Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal Solar Panel by Using Heat Pipe at...

International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:17 No:06 171

I J E N SIJENS © December 2017 IJENS -IJMME-9595-061733

Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal Solar Panel by Using

Heat Pipe at Baghdad Climate

Laith Jaafer Habeeb1, Dheya Ghanim Mutasher 2, Faez Abid Muslim Abd Ali3 1,2 University of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department

College University of Kufa, Engineering3 [email protected]

Abstract-- This paper represents an experimental investigation

of cooling the photovoltaic panel by using heat pipe. The test rig is

constructed from photovoltaic panel with dimension (1200×540)

mm with 0.07 mm thickness copper plate base, four thermosyphon

heat pipes with 55% distilled water filing ratio and water box heat

exchanger with a capacity of 16.2 litter. The novel panel compared

with the traditional panel, the panels are installed south direction

on months tilt angle. The experiments are carried out oand 45

April, May and July in 2017, Baghdad, the test begins at 8:00 a.m.

till 14:00 p.m. In the theoretical investigation, the theoretical

model consists of two parts; in the first part, an electrical equation

is applied to find electrical characteristics while in the second part,

heat balance equations are achieved to find thermal

characteristics to the whole domain. A MATLAB program is used

to compute the model and establishing characteristic curves. The

experimental thermal result proved that, the novel method is

successful in cooling the solar panel and that the module is colder

than traditional panel in a rate of (15-35) % and the electrical

efficiency are improved by (11-14) % and theoretical results

revealed good agreement with a small deviation of about (3-6) %.

Index Term-- Cooling photovoltaic panel, thermosyphon heat

pipe.

NOMENCLATURE

‒‒‒‒ Curve-fitting parameter for the four-parameter model a

‒‒‒‒ Curve-fitting parameter for the four-parameter model at reference condition refa 2m Module area A

J Energy-band gap qE 2W/m Solar irradiance intensity G 2W/m Solar irradiance at reference condition refG

A Current of the module I A Light-generated current LI

A Light-generated current at reference condition L,refI

A Current at maximum-power point mpI

A Current at maximum-power point at reference condition mp,refI A Diode reverse saturation-current oI

A Diode reverse saturation-current at reference condition o,refI A Short-circuit current scI

A Short-circuit current at reference condition sc,refI

‒‒‒‒ Number of cells in series in one module SN

W Power at maximum-power point mpP Coulomb Electron charge (1.60218×10-19) q

Ω Series resistance SR

Ω Series resistance at reference condition s,refR Ω Shunt resistance shR

K Cell temperature cT

K Cell temperature at reference condition c,refT V Voltage of the module V

V Voltage at maximum-power point mpV

V Voltage at maximum-power point at reference condition mp,refV

V Open-circuit voltage ocV

V Open-circuit voltage at reference condition oc,refV ‒‒‒‒ Efficiency of the module at maximum-power point 𝜂 V/K Temperature coefficient of open-circuit voltage 𝜇𝑉ˌ𝑜𝑐

A/K Temperature coefficient of reference current 𝜇𝐼ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓

mailto:[email protected]



1. INTRODUCTION

Solar energy presents the main source of energy for life on

earth, and for humans’ development. It is not only that the

sunlight conversion into electricity or heat is essential for

various applications, but also a reliable storage of the sunlight

converted energy is highly useful since many applications

require storing the harvested solar energy to meet certain

consumption pattern [1]. Electrical energy, mostly because of

its ability to be easily transferred to work, is more valuable than

thermal energy. The most efficient way to obtain electrical

energy is from direct solar irradiance via photovoltaic cells (PV

cells). Although the overall efficiency of PV cells ranges from

about 5% - 20%, it is still higher than the total indirect

efficiency when it comes to wind and biomass efficiency.

However, it has been shown that the overall efficiency of

photovoltaic cells drops drastically with an increase in

temperature. The rate of decrease ranges from 0.25% to 0.5%

per degree Celsius, depending on the cell material used [2].

