Self-Directed Professional Development Classroom Techniques You Will Use
Control Techniques Unleashed - DropPDF...techniques you will be able to apply some of the methods....
Transcript of Control Techniques Unleashed - DropPDF...techniques you will be able to apply some of the methods....
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BannedMindControl
TechniquesUnleashed
LearntheDark
SecretsofHypnosis,Manipulation,Deception,
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TableofContentsIntroductionChapter1:TypesofMindControlBrainwashingHypnosisManipulationPersuasionDeception
Chapter2:Brainwashing
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WhatisBrainwashing?StepsUsedBreakingDownofSelfAssaultonIdentityGuiltSelf-betrayalBreakingPoint
PossibilityofSalvationLeniencyCompulsiontoConfession
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ChannelingofGuiltReleasingofGuilt
RebuildingofSelfHarmonyFinalConfessionandStartingOver
BrainwashingasCourtDefenseLeeBoydMalvoCase
CommonTacticsUsedinBrainwashing
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Chapter3:HypnosisWhatisHypnosis?InductionSuggestionSusceptibility
ApplicationsHypnotherapyMilitaryApplicationsSelf-hypnosisStageHypnosis
TypesofHypnosis
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TraditionalHypnosisEricksonianHypnosisEmbeddedTechniqueNero-LinguisticProgrammingNLPAnchoringNLPFlashNLPReframe
VideoHypnosisSubliminalHypnosis
Chapter4:Manipulation
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WhatisManipulation?RequirementstoSuccessfullyManipulateHowtoControlVictimsHarrietBraikerSimon
TechniquesofManipulationBlackmailEmotionalBlackmailPuttingDownTheOther
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PersonLyingCreatinganIllusion
Chapter5:PersuasionWhatisPersuasion?ElementsofPersuasionModernPersuasion
MethodsofPersuasionUsageofForceWeaponsofInfluenceReciprocity
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CommitmentandConsistencySocialProofLikingAuthorityScarcity
PersuasionTechniquesCreateaNeedAppealingtoSocialNeedsUsingLoadedImagesand
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WordsChapter6:DeceptionWhatisDeception?TypesofDeceptionMotivesforDeceptionDetectingDeception
MainComponentsofDeceptionCamouflageDisguiseSimulation
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ResearchonDeceptionSocialResearchPsychologicalResearchPhilosophy
Conclusion
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IntroductionMindcontrolisanideathathasfascinatedpeopleformanyyears.Storieshavebeentoldbythemediaandinmoviesaboutgroupsofpeoplewhohavebeenbrainwashedorhypnotizedintodoingthingsthattheywouldhaveneverdoneotherwise.Therearepeopleonboth
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sidesoftheissue;somebelievethatthereisnosuchthingasmindcontrolandthatitisalljustmadeupwhileothersbelievethattheycouldbemanipulatedbymindcontrolatanymoment.Thisguidebookismeanttoexplainsomeofthedifferenttypesofmindcontrol,howtheywork,andwhetherornottheycanhaveadailylife
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application.Chapter1startsouttalkingaboutthedifferenttypesofmindcontrolthatareavailableandwhichwillbediscussedinmoredetailthroughoutthebook.Thesemindcontroltechniquesinvolvebrainwashing,hypnosis,manipulation,persuasion,anddeception.Thischapterismeanttogivea
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niceintroductiontoeachofthesetypesofmindcontrolinordertosetthestageforthelaterchapters.Chapter2continuesonwithtalkingaboutbrainwashing.Topicssuchaswhatbrainwashingis,thestepsthatareusedduringbrainwashing,howbrainwashinghasbeenusedasacourtdefensethroughouthistory,and
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someofthecommontacticsthatcanbeusedduringthebrainwashingprocess.Muchofthischapterisdevotedtodiscussingthedifferentstepsthatareusedduringthebrainwashingprocessessuchasthethreestages;thebreakingdownoftheself,thepossibilityofsalvation,andtherebuildingofthenewself.
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Next,chapter3discussesthemindcontroltechniqueofhypnosis.Thefirstsectionspendssometimetalkingaboutwhathypnosisisandincludesinformationontheinduction,suggestion,andsusceptibilitystages.Othertopicsthatarediscussedinthischapterincludetheapplicationsofhypnosis,suchashypnotherapy,andthedifferenttypesof
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hypnosisrangingfromtraditionalhypnosistovideohypnosisandevensubliminalhypnosis.Chapter4changescoursealittletodescribesomeofthemindcontroltechniquesthatmightbeoccurringindailylife.Whilethefirsttwotechniqueswouldrequireisolationofthesubjectandthesubjecttobewilling,
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theseotherformscansometimesoccurwithoutthesubjectsconsentorevenknowledge.Chapter4talksaboutthefirstofthesewhichismanipulation.Thischapterwillspendsometimediscussingwhatmanipulationisandsomeofthetechniquesthatwillbeusedinmanipulation.Chapter5spendssome
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timediscussingthemindcontroltechniqueofpersuasion.Itwilldelveintowhatpersuasionisincludingthedifferentelementsofpersuasionalongwiththemethodsusedtopersuadethesubjectanddifferentpersuasiontechniques.Chapter6isthefinalchapterofthisguidebookandwilltakealookatthemindcontroltechniqueof
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deception.Deceptionissomethingthatmanypeoplearefamiliarwithalthoughmanymightnotrecognizeitasaformofmindcontrol.Inthischapter,topicsaboutdeceptionincludingwhatisdeception,themaincomponentsofdeception,andtheusesofdeceptionwillbediscussed.Thereisalotof
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informationprovidedintheworldaboutthevariousformsofmindcontrol.Whilesomeofthemwillrequirealotoftimeandefforttochangethemindofthesubject,suchasinthecaseofbrainwashing,otherswilloccurthroughoutdailylife,suchaswithdeception,manipulationorpersuasion.Understandingthesedifferentformsof
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mindcontrolcanhelptomakeiteasiertobeincontrolofyourownmindandlimittheinfluencethatothershaveonyourownbeliefsystemsandidentity.Alsobyunderstandingthesevariousmindcontroltechniquesyouwillbeabletoapplysomeofthemethods.However,ifyoudecidetotakethispathmakesureyoudosowithextremecaution,because
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mindcontrolifappliedmaliciouslycanbeadangerousthingandgetyouintoserioustrouble.Sowithoutfurtheradolet’sbeginandexplorethefascinatingtopicofmindcontrol.
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Chapter1:TypesofMindControl
Theideaofmindcontrolhasbeenaroundformanyyearsnow.Peoplehavehadbothfascinationandfearofwhatwouldhappenifsomeonewhereabletocontroltheirmindsandmakethemdothingsagainsttheirwill.Conspiracytheoriesrun
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aboundaboutgovernmentofficialsandotherpeopleofpowerusingtheirtalentstocontrolwhatsmallgroupsofpeoplearedoing.Evensomecourtcaseshavebeenbroughtupusingtheexcuseofbrainwashingasanexplanationforwhytheycommittedthecrimetheyareaccusedof.Despitethedramatizationofmindcontrolthathasbeen
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portrayedinthemediaandthemovies,thereislittlethatisknownaboutthedifferenttypesofmindcontrolandhoweachofthemwork.Thischapterwillexplorealittlebitaboutthemostcommontypesofmindcontrolasanintroductiontoexplainingmoreaboutthisinterestingtopic.Whiletherearemany
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differenttypesofmindcontrolthatcanbeusedtocontroltheintendedvictim,therearefivethataremostcommonlythoughtof.Theseincludebrainwashing,hypnosis,manipulation,persuasion,anddeception.Thesewillallbediscussedbelow.
