depth of filter unit including a free board of 0.5m = m

o Effective size of sand = mm

o Uniformity co-efficient for sand = 1.3 to 1.7 (standard)

. Silica content should not be less than 90%

. Specific gravity =2.55 to 2.65 (standard)

. Wearing loss is not greater than 3%

. Minimum number of units = 2

. Depth of sand = 0.6 to 0.75

. Standing depth of water over the filter = 1 to 2m

. Free board is not less than 0.5m

(b) Problem Statement

Net filtered water

Quantity of backwash water used

Time lost during backwash

Design rate of filtration

Length - width ratio

Under drainage system

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Size of perforations

Alum Dose:

Coagulation: The terms coagulation and flocculation are used rather indiscriminately to describe

the process of removal of turbidity caused by fine suspension colloids and organic

colors.

Coagulation describes the effect produced by the addition of a chemical to a

colloidal dispersion, resulting in particle destabilization. Operationally, this is

achieved by the addition of appropriate chemical and rapid intense mixing for

obtaining uniform dispersion of the chemical. The coagulant dose in the field

should be judiciously controlled in the light of the jar test values. Alum is used as

coagulant.

Softening Water is said to be hard, when it does not form leather readily with soap.

The hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions in

most of the cases. The method generally used is lime-soda process. Softening with

these chemicals is used particularly for water with high initial hardness ( > 500

mg/L) and suitable for water containing turbidity, color and iron salts. Lime-soda

softening cannot, however, reduce the hardness to values less then40 mg/L.

Design of Mechanical Rapid Mix Unit

Flash Mixer

Rapid mixing is and operation by which the coagulant is rapidly and uniformly

dispersed throughout the volume of water to create a more or less homogeneous

single or multiphase system.

This helps in the formation of micro floes and results in proper utilization of

chemical coagulant preventing localization of connection and premature formation

of hydroxides which lead to less effective utilization of the coagulant. The

chemical coagulant is normally introduced at some point of high turbulence of

water. The source of water for rapid mixing to create the desired intense turbulence

is gravitational and pneumatic.

The intensity of mixing is dependent upon the temporal mean velocity gradient

„G‟. This is defined as the rate of change of velocity per unit distance normal to a

section. The turbulence and resultant intensity of mixing based on the rate of

power input to the water.

Flash mixture is one of the most popular methods in which the chemicals are

dispersed. They are mixed by the impeller rotating at high speeds

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Summary

Design of Pen stock And Bell Mouth Strainer

(a) Pen stock This are the pipes provided in intake well to allow water from water body to intake

well. These pen stocks are provided at different levels, so as to take account of

seasonal variation in water level (as H.W.L, M.W.L, and L.W.L). Trash racks of

screens are provided to protect the entry sizeable things which can create trouble in

the pen stock. At each level more than one pen stock is provided to take account of

any obstruction during its operations. These pen stocks are regulated by valves

provided at the top of intake wells.

Design Criteria

Velocity through pen stock

Diameter of each pen stock

Number of pen stock for each intake well

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After the specific design conditions the special operating conditions are given

below: (in introductory in nature)

Sr.

No

Characteristics Acceptable Cause for

Rejection

1 Turbidity ( scale) 2.5 10

2 Color (platinum cobalt scale) 5 units 25units

3 Taste and odor Unobjectionable Unobjectionable

4 PH 7.0 to 8.5 6.5 to 9.2

5 Total dissolved solids(mg/L) 600-800 1500

6 Total hardness (mg/L as CaC03) 200 600

7 Chlorides (mg/L as C1) 200 1000

8 Sulphate (mg/L as 804) 200 400

9 Fluorides (mg/L as F) 1 1.5

10 Nitrates (mg/L as N03) 22 45

11 Calcium (mg/L as Capacity) 75 200

12 Magnesium (mg/L Mg) 30 150

13 Iron (mg/L Fe) 0.1 1

14 Manganese mg/L as MnO 0.05 0.5

15 Copper (mg/L Cu) 0.05 1.5

16 Zinc (mg/L as Zn) 5 15

17 Lead (mg/L as Pb) 0.002

0.1

18 Anionic Detergents (mg/L as MBAS) 0.01 1

19 Mineral oil (mg/L) 0.01 2

Notes: The figures indicated under the column 'Acceptable' are the limits upon

which water is generally acceptable to the consumers.