Akbarzadeh and Wadowski [3] introduced a passive method

based on thermosiphons which can effectively cool the

Photovoltaic cells under concentrated light. A prototype of an

east-west trough solar concentrator using the profile developed

for the reflecting surface, and incorporating a thermosiphon

cooling system for the photovoltaic cells, has been

manufactured and successfully tested. Tonui et al. [4] studied

the photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collectors with heat

extraction by forced or natural air circulation, air-cooling, either

by forced or natural flow, prepare a non-expensive and simple

method of photovoltaic panel cooling and the solar preheated

air could be used in manufactured, industrial and agricultural

section. William et al. [5] wrote a research about heat pipe

cooling of Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) systems, this

work successfully demonstrated the feasibility of a heat pipe

cooling solution for concentrating photovoltaic cells. Heat

pipes can be used to passively remove the heat, accepting a high

heat flux at the CPV cell, and rejecting the heat to fins by

natural convection. Tang et al. [6] studied experimentally the

micro heat pipe arrangement to cooling photovoltaic panel, air-

cooling and water-cooling, the temperature of cell can be

reduced to effectively increase the photoelectric conversion

efficiency of solar panel. The temperature decreases by 4.7 oC

and output power increases by 8.4%, for air-cooling compared

with ordinary solar panel and the temperature decreases by 8 oC

and output power increases by 13.9 % for water-cooling.

Souliotis et al. [7] studied the design and operation the

thermosyphon hybrid photovoltaic thermal solar systems, the

operating temperature of photovoltaic modules is reduced,

which is favorable, as it keeps their electrical efficiency at an

enough level. the experimental results of the outdoors tests

showed that thermosyphon type of PV/T systems can provide

both hot water and electricity for domestic applications with an

acceptable efficiency. Raj et al. [8] made an experimental study

on the performance of concentrated photovoltaic system with

cooling system for domestic applications, the cooling system is

component from heat pipe named Pulsating heat pipes. It has

been found that the electrical output of the water cooled CPV is

4.7 to 5.2 times more than the photovoltaic module without

concentration and cooling system. Hughes et al. [9] made a

computational study of improving the efficiency of

photovoltaic panels, this study focused on the performance of a

finned heat pipe assembled onto the rear of a photovoltaic panel

analyzed using CFD. They proposed and analyzed to determine

the improved heat dissipation and thus get better performance

efficiency of the photovoltaic panel. A prototype of the

arrangement is constructed for experimental testing to prove the

CFD modeling and proof of concept. Mutombo [10] present

study about the behavior of thermosyphon hybrid photovoltaic

thermal (PV/T) when exposed to differences of environmental

parameters and to prove the advantage of cooling photovoltaic

modules using a rectangular channel shape with water for the

thermal collector. The simulation result showed that the overall

efficiency of the PV/T module was 38.7% against 14.6% for a

standard PV module while the water temperature in the storage

tank reached 37.1 oC. This is a great reassurance to the

marketing of the hybrid photovoltaic thermal technology in

South Africa particularly during summer.

The present work is concerned with carrying out

experimental study and mathematical verification to study the

performance of photovoltaic panel by using heat pipe by

inventing a new technique to increase the conduction heat

transfer by using a copper plate to increase the thermal

conduction surface area from the panel to the heat pipe. Also,

coupled electrical and thermal model for calculating various

parameters related to the performance of photovoltaic cooling

by heat pipe system is developed and solving equations of the

problem numerically for all parts and determine PV model

parameters.

2.1. Heat Pipe Photovoltaic Module HP-PV/T The experimental setup, shown in Fig. (1), has been

designed and manufactured in this work. Schematic diagram of

the experimental rig with measurement devises and

thermocouples location are shown in Fig. (2) A and B

respectively.



Fig. 1. Experimental setup system with measuring device.

Fig. 2. A: Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.



Fig. 2. B: Schematic diagram of thermocouples location.

There are two photovoltaic panels used in the experimental

work (solar module panel and a traditional panel to compare

with), there were made of monocrystalline solar module 80(72)

M1240×541. The specifications of photovoltaic panels are

given in table (1), these are provided by the manufacturer for

the reference conditions of 1000 W/m2 of irradiance level, 25 oC of cell temperature.

Table I

Electrical characteristics data of the used solar module.

Four thermosyphon heat pipe manually making from copper

(14 mm) inner diameter, (16 mm) outer diameter and (1200

mm) evaporator length with filing ratio 55% distil water

working fluid, fitted on the back surface of the PV module. The

heat pipes and panel were covered from the back by a copper

plate 0.07 mm thickness, the new technique was done by

envelope around the heat pipe to increase the contact surface

Fig. (3); the system was insulated from the back of the panel by

50 mm glass wool. Condenser dimensions, with inner diameter

of 28 mm, outer diameter of 30 mm, and length of 150 mm

immersed at (540×150×300) mm3 water box Fig. (4). The space

between the two adjacent heat pipes were measured to be

approximately140 mm.