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BrainwashingBrainwashingisthefirsttypeofmindcontroltodiscuss.Brainwashingisbasicallytheprocesswheresomeonewillbeconnivedtoabandonbeliefsthattheyhadinthepastinordertotakenewidealsandvalues.Therearealotofwaysthatthiscanbedonealthoughnotallofthemwillbeconsidered
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bad.Forexample,ifyouarefromanAfricancountryandthenmovetoAmerica,youwilloftenbeforcedtochangeyourvaluesandidealsinordertofitinwiththenewcultureandsurroundingsthatyouarein.Ontheotherhand,thoseinconcentrationcampsorwhenanewdictatorgovernmentistakingover,theywilloftengothrough
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theprocessofbrainwashinginordertoconvincecitizenstofollowalongpeacefully.Manypeoplehavemisconceptionsofwhatbrainwashingis.Somepeoplehavemoreparanoidideasaboutthepracticeincludingmindcontroldevicesthataresponsoredbythegovernmentandthatarethoughttobe
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easilyturnedonlikearemotecontrol.Ontheothersideofthings,thereareskepticswhodonotbelievethatbrainwashingispossibleatallandthatanyonewhoclaimsithashappenedislying.Forthemostpart,thepracticeofbrainwashingwilllandsomewhereinthemiddleofthesetwoideas.Duringthepracticeof
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brainwashing,thesubjectwillbeconvincedtochangetheirbeliefsaboutsomethingthroughacombinationofdifferenttactics.Thereisnotjustoneapproachthatcanbeusedduringthisprocesssoitcanbedifficulttoputthepracticeintoaneatlittlebox.Forthemostpart,thesubjectwillbeseparatedfromallofthethingsthattheyknow.Fromthere,
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theywillbebrokendownintoanemotionalstatethatmakesthemvulnerablebeforethenewconceptsareintroduced.Asthesubjectabsorbsthisnewinformation,theywillberewardedforexpressingideasandthoughtswhichgoalongwiththesenewideas.Therewardingiswhatwillbeusedinordertoreinforcethebrainwashingthatis
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occurring.Brainwashingisnotsomethingthatisnewtosociety.Peoplehavebeenusingthesetechniquesforalongtime.Forexample,inahistoricalcontext,thosewhowereprisonersofwarswereoftenbrokendownbeforebeingpersuadedtochangessides.Someofthemostsuccessfulcasesofthese
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wouldresultintheprisonerbecomingaveryferventconverttothenewside.Thesepracticeswereverynewinthebeginningandwouldoftenbeenforceddependingonwhowasincharge.Overtime,thetermofbrainwashingwasdevelopedandsomemoretechniqueswereintroducedinordertomakethepracticemore
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universal.Thenewertechniqueswouldrelyonthefieldofpsychologysincemanyofthoseideaswereusedtodemonstratehowpeoplemightchangetheirmindsthroughpersuasion.Therearemanystepsthatgoalongwiththebrainwashingprocess.Itisnotsomethingthatisgoingtojusthappentoyouwhen
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youwalkdownthestreetandtalktosomeonethatyouhavejustmet.Firstoff,oneofthemainrequirementsthatcomewithbrainwashingbeingsuccessfulisthatthesubjectmustbekeptinisolation.Ifthesubjectisabletobearoundotherpeopleandinfluences,theywilllearnhowtothinkasanindividualandthebrainwashingwillnotbe
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effectiveatall.Oncethesubjectisinisolation,theywillundergoaprocessthatismeanttobreakdowntheirownself.Theyaretoldthatallthethingstheyknowarefalseandaremadetofeellikeeverythingtheydoiswrong.Aftermonthsofgoingthroughallofthis,thesubjectwillfeelliketheyarebadandtheguilt
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isgoingtooverwhelmthem.Oncetheyhavereachedthispoint,theagentwillstarttoleadthemtowardsthenewbeliefsystemandidentitythatisdesired.Thesubjectwillbeledtobelievethatthenewchoicesarealltheirownandsoitismorelikelytostick.Thewholeprocessofbrainwashingcantake
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manymonthstoevenyears.Itisnotsomethingthatisgoingtohappeninjustaconversationandforthemostpartitwillnotbeabletohappenoutsideofprisoncampsandafewisolatedcases.Chapter2willgointomoredetailofwhatoccursduringthethreemainstagesofbrainwashingandhowthewholeprocessoccurs.
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Forthemostpart,thosewhoundergobrainwashinghavedonesowhensomeoneisjusttryingtopersuadethemofanewpointofview.Forexample,ifyouareinanargumentwithafriendandtheyconvinceyouthattheirideasmakesense,youhavetechnicallygonethroughbrainwashing.Sure,itmightnotbeevilandyouwereabletothinkaboutit
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alllogically,butyouwerestillconvincedtochangethebeliefsthatyouheldbefore.Itisveryrarethatsomeoneundergoestruebrainwashingwheretheywillhavetheirwholevaluesystemreplaced.Itwillusuallyoccurduringtheprocessofcomingaroundtoanewpointofview,regardlessofwhetherthetacticsusedwereforcibleornot.
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HypnosisThenexttypeofmindcontrolthatiswell-knownishypnosis.Therearealotofdifferentdefinitionsofwhathypnosisis.AccordingtotheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,hypnosisisacooperativeinteractionwherethehypnotistwillprovidesuggestionsthattheparticipantwillrespondto.