Figures in excess of those mentioned under 'Acceptable' render the water not

acceptable, but still may be tolerated in the absence of alternative and better

source upon the limits indicated under column 'Cause for Rejection' above

which the supply will have to be rejected.

It is possible that some mine and spring waters may exceed these

radioactivity limits and in such cases it is necessary to analyze the individual

radio nuclides in order to assess the acceptability for public consumption.

29

Comparison Of Given Data and Standard Data during process cycle

(Totally introductory in nature)

Sr. No Particulars Actual Standard Difference Means for

Treatment 1 pH 7.5 7 to 8.5 O.K Not

necessary

2 Turbidity 50 2.5 47.5 Clarifier &

rapid sand

filter

3 Total Hardness

(mg/L)

550 200 350 Softening

4 Chlorides(mg/L) 120 60-70 50-60 Increase

volume of

water

5 Iron (mg/L) 2.5 0.1 2.4 Aeration

6 Carbonates 110 - - Softening

This data shows at some important stages the failure has been detected at the initial

of plant. So according to scale it may be setup and according to laboratory report

data may calibrated to control the big differences.

Means time this is not an actual calculation of the project hence it can‟t be same in

each case neither it is a standard data or scaled data. This data is only for

understanding the condition in which different steps is to be taken.

30

CONCLUSION

Hence we conclude that this project is very efficient for 1 whole city because it can

complete all the water need of the city itself. It can reduce the other cost and can be

setup in small area which can also graded as low energy consumption unit having

high efficiency.

In this project we have tried to implement the ideas which are easy to use and cost

effective. Further during project it is taken in consideration that the energy

consumption should be lesser as possible.

The efficiency of this project is tried to enhanced with the help of design and

operating conditions like head difference, gravity flow, natural circulation etc with

respect to the conventional operational conditions. These effects may visualize in

final project submission.

Further we would like to include that this project is taken for enhance the working

procedure and efficiency thus the efficiency of plant may increase from 40% to

60% approx.

During process cycle it is mandatory that the water for drinking should be

maintained as “Basic side (PH 7-8.5)” at some point so that it can meet the human

comfort because the human system the controlling of acid base side is very

important which can‟t be neglected for maintaining good drinking grade.

Other benefits are:

o To ensure low cost of treated water

o To reduce water wastage by recycling

o Reduce load of electricity / operating cost

o One point operation

o Low maintenance due to one plant on only one location

o High capacity regarding individual plant

31

Future

In this era of new technology the main consideration is to decrease the total cost

with efficient output. For this a numerous kind of implementation has been made

to the exiting design of plant. The price including into setup defined by the

accuracy and type of output needed from the plant.

As per new policies of Indian government the specific condition of uses of input

energy and the waste should be fruitfully maintained. This can be done by various

kind of implementation such as uses of low power input component and the

conventional system of work. But in the case of good efficiency we have to

compromise with some of the point like enviournment, health, input power, life of

plant etc. which maybe counter by the hierchy policies applied over the industry.

So all this condition may reduce the efficiency of the plant or output , thus a

efficient plant must contains good quality of output in terms of less input and

wastage as well.

So in future water, as it is a essential item for life, is very important and much

more needed thing to live. So good and required quality may obtained by efficient

process and technical help.

So as a engineer it is very important to use good and low waste component and

process to increase efficiency, the day by day regular increment in quality system

is necessary.

32

REFRENCES

Dr. Y.S Goel sir (DEAN)

Mr. Himanshu kaushal (Mentor)

Tata steel (JUSCO)

web page :www.wikipedia.org

Text book : Power plant Engineering ( Tata McGraw hills pub)

Text book: P.K NAG

PRO-E Wildfire v4.0 (for modeling)

Articles published in wordpress.com, scribed.com

http://www.lenntech.com/products/chemicals/water-treatment-

chemicals.htm#ixzz1emcAngX1

http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWat

erSupply/PublicWaterSupply.html

Project report submitted by IIT Delhi , Mumbai and others for the same