Specifications of PV Module GF 80C GRUNDFOS Model

80 W Peak Power (Pmax) 72 W Warranted Minimum Pmax

33.3 V Voltage at Maximum Power (Vmp)

2.4 A Current at Maximum Power (Imp)

41.5 V Open Circuit Voltage (Voc)

2.6 A Short Circuit Current (Isc)

68 (4×17) Total Number of Cells

(1200×541×35) mm Module Dimension



Fig. 3. copper plate with heat pipe in the back of panel.

Fig. 4. water box with condensers.

3. MATHEMATICAL MODEL

A valuation of the operation of solar cells and the design of

power systems based on solar cells must be founded on the

electrical characteristics, the current voltage relationships of the

cells at various cell temperatures and under various levels of

radiation. For system design purposes, the model must offer the

means to calculate voltage, current, and power relationships of

cell arrays over the range of operating conditions to be

encountered. Fig. (5) is an equivalent circuit that can be used

for an individual cell, a module consisting of several cells, or

an array consisting of several modules [11 and 12]. At a fixed

temperature and solar radiation, the I-V characteristic of this

model is given by:

𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑜 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠

𝑎) − 1] −

𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠

𝑅𝑠ℎ

(1)

𝑎 is a parameter depending on the cell temperature calculated by:

𝑎 ≡𝑛𝑘𝑇𝑐𝑁𝑠

𝑞 (2)



factor n (equal to 1 for an ideal diode and typically between 1 and 2 for real diodes). k is Boltzmann’s constant (1.381×10-23

J/K), 𝑇𝑐 is the cell temperature, and 𝑁𝑠 is the number of cells in series. q is the electronic charge [1.602×10-19 coulomb (1 𝐶 =

1 𝐴 𝑠)].

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑓 =𝜇𝑉ˌ𝑜𝑐𝑇𝑐ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉𝑜𝑐ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝐸𝑞𝑁𝑠

𝑇𝑐ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓𝜇𝐼ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝐼𝐿ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓− 3

(3)

Fig. 5. Equivalent electrical-circuit for a photovoltaic module [12 and 13].

This circuit requires that four parameters be known: the light current 𝐼𝐿 , the diode reverse saturation current 𝐼𝑜, the series

resistance 𝑅𝑠 and 𝑎. Assume the shunt resistance 𝑅𝑠ℎ as infinite and neglecting in the third term equation in (1), yields.

𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑜 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠

𝑎) − 1] (4)

All four parameters are functions of cell temperature and absorbed solar radiation.

For short circuit current: 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 . 𝑉 = 0, Eq. (4) will be:

𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑜 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝐼𝑠𝑐𝑅𝑠

𝑎) − 1] (5)

For open circuit voltage: 𝐼 = 0. 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜𝑐 . Eq. (4) will be:

0 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑜 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝑉𝑜𝑐

𝑎) − 1] (6)

𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 𝑎 ln (𝐼𝐿

𝐼𝑜

+ 1) (7)

At the maximum power point: 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑝.𝑟𝑒𝑓 . 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚𝑝.𝑟𝑒𝑓 . Eq. (4) will be:

𝐼𝑚𝑝.𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝐼𝐿.𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝐼𝑜.𝑟𝑒𝑓 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝑉𝑚𝑝.𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝐼𝑚𝑝.𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑅𝑠.𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑓

) − 1] (8)

The general I-V equation at the maximum power point must also be satisfied:

𝐼𝑚𝑝 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑜 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 (𝑉𝑚𝑝 + 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑅𝑠

𝑎) − 1] (9)

Eteiba et al. [14] simplified the equations and obtained the following relations:

𝑉𝑚𝑝 ≈ 0.8 𝑉𝑜𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑚𝑝 ≈ 0.8 𝐼𝑠ℎ (10)

The above equations were tested and the result was correct and more accurate when the constant is 0.88 for the current

equation.