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Manypeoplehavebecomefamiliarwiththetechniquesofhypnosisthankstopopularperformanceswhereparticipantsaretoldtodoridiculousorunusualtasks.Anotherformofhypnosisthatisgaininginpopularityisthekindthatusesthispracticeforitstherapeuticandmedicalbenefits,especiallywhenitcomestothereductionof
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anxietyandpain.Insomeinstances,hypnosishasbeenabletoreducedementiasymptomsinafewpatients.Asyoucansee,therearealotofdifferentreasonsthathypnosisthatcanbeused.Thepointwhereitstartstobecomemindcontroliswhenthehypnotistisabletorecommendsuggestionsthatcanbeharmfulorchangethewaythatthe
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participantactsintheirsurroundings.Formostpeople,whentheyhearabouthypnosistheythinkaboutapersononstagewhoisswingingawatchbackandforthinordertoputtheparticipantinatrance.Ifyouhavebeentoastageshowforentertainment,youmayhavesomeimagesinyourheadoftheridiculousacts
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thattheparticipantsperformed.Inreality,thosewhoaregoingthroughwhatisconsideredrealhypnosisaregoingthroughaprocessthatisverydifferentfromthisimage.“Thehypnotistdoesnothypnotizetheindividual.Rather,thehypnotistservesasasortofcoachortutorwhosejobistohelpthepersonbecomehypnotized,”said
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JohnKihlstrom.Thismeansthatthehypnotistworkstogettheparticipantintoanalteredstateofmindsothattheyaremoreopentosuggestionsthataregiven.Manyofthepeoplewhoundergohypnosissaythattheyareinasleep-liketrancekindofstate.Despitethesethoughts,whileunderhypnosisthe
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participantisinastatethatincludesvividfantasies,heightenedsuggestibility,andfocusedattention.Thisnewstatemakesthemmoresusceptibletothesuggestionsthatthehypnotistwillbegivingtothem.Itishardtodetailtheeffectsthathypnosiscanhaveonsubjectssincetheexperienceswillvaryquite
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abitforeachpersonwhoundergoesit.Somesubjectswillreportfeelingliketheyaredetachedfromthewholeexperience,somewillfeelextremelyrelaxedduringthehypnosis,andstillotherswillfeelthattheactionstheyaredoingwilloccuroutsideoftheirconsciouschoices.Ontheothersideofthings,individualswillstatethattheyarefully
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awareoftheirsurroundingsandwillevenbeabletocarryoutconversationsduringtheirhypnoticstate.SomeexperimentsthathavebeendonebyErnestHilgardshowsthathypnosiscanbeusedinordertoaltertheperceptionsofthesubjects.TheexperimentconductedbyHilgardincludedan
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instructionofthesubjecttonotfeelanypainintheirarm.Aftertheyweretoldthis,thesubjecthadtheirarmplacedinsomeicewater.Thosewhodidthisexperimentandwerenothypnotizedneededtotaketheirarmsoutofthewaterinjustafewsecondssincetheyfeltpain.Thosewhowerehypnotizedwerecapableofleavingtheirarmsinthewaterforafew
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minuteswithoutexperiencingpain.Whilemoreresearchwillneedtobedone,thisstudyshowshowstrongmindcontrolcanbewhenusingthetechniqueofhypnosis.Therearemanydifferentapplicationsdemonstratedthroughresearchthathypnosiscanbeusedforincluding:
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Treatingchronicpainsuchasthatfoundwithrheumatoidarthritis.Treatingandreducingthepainthatcomesduringchildbirth.Reducingthesymptomsthatareassociatedwithdementia.
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SomeADHDpatientshaveseenreductionintheirsymptomsafterusinghypnotherapy.Reducingcasesofvomitingandnauseainchemotherapypatients.Controllingofpainduringdental
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procedures.Eliminatingandreducingskinconditionssuchaspsoriasisandwarts.AlleviatingsymptomsthatareassociatedwithIrritableBowelSyndrome.
Thesearejustafewofthe
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usesthathavebecomecommonwithhypnosis.Whilemanypeopleareunderthemisconceptionthatusinghypnosisisusedtocontrolthesubjectandmakethemperformhorrificactsordenouncetheirownbeliefs,themostcommonusesarethoseforimprovingthehealthoftheindividuals.Mostexpertsarein
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agreementthattheeffectofhypnosisasaformofmindcontrolisnotreallyareality.Whileitmaybepossibletoconvincethemindtomakeafewchangesinthehabitsandbehaviorofthesubject,itisnotlikelythatthesubjectwillchangetheirwholesystemofbeliefsjustthroughthisprocess.Manyofthepeoplewhoarecertifiedinthisprofession
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willuseittoassistthesubjectinself-improvementandpainmanagementratherthanfortryingtotakeovertheirminds.
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ManipulationManipulationisanotherformofmindcontrolthatcanbeusedinvariouswaystodeterminethewaytheindividualwillthink.Inthisguidebook,manipulationwillrefertopsychologicalmanipulation.Thisisatypeofsocialinfluencethatworkstochangethebehaviororperceptionof
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others.Thisisdoneusingabusive,deceptive,andunderhandedtactics.Thisformofmindcontrolisusedtoadvancetheinterestsoftheonemanipulating,oftenattheexpenseofothers.Themethodsthatareusedareoftenconsidereddeceptive,devious,abusive,andexploitative.Manypeoplewillrecognizewhentheyarebeingmanipulatedor
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whenothersarebeingmanipulatedaroundthem,buttheydonotrecognizethisasaformofmindcontrol.Thiscanoftenbeadifficultformofmindcontroltoavoidduetothefactthatthemanipulationwillusuallyoccurbetweenthesubjectandsomeonetheyknowwell.Manipulationleavesthesubjectfeelinglikethey
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havenochoiceinthematter.Theywillhavebeentoldoutrightliesorhalf-truthsanddidnotrealizethefullextentofthesituationuntilitistoolate.Iftheyfindoutaboutthesituationaheadoftime,theagentwillbeabletoblackmailandusethesubjectinordertogettothefinalgoal.Thesubjectessentiallybecomesstuckbecausetheagentwillhave
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craftedeverythingoutinsuchawaythattheywillnotgetintrouble,thesubjectcantaketheblameorgethurtifitcomestothat,andtheagentwillmakeittotheirfinalgoal.Themostdifficultthingaboutthisisthattheagentisincapableoffeelingtheneedsoftheirsubjectoranyotherperson;theyarenotgoingtocareifthe
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subjectgetsharmedintheprocesswhetheritisemotionalorphysicalharm.Whilethesubjectwillbeemotionallyinvestedinthesituation,theagentwillbeabletowalkaway(aslongastheymeettheirfinalgoal)withoutfeelinganyremorseorregretatwhatoccurredalongtheway.Thiscanbeadangerousformofmindcontrol
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becausetheagentisgoingtobeanexpertatit,beingabletoblackmail,threaten,anddowhateverelseisnecessary;attimestheymayevenbeabletoturnthingsaroundsothesubjectfeelsliketheyaregoinginsane.
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PersuasionPersuasionisanotherformofmindcontrolthatissimilartomanipulationinthatitworksinordertoinfluencethebehaviors,motivations,intentions,attitudes,andbeliefsofthesubject.Therearemanydifferentreasonsthatpersuasioncouldbeusedineverydaylifeandoftenitisanecessaryformof
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communicationinordertogetpeopleofdifferingideasonthesamepage.Forexample,inbusiness,theprocessofpersuasionwillbeusedinordertochangeaperson’sattitudetowardsomeobject,idea,oreventthatisgoingon.Duringtheprocess,eitherwrittenorspokenwordswillbeusedinordertoconveyreasoning,feelings,orinformationtotheother
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person.Anothertimethatpersuasioncanbeusedistomeetapersonalgain.Thiswouldincludetrialadvocacy,whengivingasalespitch,orduringanelectioncampaign.Whilenoneoftheseareconsideredbadorevil,theyarestillusedinawaytoinfluencethelistenertoactorthinkinacertain
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way.Oneinterpretationofpersuasionisthatitusesone’spositionalorpersonalresourcestochangetheattitudesorbehaviorsofothers.Therearealsoseveraldifferenttypesofpersuasionthatareknown;theprocessofchangingthebeliefsorattitudesthroughappealstoreasonandlogicisknownassystematicpersuasion;theprocess
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wherebeliefsandattitudesarechangedbecauseofanappealtoemotionsorhabitsisknownasheuristicpersuasion.Persuasionisaformofmindcontrolthatisusedinsocietyallofthetime.Whenyoutalktosomeoneaboutpoliticsyoumighttrytopersuadethemtothinkthesamewaythatyoudo.Whenyouare
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listeningtoapoliticalcampaign,youarebeingpersuadedtovoteacertainway.Whensomeoneistryingtosellyouanewproduct,thereisalotofpersuasionthatisgoingon.Thisformofmindcontrolissoprevalentthatmostpeopledonotevenrealizethatitisoccurringtothematall.Theissuewilloccurwhensomeonetakesthetimetopersuade
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youintobelievingidealsandvaluesthatdonotmatchuptoyourownsystemofvalues.Therearealotofdifferentkindsofpersuasionthatareavailable.Notallofthemhaveanevilintent,butallofthemaregoingtoworktogetthesubjecttochangetheirmindsaboutsomething.Whenapoliticalcandidatecomes
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ontelevision,theyaretryingtogetthesubject,orthevoter,tovoteacertainwayontheballotonelectionday.Whenyouseeacommercialontelevisionoronline,thecompanywhopresentedthatadvertisementistryingtogetthesubjecttopurchasethatproduct.Allofthesearetypesofpersuasionthatarebentattryingtogetthesubjecttochange
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thewaythattheythink.
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DeceptionFinally,deceptionisalsoconsideredaformofmindcontrolbecauseoftheeffectthatitcanhaveonthesubject.Deceptionisusedinordertopropagateinthesubjectbeliefsineventsandthingsthatjustarenottrue,whethertheyarecompleteliesorjustpartiallies.Deceptioncaninvolvealotofdifferent
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thingsincludingsleightofhand,propaganda,anddissimulation,concealment,camouflage,distraction.Thisformofmindcontrolissodangerousbecausethesubjectoftendoesnotknowthatanymindcontrolisgoingonatall.Theyhavebeenconvincedthatonethingistruewhenthecompleteoppositeisright.Thiscanget
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dangerouswhenthedeceitishidinginformationthatcouldkeepthesubjectsafe.Often,deceptionisseenduringrelationshipsandwillusuallyleadtofeelingsofdistrustandbetrayalbetweenthetwopartners.Whendeceptionoccurs,therehasbeenaviolationoftherelationalrulesandcanmakeitdifficultforthepartnertotrusttheother
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foralongtime.Itcanbeparticularlydamagingbecausemostpeopleareusetotrustingthosearoundthem,especiallyrelationalpartnersandfriends,andexpectthemtobetruthfultothemforthemostpart.Whentheyfindoutthatsomeonetheyareclosetoisdeceivingthem,theymayhaveissueswithtrustingothersandwillnothavethesenseofsecurity
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thattheyareusedto.Deceptioncancausealotofissuesinarelationshiporwithintheagentandsubject.Thesubjectwillhavealotofissuestrustingtheagentinthefutureoncetheyfindoutaboutthedeception.Therewillbetimeswhenthedeceptionwillbedoneinordertohelpouttherelationship.Thesewould
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includethingssuchasnottellingaspousewhensomeonesayssomethingmeanaboutthem.Othertimesthedeceptionismorespitefulorharmfulinnaturesuchaswhentheagentishidingimportantinformationfromthesubjectorisevendeceivinginthepersonthattheyreallyare.Nomatterwhattypeofdeceptionisbeingdeployed,mostpeople
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agreethatdeceptionisharmfulandshouldnotbedone.
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Chapter2:Brainwashing
Thischapterisgoingtofocusontheprocessofbrainwashingandallthecomponentsthatcomewithit.Throughthemediaandthemoviesthatareseen,manypeopleseebrainwashingasanevilpracticethatisdonebythosewhoaretryingto
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corrupt,influence,andtogainpower.Somewhoreallybelieveinthepowerofbrainwashingbelievethatpeopleallaroundthemaretryingtocontroltheirmindsandtheirbehavior.Forthemostpart,theprocessofbrainwashingoccursinamuchmoresubtlewayanddoesnotinvolvethesinisterpracticesthatmostpeopleassociatewithit.
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Thischapterwillgointoalotmoredetailaboutwhatbrainwashingisandhowitcaninfluencethesubject’swayofthinking.
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WhatisBrainwashing?Brainwashinginthisguidebookwillbediscussedintermsofitsuseinpsychology.Inthisrelation,brainwashingisreferredtoasamethodofthoughtreformthroughsocialinfluence.Thiskindofsocialinfluenceisoccurringallthroughoutthedaytoeveryperson,regardlessofwhetherthey
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realizeitornot.Socialinfluenceisthecollectionofmethodsthatareusedinordertochangeotherpeople’sbehaviors,beliefs,andattitudes.Forexample,compliancemethodsthatareusedintheworkplacecouldtechnicallybeconsideredaformofbrainwashingbecausetheyrequireyoutoactandthinkaspecificwaywhenyouareonthejob.
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Brainwashingcanbecomemoreofasocialissueinitsmostsevereformbecausetheseapproachesworkatchangingthewaysomeonethinkswithoutthesubjectconsentingtoit.Forbrainwashingtoworkeffectively,thesubjectisgoingtoneedtogothroughacompleteisolationanddependencyduetoitsinvasive
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influenceonthesubject.Thisisoneofthereasonsthatmanyofthebrainwashingcasesthatareknownaboutoccurintotalisticcultsorprisoncamps.Thebrainwasher,ortheagent,mustbeabletogaincompletecontrolovertheirsubject.Thismeansthattheymustcontroltheeatinghabits,sleepingpatterns,andfulfillingtheotherhuman
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needsofthesubjectandnoneoftheseactionscanoccurwithoutthewilloftheagent.Duringthisprocess,theagentwillworktosystematicallybreakdownthesubject’swholeidentitytobasicallymakeitnotworkrightanymore.Oncetheidentityisbroken,theagentwillworktoreplaceitwiththedesiredbeliefs,attitudes,andbehaviors.