𝑅𝑠 is assumed to be independent of both temperature and solar radiation so that:

𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑅𝑠ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓 is calculated as:

𝑅𝑠ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓 =

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑓 ln (1 −𝐼𝑚𝑃ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝐼𝐿ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓) − 𝑉𝑚𝑝ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝑉𝑂𝐶ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝐼𝑚𝑃ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓

(11)

𝐼𝐿ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓=𝐼𝑠𝑐ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑇𝑐ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 298 (𝐾)

The light current 𝐼𝐿 for any operating conditions is related to the light current at reference conditions by:

𝐼𝐿 =𝐺

𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑓

[𝐼𝐿ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝜇𝐼ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓(𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑐ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓)] (12)

Messenger and Ventre [15] present an equation from diode theory for the diode reverse saturation current, Io. The ratio of

their equation at the new operating temperature to that at the reference temperature yields:

𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑇𝑐

𝑇𝑐ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓

)

3

𝑒𝑥𝑝 [(𝐸𝑞𝑞

𝑘𝑎) (1 −

𝑇𝑐.𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑇𝑐

)] (13)

Where 𝐸𝑞=1.124 (eV) = 1.794×10-19 J for mono-crystalline silicon.

𝐼𝑜ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓 =𝐼𝐿.𝑟𝑒𝑓

exp (𝑉𝑜𝑐ˌ𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑓) − 1

(14)

The electrical efficiency of the module at max-power point can be calculated by [16]:

𝜂 =𝑃𝑚𝑝

𝐺𝐴× 100 =

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑉𝑚𝑝

𝐺𝐴× 100 (15)

A MATLAB 2016 is used to compute the four-parameter model and establishing (I-V) and (P-V) characteristic curves.

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The experimental result of the study is about the average

temperature and characteristic of the solar panel obtained by the

multi-channel thermometer, solar power meter and solar

module analyzer device.

4.1 Radiation

In this study, the solar panel was installed to the south and

with tilted angle 45o, the intensity of the solar radiation was

measured perpendicular to the board. Therefore, the intensity of

the radiation increases gradually every hour until it reaches the

highest value at 12:00 and then gradually decreases. Fig. (6)

shows that the highest values of solar radiation are at 12:00.



) with time.2Solar radiation (W/m Fig. 6.

4.2 Average Temperature The solar panel is influenced by several factors that affect

efficiency. These factors are angle of inclination, direction and

solar radiation, in addition to the temperature of the ambient.

Since the direction is fixed to the south and the tilted angle fixed

at 45°, the main influencing factors will be the solar radiation

and temperature on which the photovoltaic depends on the

generation of electricity. On 16/4 the average temperature of

the module is higher than the traditional panel This is because

at the beginning of the test it has been used a 0.15 mm thick

copper plate available in the market and its price is suitable,

which did not cool the module until increasing water flow rate

from ṁ=5 l/h to ṁ=15 l/h. After replacing the copper plate with

another (0.07 mm thick) higher purity, the performance of the

module improved, and the temperature of the photovoltaic

panel became lower than the older one of the traditional panel

with the first test on 30/4, where the value of the average

temperature for the module panel at 12:00 is 68.72 oC while for

the traditional panel is 79.1 oC in the rate of 15 % respectively

with flow rate 5 l/h, where the ambient temperatures are 40.4 oC. This was an encouraging start to completing the tests and

adopting the module. for May, the flow rate of water is kept

constant at 5 l/h and the average temperature for module panel

at 12:00 is 70.86 oC and for traditional panel is 84.36 oC in the

rate of 19 %, the ambient temperatures is 44.6 oC on 15/5. On

21/5, the water flow rate 15 l/h, and the average temperature on

the module panel at 12:00 is 68.92 oC and the traditional panel

is 80.62 oC, in the rate of 16.9 % with ambient temperatures is

37.2 oC. on 16/7 with flow rate ṁ=5 l/h and the average

temperature on the module panel at 12:00 is 65.02 oC and for

the traditional panel is 88.26 oC with ambient temperatures 48.5 oC. In all tests, the average temperature of module is lower than

traditional panel, Fig (7).

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Ra

dia

tio

n(W

/m2)

Time (day hour)

APRIL

16-Apr

30-Apr

500

550

600

650

700

750

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Ra

dia

tio

n(W

/m2)

Time (day hour)

JULY

16-Jul

26-Jul

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Ra

dit

ion

W/m

2

Time (day time)

MAY

15-May

21-May



Fig. 7. Average temperature.