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Theprocessofbrainwashingisstillupfordebatewhetherornotitwillwork.Mostpsychologistsholdthebeliefsthatitispossibletobrainwashasubjectaslongastherightconditionsarepresent.Eventhen,thewholeprocessisnotassevereasitispresentedinthemedia.Therearealsodifferentdefinitionsof
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brainwashingthatmakeitmoredifficulttodeterminetheeffectsofbrainwashingonthesubject.Someofthesedefinitionsrequirethattheremustbesomesortofthreattothephysicalbodyofthesubjectinordertobeconsideredbrainwashing.Ifyoufollowthisdefinition,theneventhepracticesdonebymanyextremistcultswouldnot
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beconsideredtruebrainwashingasnophysicalabuseoccurs.Otherdefinitionsofbrainwashingwillrelyoncontrolandcoercionwithoutphysicalforceinordertogetthechangeinthebeliefsofthesubjects.Eitherway,expertsbelievethattheeffectofbrainwashing,evenundertheidealconditions,isonly
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ashorttermoccurrence.Theybelievethattheoldidentityofthesubjectisnotcompletelyeradicatedwiththepractice;rather,itisputintohidingandwillreturnoncethenewidentityisnotreinforcedanymore.RobertJayLiftoncameupwithsomeinterestingthoughtsonbrainwashinginthe1950safterhe
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studiedprisonersoftheChineseandKoreanWarcamps.Duringhisobservations,hedeterminedthattheseprisonersunderwentamultistepprocesstobrainwashing.Thisprocessbeganwithattacksonthesenseofselfwiththeprisonerandthenendedwithasupposedchangeinbeliefsofthesubject.Thereare10stepsthatLifton
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definedforthebrainwashingprocessinthesubjectsthathestudied.Theseincluded:
1. Anassaultontheidentityofthesubject
2. Forcingguiltonthesubject
3. Forcingthesubjectintoself-betrayal
4. Reachinga
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breakingpoint5. Offeringthe
subjectleniencyiftheychange
6. Compulsiontoconfess
7. Channelingtheguiltintheintendeddirection
8. Releasingthesubjectofsupposedguilt
9. Progressingto
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harmony10. Thefinal
confessionbeforearebirth
Allofthesestagesmusttakeplaceinanareathatisincompleteisolation.Thismeansthatallofthenormalsocialreferencesthatthesubjectisusedtocomingincontactwithareunavailable.Inaddition,mindcloudingtechniques
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willbeemployedinordertoexpeditetheprocesssuchasmalnutritionandsleepdeprivation.Whilethismightnotbetrueofallbrainwashingcases,oftenthereisapresenceofsomesortofphysicalharmwhichcontributestothetargethavingdifficultyinthinkingindependentlyandcriticallyliketheynormallywould.
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StepsUsedWhileLiftonseparatedthestepsofthebrainwashingprocessinto10steps,modernpsychologistsorganizeitintothreestagesinordertobetterunderstandwhatgoesonforthesubjectduringthisprocess.Thesethreestagesincludethebreakingdownoftheself,introducingtheideaofsalvationtothe
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subject,andtherebuildingoftheselfofthesubject.Understandingeachofthesestagesandtheprocessthathappenswitheachofthemcanhelpyoutounderstandwhatisgoingontotheidentityofthesubjectwiththisprocess.
BreakingDownofSelf
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Thefirststageofthebrainwashingprocessisthebreakingdownoftheself.Duringthisprocess,theagentwantstobreakuptheoldidentityofthesubjectinordertomakethemfeelmorevulnerableandopentothedesirednewidentity.Thisstepisnecessaryinordertocontinueontheprocess.Theagentisnotgoingto
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beverysuccessfulwiththeirendeavorsifthesubjectisstillfirmlysetintheirresolveandtheiroldidentity.Breakingupthisidentityandmakingthepersonquestionthethingsaroundthemcanmakeiteasiertochangetheidentityinthelatersteps.Thisisdonethroughseveralstepsincludingassaultontheidentityofthesubject,briningon
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guilt,self-betrayal,andthenreachingthebreakingpoint.
AssaultonIdentityTheassaultontheidentityofthesubjectisbasicallythesystematicattackonthesubjects’senseofself,ortheiregooridentityalongwiththeircoresystemofbelief.Itmakesthesubjectquestionwho
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theyarebymakingthemthinkthateverythingtheyhaveeverknowniswrong.Theagentwillspendagreatdealoftimedenyingeverythingthatthesubjectis.Inprisonercamps,forexample,theagentwillsaythingslike“Youarenotdefendingfreedom,”“Youarenotaman,”and“Youarenotasoldier.”Thesubjectwillbeunderattackslikethese
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constantlyfordaysuptomonths.Thisisdoneinordertoexhaustthesubjectssothattheybecomedisoriented,confused,andexhausted.Whenthesubjectreachesthiskindofstate,theirbeliefswillstarttoseemlesssolidandtheymightstarttobelievethethingsthattheyaretold.
Guilt
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Oncethesubjecthasgonethroughtheassaultontheiridentity,theywillenterthestageofguilt.Thesubjectwillbeconstantlytoldthattheyarebadwhilegoingthroughthisnewidentitycrisisthathasbeenbroughton.Thisisdoneinordertobringalargesenseofguiltontothesubject.Thesubjectwillbeconstantlyunderattackfor
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anyofthethingsthattheyhavedone,regardlessofhowbigorsmalltheactsmaybe.Therangeoftheattackscanvaryaswell;thesubjectcouldbecriticizedfortheirbeliefsystemstothewaythattheydressandevenbecausetheyeattooslowly.Overtime,thesubjectisgoingtostarttofeelshamearoundthemallofthetimeandtheywill
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feelthatallthethingstheyaredoingarewrong.Thiscanhelptomakethemfeelmorevulnerableandlikelytogoalongwiththenewidentitytheagentwantstoproduce.
Self-betrayalNowthatthesubjecthasbeenledtobelievethattheyarebadandthatalloftheiractionsare
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undesirable,theagentisgoingtoworktoforcethesubjecttoadmitthattheyarebad.Atthispoint,thesubjectisdrowningintheirownguiltandfeelingverydisoriented.Throughthecontinuanceofthementalattacks,thethreatofsomegreatphysicalharm,oracombinationofthetwo,theagentwillbeabletoforcethesubjecttodenouncehisoldidentity.
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Thiscanincludeawidevarietyofthingssuchasgettingthesubjecttodenouncetheirownpeers,friends,andfamilywhosharethesamebeliefsystemasthem.Whilethisprocessmaytakeawhiletooccur,onceitdoes,thesubjectwillfeellikehebetrayedthosethathefeelsloyalto.Thiswillalsoincreasetheshameaswellasthelossofidentitythat
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thetargetisalreadyfeeling,furtherbreakingdowntheidentityofthesubject.
BreakingPointBythispoint,thesubjectisfeelingverybrokendownanddisoriented.TheymaybeaskingquestionssuchasWhereamI?WhoamI?andWhatshouldIdo?Thesubjectisinanidentity
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crisisatthispointandisgoingthroughsomedeepshame.Sincetheyhavebetrayedallofthebeliefsandthepeoplethathehasalwaysknown,thesubjectisgoingtogothroughanervousbreakdown.Inpsychology,thisjustmeansacollectionofseveresymptomsthatoftenindicatealargenumberofsupposed
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psychologicaldisturbances.Someofthesymptomscaninvolvegeneraldisorientation,deepdepression,anduncontrolledsobbing.Thesubjectmayhavethefeelingsofbeingcompletelylostalongwithhavingaloosegriponreality.Oncethesubjectreachesthisbreakingpoint,theywillhavelosttheirsenseofselfandthe
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agentwillprettymuchbeabletodowhatevertheywantwiththematthispointsincethesubjecthaslosttheirunderstandingofwhatisgoingonaroundthemandwhotheyare.Alsoatthispoint,theagentwillsetupthevarioustemptationsthatarenecessaryinordertoconvertthesubjecttowardsanewbeliefsystem.Thenewsystem
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willbesetupinawaytooffersalvationtothesubjectfromthemiserythattheyarefeeling.
PossibilityofSalvationAftertheagenthasbeeneffectiveatbreakingdowntheselfofthesubject,itistimetomoveontothenextstep.Thisstepinvolves
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offeringthesubjectthepossibilityofsalvationonlyiftheyarewillingtoturnawayfromtheirformerbeliefsystemandinsteadembracethenewonethatisbeingoffered.Thesubjectisgiventhechancetounderstandwhatisaroundthem,aretoldthattheywouldbegoodagainandthattheywouldfeelbetteriftheywouldjustfollowthenewdesired
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path.Therearefourstepsthatareincludedinthisstageofthebrainwashingprocess;leniency,compulsiontoconfession,channelingoftheguiltandreleasingoftheguilt.
LeniencyLeniencyisthe“Icanhelpyou”stage.Thesubjecthasbeenbrokendownandforcedtoturnawayfrom
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thepeopleandthebeliefsthattheyhaveheldontoforsomanyyears.Theyhavebeentoldthattheyarebadandthateverythingtheydoiswrong.Thesubjectisgoingtofeellostandallaloneintheworld,shamefulatallofthebadthingsthattheyhavedoneandwonderingwhichwaytheycanturn.Whentheyreachthisstage,theagentisableto
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offerthemsomeformofreleasebyofferingtohelpthem.Thiswilloftenbeintheformofareprievefromtheabusethesubjecthasincurredorsomeothersmallkindness.Forexample,theagentcanofferalittleextrafoodoradrinkofwatertothesubjectoreventakeafewmomentstoaskthesubject
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personalquestionsabouthomeandlovedones.Inthesubject’scurrentstate,thesesmallactsofkindnesswillseemlikeabigdeal,resultinginthesubjectfeelingabigsenseofgratitudeandrelieftowardstheagent.Oftenthesefeelingsarewayoutofproportionincomparisontotheofferingthathasbeenmade.Insomeinstances,thesubject
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mayfeelliketheagenthasdonetheactofsavingtheirliferatherthanjustofferingasmallservice.Thisdistortionofeventsworksinthefavoroftheagentasthesubjectisnowgoingtogaintiesofloyaltywiththeagentratherthanthingsofthepast.
CompulsiontoConfessionOncetheagenthasbeen
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abletogainthetrustoftheirsubject,theywilltrytogetaconfessionoutoftheprocess.Thisstageisoftenknownasthe“Youcanhelpyourself.”Duringthisstageofthebrainwashingprocess,thesubjectstartstoseethedifferencesbetweenthepainandguiltthattheyfeltduringtheidentityassaultandthereliefthattheyarefeelingfromthesudden
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leniencythatisoffered.Ifthebrainwashingprocessiseffective,thesubjectmayevenstarttofeeladesiretoreciprocatesomeofthekindnessthathasbeenofferedtothembytheagent.Whenthisoccurs,theagentwillbeabletopresenttheideaofconfessionasapossiblemeanstorelievingthesubjectofthepainandguiltthattheyarefeeling.
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Thesubjectwillthenbeledthroughaprocessofconfessingallofthewrongsandsinsthattheyhavedoneinthepast.Ofcourse,thesewrongsandsinswillbeinrelationtohowtheyaffectthenewidentitythatisbeingcreated.Forexample,ifthesubjectisaprisonerofwar,thisstepwillallowthemtoconfessthewrongsthat
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theydidbydefendingfreedomorfightingagainsttheregimeoftheothercountry.Evenifthesearenotnecessarilywrongsorsins,theygoagainstthenewideologythattheregimeisalwaysrightandsotheymustbeconfessed.
ChannelingofGuiltOncethesubjectentersthechannelingofguiltstep,
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theyhavebeenundergoingtheassaultoftheirselfformanymonths.Bythetimethesubjectreachesthispointinthebrainwashingprocess,theyareabletofeeltheguiltandtheshamethathasbeenputonthem,butithasprettymuchlostitsmeaning.Theyarenotabletotellyouexactlywhattheyhavedonewrongtomakethemfeelthisway;theyjust
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knowthattheyarewrong.Theagentwillbeabletousetheblankslateofthesubjectinordertoexplainwhytheyareinthepainthattheyarefeeling.Theagentwillbeabletoattachthesenseofguiltthatthesubjectisfeelingtowhatevertheywant.Iftheagentistryingtoreplaceasystemofbeliefs,theywilltaketheoldsystemand
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convincethesubjectthatthosebeliefsarewhataremakingthemfeeltheguilt.Thisisthestagewherethecontractbetweentheoldbeliefsandthenewbeliefsareestablished;basically,theoldbeliefsystemhasbeenestablishedtocorrespondwiththepsychologicalagonythatthesubjecthasbeenfeelingwhilethenewbeliefsystemhasbeen
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establishedtocorrespondwiththeabilitytoescapethatagony.Thechoicewillbethesubjects’,butitisprettyeasytoseethattheywouldchoosethenewsysteminordertostartfeelingbetter.
ReleasingofGuiltInthisstep,thesubjecthascometorealizethattheiroldvaluesandbeliefsare
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causingthempain.Bythistimetheyareworndownandtiredoffeelingtheguiltandshamethathasbeenputonthemformanymonths.Theystarttorealizethatitisnotnecessarilysomethingthattheyhavedonethatmakesthemfeelthisway;rather,itistheirbeliefsthatarecausingtheguilt.Theembattledsubjectisabletofeelsomerelieffromthe
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factthatthereissomethingthattheycandoabouttheguilt.Theywillalsofeelrelievedbecausetheynowhavecometotheunderstandingthattheyarenotthebadperson,ratheritisthepeoplethattheyhavebeenaroundandtheirbeliefsystemthatisthetrueculpritthatiscausingthemalaisewhichissomethingthattheycanfixinordertobecomegood
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again.Thesubjecthaslearnedthattheyhaveameansofescapesimplybyescapingthewrongbeliefsystemthattheyhaveheldandembracingthenewonethatisbeingoffered.Allthatthesubjectwillhavetodoinordertoreleasetheguiltthattheyarefeelingistodenouncetheinstitutionsandpeoplethatareassociatedwiththeoldbeliefsystemandthen
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theywillbereleasedfromtheguilt.Thesubjectnowhassomecontroloverthisstage.Theywillbeabletorealizethatthereleaseofguiltisuptothemcompletely.Allthesubjectwillneedtodoforthisstageinordertobereleasedfromthewrongnessistoconfesstoanyoftheactstheyhavecommittedthatare
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associatedwiththeoldbeliefsystem.Oncethefullconfessionisdone,thesubjectwillhavecompletedthefullpsychologicalrejectionoftheirformeridentity.Theagentwillneedtostepinatthispointinordertoofferanewidentitytothesubjectandhelpthemtorebuildtheiridentityintothedesiredone.