4.3 Characteristics of Panel

This part of the research is the most important part, which

is the result of the study about the current, the voltage, the

power and the efficiency of the solar panel obtained by the solar

module analyzer device. On 30/4, at 12:00 the open voltage is

33.23 V, short current is 2.228 Ampere, max power is 50.74613

Watt, max voltage is 25.879 Volt, max current is 1.9609

Ampere and the efficiency is 16.91 % for the module while for

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Tem

per

atu

r(℃

)

Time (day hour)

30/4

Module

Traditional

ṁ=5 l/h

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Tem

per

atu

re(℃

)

Time (day hour)

16/7

Module

Traditional40

50

60

70

80

90

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Tem

per

atu

re(℃

)

Time (day hour)

26/7

Module

Traditional

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

8 10 12 14 16

Tem

per

atu

re(℃

)

Time (day hour)

16/4

Module

Traditional

40

50

60

70

80

90

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Tem

per

atu

re(℃

)

Time (day houre)

15/5

Module

Traditional

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Tem

per

atu

re(℃

)

Time (day hour)

21/5

Module

Traditional



traditional panel: the open voltage is 32.05 Volt, short current

is 2.092 Ampere, max power is 45.17859 Watt, max voltage is

24.911 Volt, max current is 1.8136 Ampere and the efficiency

is 15.05 %. with average temperature is 68.26 oC for module

and 79.1 oC for traditional panel. This means that the overall

characteristics are changed to the best with photovoltaic

temperature decrease as well as at 15/5, 21/5, 16/7, 26/7, as

shown in Fig. (8).

Fig. 8. Photovoltaic characteristics.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40

Cu

rren

t(A

)

Voltage (V)

I-V 30/4 12:00

Module

Traditional 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5P

ow

er(W

)

Current (A)

I-P 30/4 12:00

Module

Traditional

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40

Cu

reen

t(A

)

Voltage (V)

I-V 15/5 12:00

Module

Traditional 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Po

wer

(W)

Current (A)

I-P 15/5 12:00

Module

Traditional

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40

Cu

rren

t(A

)

Voltage (V)

I-V 21/5 12:00

Module

Traditional

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Po

wer

(W

)

Current (A)

I-P 21/5 13:00

Module

Traditional



Fig. 8. Continue.

5. THEORETICAL RESULTS

MATLAB computer program is used to solve the four-

parameter model to evaluate the characteristics of photovoltaic

panel. The photovoltaic cell temperature and intensity of solar

radiation are adopted from the experimental data. For

30/4/2017 at 12:00, it observes that, the theoretical

characteristics are higher than that for module and the

traditional panels, the increase in open voltage, max power and

efficiency is (6.56, 9.76, 9.64) % respectively for module and

(8.3, 8.9, 26.4) % respectively for the traditional panel, with

radiation (835 W/m2) and temperature 68.26 oC, Fig. (9) and

table (II). Figure (10) and table (III) reveal the characteristics

of the panels and theoretical result for 15/5/2017 at 12:00, it

observes that, the theoretical characteristics are higher than

traditional panel and closer to the module by (2.12, 0.8) % for

open voltaic and max power, respectively and low efficiency

from module by 2.28%, with radiation (791.3 W/m2) and

temperature (67.66oC). Figure (11) and table (IV) displays the

characteristics of the panels and theoretical result for 21/5/2017

at 12:00, it is noticed that, the open voltage and short cut current

for theoretical result, module and traditional panels are very

close together and the difference is in maximum power, where

the higher result was (52.201 W) for the module I panel in the

rate of 9.4%, (49.8759 W) for the traditional panel in the rate of

4.5% and (47.7155 W) for theoretical result with radiation (720

W/m2) and temperature (63.26 oC).

The theoretical result for 26/7/2017 at 12:00, it is noticed

that, the theoretical efficiency 16.16% is very close to the

module 16.89% by 4.2% with a small difference to the

traditional panel 15.38% by 4.8%. The theoretical open and

max voltage are higher than that for the panels while the short

cut and max current are less than that for the panels with

radiation (724.7 W/m2) and temperature 68.94 oC, Fig. (13) and

table (VI).

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40

Cu

rren

t(A

)

Voltage (V)

I-V 16/7 12:00

Module

Traditional

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Po

wer

(W)

Current (A)

I-P 16/7 12:00

Module

Traditional

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40

Cu

rren

t(A

)

Voltage (V)

I-V 26/7 12:00

Module

Traditional0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Po

wer

(W)

Current (A)

I-P 26/7 12:00

Module

Traditional



).2P) for 30/4/2017 at 12:00 with radiation (835 W/m-V) and (I-(I Fig. 9.