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RebuildingofSelfBythisstep,thesubjecthasgonethroughalotofstepsandemotionalturmoil.Theyhavebeenputthroughanordealthatismeanttostripthemoftheiroldidentity,toldthattheyarebadandneedtobefixed,andslowlycometotherealizationthattheirbeliefsystemisthecause
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oftheirwrongnessandthatitneedstobechanged.Onceallofthishasbeenreached,thesubjectisgoingtoneedtolearnhowtorebuildtheirself,withthehelpoftheagent.Thisstageallowstheagentthefreedomtoimplanttheideasofthenewsystemsincethesubjectisacleanslateandveryeagertolearnhowtobeandfeelbetter.Therearetwosteps
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thatareseenduringthisstageincludingharmonyandthefinalconfessionbeforestartingover.
HarmonyTheagentwillusethisstepinordertoconvincethesubjectthatitistheirchoicetomakeachange.Theymighttellthesubjectthattheyhavethechoicetochoosewhatisgoodand
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makeachangethatwillhelpthemtofeelbetter.Theagentwillthenintroducethenewbeliefsystemandpresentitinawaythatmakesitthegoodortherightchoice.Duringthisstage,theagentwillstoptheabuseandinsteadmakeapointofofferingthesubjectmentalcalmandphysicalcomfort.Thepointofdoingthisistoaligntheoldbeliefswith
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thepainandsufferingwhilealigningthenewbeliefswithhappinessandrelief.Thisstageissetupsothatthesubjectisgiventhechoiceofwhichroadtotake,eventhoughitreallyisnotuptothem.Thesubjectmustusethisstagetochoosebetweentheoldbeliefsandthenewbeliefs,effectivelydetermining
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howtheyaregoingtofeelfortherestoftheirlives.Bythispoint,thesubjecthasalreadygonethroughtheprocessofdenouncingtheiroldbeliefsduetotheleniencyandtormentthattheyhavegonethrough.Becauseofthis,itisfairlylikelythattheyaregoingtomakethechoiceforthenewsystemofbeliefinordertorelievetheirguilt.Thenewidentitythathas
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beenpresentedisdesirableandsafebecauseitiscompletelydifferentthantheoldidentitythatledtothebreakdowninearliersteps.Usinglogicandconsideringthestateofmindthatthesubjectisin,itiseasiertoseethattheonlyidentitythatthesubjectisgoingtochoosefortheirownpeaceofmindandsafetyisthenewone.
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FinalConfessionandStartingOverEventhoughthechoiceisreallynottheirsatall,theagenthasstrategicallyworkedthewholetimetoleadthesubjecttofeelingliketheyhavethefreewilltochoosethenewidentity.Ifthebrainwashingprocessisdonecorrectly,
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thesubjectwillthinklogicallyaboutthenewchoicesanddeterminethatthebestoneistotakeupthenewidentity.Theyhavebeenconditionedtothinkthiswayandintheirnewstateofmind,itistheonethatmakesthemostsense.Therearenootherchoices;choosingthenewidentityallowsthemtoberelievedfromtheguiltthattheyfeelandleadsto
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happinesswhilechoosingtheoldidentityleadstopainandguilt.Ifforsomereasonthesubjectdiddenythenewidentity,therewouldbeabacktrackinginthewholebrainwashingprocessandtheywouldbeforcedtoundergoitallagaininordertoendupwiththedesiredresults.Duringthisstageoftheprocess,thesubjectgetsto
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decidethattheywillchoosegood,whichmeansthattheygettochoosetogowiththenewidentity.Whenthesubjectcontraststheagonyandpainoftheiroldidentitywiththepeacefulnessthatcomeswiththenew,theyaregoingtochoosethenewidentity.Thisnewidentityislikeaformofsalvation.Itisthethingthathelpsthemtofeelgoodandnot
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havetodealwithguiltandunhappinessanymore.Asthisstagecompletes,thesubjectisgoingtorejecttheiroldidentityandwillgothroughaprocessofpledgingallegiancetotheirnewone,knowingthatitisgoingtoworkatmakingtheirlifebetter.Manytimes,thereareceremoniesandritualsthatoccurduringthisfinal
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stage.Theconversionfromtheoldidentitytothenewidentityisabigdealsincemuchtimeandenergyhasbeenusedonbothsides.Duringtheseceremonies,thesubjectwillbeinductedintothenewcommunityandembracedwiththenewidentity.Forsomebrainwashingvictimsthereisthefeelingofrebirthduringthisperiod.Youareallowedtoembraceyour
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newidentityandarewelcomedwithopenarmsintothenewcommunitythatisnowyourown.Insteadofbeingisolatedandalone,youhavemanynewfriendsandcommunitymembersonyourside.Insteadoffeelingtheguiltandpainthathasplaguedyouformanymonthsyouaregoingtofeelhappinessandpeacefulnesswith
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everythingthatisaroundyou.Thenewidentityisnowyoursandthebrainwashingtransformationiscomplete.Thisprocesscantakeplaceoveraperiodofmanymonthstoevenyears.Mostpeoplearesetintheiridentityandthebeliefsthattheyhave;itisnotpossibletochangeallofthisinjust
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afewdaysunlessthepersonwasalreadywillingtochangeandthatwouldmakethebrainwashingtechniquesunnecessary.Isolationwouldalsobenecessarybecauseoutsideinfluenceswillpreventthesubjectfromrelyingontheagentduringthisprocess.Thisiswhymostofthebrainwashingcasesoccurinprisoncampsandotherisolatedinstances;thevast
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majorityofpeoplewillnothavethechanceofencounteringbrainwashingduetothefactthattheyarealwayssurroundedbypeopleandtechnologythatwouldhinderthewholebrainwashingprocess.Oncethepersonisinisolation,theprocesstakesalongtimeduetothemanystepsthatmustbetakeninordertochange
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theidealsheldbytheindividualformanyyearssothattheywillembracethenewidentityastheirownwhilealsofeelingthatthechoicehasalwaysbeentheirs.Ascanbeseen,therearequiteafewstepsthatmustbetakeninordertogothroughthebrainwashingprocess.Itisnotsomethingthatisgoingto
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happenjustbyrunningintosomeoneonthestreetandexchangingafewwords.Itrequirestheisolationandtimetoconvincethesubjectthateverythingtheyknowiswrongandthattheyareabadperson.Itthencontinuesonwithtryingtoforceoutaconfessionthatthesubjectisbadandthattheywanttorenounceallofthethingsthattheyhave
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donethatarebadduetotheiroldidentity.Finally,thesubjectwillbeledinthedirectionofbelievingthattheycanchangeforthebetteriftheyjustabandontheiroldideasandinsteadembracethepeacefulnessandrightnessthatcomeswiththenewidentitythatispresented.Allofthesestepsmustoccurforthebrainwashingtobeeffectiveandthenew
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identitytobeputinplace.