Table II Experimental and theoretical characteristics of PV for 30/4/2017 at 12:00.

Property Module Theoretical Traditional

Average Temperature (℃) 68.26 68.26 79.1

Vopen (V) 33.23 35.41 32.05

Ishort (A) 2.228 2.234 2.092

Pmax (W) 50.74613 55.6997 45.17859

Vmaxp (V) 25.879 28.3299 24.911

Imaxp (A) 1.9609 1.9661 1.8136

Efficiency (%) 16.91 18.54 14.67

).2W/m791.3/2017 at 12:00 with radiation (515/P) for -V) and (I-. (I10Fig.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40

Cu

rren

t(A

)

Voltage (V)

I-V 15/5

ModuleTraditionlTheoretical

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40

Cu

rren

t (A

)

Voltage (V)

I-V 30/4

ModuleTraditionalTheoretical

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Po

wer

(W)

Current (A)

I-P 30/4 Module

Traditional

Theoretical

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Po

wer

(W)

Current (A)

I-P 15/5Module

Traditionl

Theoretical



Table III Experimental and theoretical characteristics of PV for 15/5/2017 at 12:00.


Average Temperature ℃ 67.66 67.66 86.1

Vopen V 34.51 35.244 32.544

Ishort A 2.135 2.11 2.0998

Pmax W 52.06988 52.5133 48.20412

Vmaxp V 26.996 28.1954 25.032

Imaxp A 1.9288 1.8625 1.9257

EFF% 17.88 17.48 12.18

).2P) for 21/5/2017 at 12:00 with radiation (720 W/m-V) and (I-: (I11Fig.

Table IV Experimental and theoretical characteristics of PV for 21/4/2017 at 12:00.


Average Temperature ℃ 63.26 63.26 72.9

Vopen V 34.59 34.0855 34.17

Ishort A 2.1648 1.92 2.0968

Pmax W 52.201 47.7155 49.87593

Vmaxp V 26.994 28.2376 26.828

Imaxp A 1.9338 1.69 1.8591

EFF% 17.38 15.889 16.6

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40

Cu

rren

t(A

)

Voltage (V)

I-V

Module

Traditional

Theoratical0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Po

wer

(W)

Current (A)

I-P

ModuleTraditionalTheoratical



Fig. 12: (I-V) and (I-P) for 16/7/2017 at 12:00 with radiation (665 W/m2).

Table. V: Experimental and theoretical characteristics of PV for 16/7/2017 at 12:00.

Property Module I Theoretical Traditional

Co Average Temperature 65.02 65.02 88.26

Vopen V 34.286 34.781 31.872

Ishort A 2.1222 1.7756 2.1108

Pmax W 50.47768 43.476 45.9273

Vmaxp V 26.827 27.8247 23.82

Imaxp A 1.8816 1.5625 1.9281

EFF% 16.65 14.4776 15.36

).2P) for 26/7/2017 at 12:00 with radiation (724.7 W/m-V) and (I-(I .3Fig. 1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40

Cu

rren

t(A

)

Voltage (V)

I-V 26/7 12:00

Module

Traditional

Theoretical 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Po

wer

(W)

Current (A)

I-P 26/7 12:00

ModuleTraditionalTheoretical

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 10 20 30 40

Cu

rren

t(A

)

Voltage (V)

I-V 16/7 12:00

Module

Traditional

Teoretecal0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Po

wer

(W)

Current (A)

I-P 16/7 12:00Module

Traditional

Theoretical



Table. IV Experimental and theoretical characteristic of PV for 26/7/2017 at 12:00.

Property Module I Theoretical Traditional

Average Temperature (℃) 68.94 68.94 84.46

Vopen (V) 33.267 35.768 32.255

Ishort (A) 2.2448 1.927 2.077

Pmax (W) 50.72145 48.536 45.97214

Vmaxp (V) 25.1059 28.614 25.153

Imaxp (A) 2.0203 1.696 1.8277

Efficiency (%) 15.85 16.16 15.38

6. CONCLUSIONS

The present work studies the performance of cooling

photovoltaic panel by using heat pipe, the experiments carried

out at different intervals proved the success of this method in

reducing the temperature of the solar panel compared to the

traditional panel, which improved the characteristics of the

board and the resulting capacity and efficiency. The following

points can be concluded:

1- The average temperature for the module is between 55-

70 oC and for the traditional panel is 70-more than 80 oC.

2- The results of cooling photovoltaic panel by heat pipe

are acceptable in all experiments compared with the

traditional panel, the module is colder than the

traditional panel in a rate of (15-35) % and the

efficiency of the module is improved by (11-14) %

compared with traditional one.

3- The highest intensity of solar radiation is usually at

12:00 and sometimes at 13:00 and photovoltaic

power depends on the intensity of solar radiation.

4- Short circuit current (Isc) and open circuit voltage (Voc)

increase with increase solar radiation.

5- Design and manufacture of the heat pipe is acceptable.

REFERENCES [1] Sharma A., Tyagi V. V., Chen C.R., Buddhi D., (2009), “Review on

thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications”,

Renew sustain Energy Rev, Vol.13, pp. 45-318.

[2] F. Grubišić-Čabo, S. Nižetić, T. Giuseppe Marco, (2016), “Photovoltaic

Panels: A Review of the Cooling Techniques”, Transactions of Famena Xl - Special issue 1, University of Catania, Italy.

[3] A. Akbarzadeh, T. Wadowski. (1996), “Heat pipe-based cooling system

for photovoltaic cells under concentrated solar radiation”, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 81-87.

[4] J. K. Tonui and Y. Tripanagnostopoulos, (2007), “Improved PV/T solar

collectors with heat extraction by forced or natural air circulation”, Renewable Energy 32, pp. 623–637.

[5] William G. Anderson, Sanjida Tamanna, David B. Sarraf, and Peter M.

Dussinger, (2008) “Heat Pipe Cooling of Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems”, Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc., Lancaster, PA,

17601.

[6] Tang X., Quan Z. and Zhao Y., (2010), “Experimental investigation of

solar panel cooling by a novel micro heat pipe array”, Energy and Power

Engineering, Vol.2, pp. 171-174. [7] Manolis Souliotis, Yiannis Tripanagnostopoulos and Soteris A.

Kalogirou, (2010), “Thermosiphonic Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal Solar

Systems”, Journal "polska energetyka słoneczna ."

[8] A. Benuel Sathish Raj, S. Praveen Kumar, G. Manikandan, P. Jerry Titus, (2014), “An Experimental Study on the Performance Photovoltaic System

with Cooling System for Domesyic Applications”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT).

[9] Ben Richard Hughes, Ng Ping Sze Cherisa, and Osman Beg, (2011),

“Computational Study of Improving the Efficiency of Photovoltaic Panels in the UAE”, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol.5, No.1.

[10] N. Marc-Alain Mutombo, (2016), “Studied the Performance analysis of

thermosyphon hybrid photovoltaic thermal collector”, Journal of Energy

in Southern Africa. Vol.27, No.1.

[11] John A. Duffie and William A. Beckman, (2013), “Solar engineering of

thermal processes”, Book, Fourth Edition. [12] Ali Naci Celik, Nasır Acikgoz, (2006), “Modelling and experimental

verification of the operating current of mono-crystalline photovoltaic

modules using four- and five-parameter models”, Applied Energy 84, 1–15.

[13] Fanney AH, Dougherty BP, Davis MW., “Evaluation building-integrated

photovoltaic performance models”, Proceedings of the 29th IEEE photovoltaic specialists conference (PVSC), New Orleans, LA, USA;

2002. p. 194–9.

[14] M. B. Eteiba, E. T. El Shenawy, J. H. Shazly, A. Z. Hafez, (2013), “A Photovoltaic (Cell, Module, Array) Simulation and Monitoring Model

using MATLAB®/GUI Interface”, International Journal of Computer

Applications (0975 – 8887). [15] Messenger, R. A. and J. Ventre, “Photovoltaic Systems Engineering”, 2nd

ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2004).

[16] Uzma Qureshi. (2015), “Effect of cooling on the performance of photovoltaic panel under enhanced illumination: A short review”,

Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 12.

Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal Solar Panel by Using Heat Pipe at...

Documents

Transcript of Cooling Photovoltaic Thermal Solar Panel by Using Heat Pipe at...