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BrainwashingasCourtDefenseThroughouthistory,peoplehavebeenclaimingthattheycommittedterriblewrongsbecausetheyhadbeenbrainwashed.Itwasanexcusethatmanywouldclaimhopingtosavetheirownlivesortogetawaywithamassmurderorsomeothercrimeagainsthumanity.Itmightevenbe
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somethingassimpleasstealingfromanotherperson.Whatevertheactionwas,brainwashingwasaneasydefensebecauseittooktheresponsibilityoftheactionawayfromtheaccusedanditwasdifficulttoprovewhethersomeonehadbeenbrainwashedornot.Whetherbrainwashingpleascanbeusedasa
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defenseinthecourtroomisuptosomedebate.Manyexpertsfeelthatbyallowingthisdefenseintothecourtroom,thecourtswouldbecomeoverwhelmedwithfalseclaimsofbrainwashingandtheresourcesforprovingordisprovingthisdefensewouldbemorethanthecourtscouldhandle.Despitethis,therehavebeensomecases
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broughttocourtthatmayshowthevalidityofbrainwashingasadefenseforcrimescommitted.Thefirstexampleofthishappenedin1976.PattyHearst,theheiresstoalargepublishingfortune,usedthedefenseofbrainwashingwhenshestoodtrialforabankrobbery.Intheearly1970s,Hearstwaskidnappedby
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theSLA,theSymbioneseLiberationArmy,andendedupjoiningthisgroup.Duringthetrial,Hearstreportedthatshehadbeenlockedupinaclosetforatleastafewdaysaftershehadbeenkidnapped.Whileinthecloset,Hearststatedthatshewasafraidofherlife,brutalized,tired,andwasnotfedwhilemembersoftheSLAbombardedher
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withtheirideologyagainstacapitalistcountry.Withinthetwomonthsofherkidnapping,Pattyhadchangedhernamewhilealsoissuingastatementsayingthatherfamilywere“pig-Hearsts”andthenappearedonthesecuritytapeofabankrobbingitalongwiththosewhohadkidnappedher.In1976,PattyHearststood
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trialforthisbankrobberyandwasdefendedbyF.LeeBailey.Inthedefense,itwasclaimedthatHearsthadbeenbrainwashedbytheSLA.ThisbrainwashinghadforcedHearsttocommitacrimethatshewouldhaveneverdoneunderanyothercircumstance.Inthementalstatethatshewasunderwiththebrainwashing,shewasnot
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abletotellthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandthereforeshouldnotbefoundguiltyofthebankrobbery.Thecourtdidnotagreewiththisanalysisandinsteadfoundherguiltyandplacedherinprisonforsevenyears.Justafewyearslater,PresidentCartercommutedhersentencesosheonlyendedupspendingtwoyearsintotalinprison.
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LeeBoydMalvoCaseAnotherwell-knownbrainwashingdefenseistheLeeBoydMalvocase.Thiscaseusedthedefenseofinsanitybybrainwashinganditendedupinthecourtroomsabout30yearsafterthePattyHearstcase.In2002,LeeBoydMalvowasontrial
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fortherolethatheplayedinthesniperattacksthatoccurredaroundandinWashingtonD.C.Malvo,whowas17atthetime,andJohnAllenMuhammad,42,endedupkilling10peopleandwoundingthreeduringthekillingspree.ThedefensethatwasusedforthiscasewasthattheteenageMalvohadbeenbrainwashedbyMuhammadsothathe
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wouldcommitthecrimes.JustlikeintheHearstcase,thedefenseclaimedthatMalvowouldnothavecommittedthesecrimesifhehadnotbeenunderthecontrolofMuhammad.Accordingtothebackgroundstoryusedbythedefense,MalvohadbeenabandonedbyhismotherontheislandofAntiguaintheCaribbean
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whenhewas15yearsold.MuhammadmettheboyandbroughthimintotheUnitedStatesin2001.Muhammadwasanarmyveteranatthetimeandworkedtofilltheheadoftheteenwithvisionsofaracewarthatwasimpending.Tothatend,Malvowastrainedtobeanexpertmarksman.InadditiontosharingtheseideaswithMalvo,
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MuhammadisolatedMalvofromotherswhilebeingsteepedinthevitriolicandidiosyncraticbrandofIslamthatMuhammadfollowedalongwithastrictexerciseregimenanddiet.AllofthisisbelievedtohavebeenapartofthebrainwashingprocessontheyoungMalvo.Thedefensearguedthat
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becauseofhistimespentwithMuhammad,Malvohadbeenbrainwashedandbecauseofthis,hewasnotcapableoftellingwhatwasrightfromwhatwaswrong.Despitetheeffortsofthedefense,Malvowasfoundtobeguiltyandhadasentenceoflifeinprisonwithoutanychanceofparole.Inaseparatetrial,Muhammadwassentencedtothedeathpenalty.
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Sofar,itdoesnotseemlikebrainwashingwillgainmuchgroundasaformofdefenseinthecourtroom.Tostartwith,itismuchtoodifficulttoprovethatadefendanthasbeenbrainwashedinthefirstplace.Next,itisveryunlikelythatsomeonehasbeenbrainwashedandinsteadthedefenseisjustusingitasameanstogeta
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lightersentenceortheactionsoftheirclientforgiven.Inaddition,manyjuriesseemtofindtheideaofbrainwashingcompletelyridiculous.Overall,thisdefensewillprobablynotseemuchstrengthgrowinginthecourtroom.
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CommonTacticsUsedinBrainwashingBrainwashingisnotalwaysasintenseaswhathasbeendescribedsofarinthischapter.Themethodsdescribedareusedfor“truebrainwashing”andarerarelydonetothesubject.Therearemanyothertypesofbrainwashingthatactuallyhappenonadaytoday
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basis.Theymightnotworktomakeyoucompletelygiveupyouroldidentityinfavorofanewone,buttheydoworktohelpshiftyourthoughtsandideasonwhatisgoingonaroundyou.Thissectionisgoingtofocusonsomeofthetacticsthatareoftenusedduringthebrainwashingprocess,regardlessofwhetheritistruebrainwashingornot.
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Hypnosis-hypnosis,whichwillbediscussedinmoredetailinthenextchapter,isaformofbrainwashinginsomecircumstances.Hypnosisisbasicallytheinductionofahighstateofsuggestibility.Thisstateisoftendisguisedthinlyasmeditationorrelaxation.Duringtheprocessofhypnosis,theagentisable
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tosuggestthingstothesubjectinhopesofgettingthemtoactorreactinacertainway.Manypeoplearefamiliarwithhypnosisfromthestageshowstheyhaveseen.Itisalsooftenusedasawaytoimprovehealth.PeerPressure-everyonehasaninnateneedtobelong.Thiscouldbewithaparticulargroup,their
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family,friends,andthecommunity.Withthepeerpressuretacticthereisasuppressionofthedoubtthatthesubjectfeelsalongwithgettingridoftheirresistancetonewideasbyexploitingthisstrongneedtobelong.Ifdoneright,thesubjectmaybemorewillingtotryoutnewthings,belessshyaroundnewpeople,andmayhaveaneasiertimemakingnew
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friends.LoveBombing—thesenseoffamilyisverystronginpeople.Thisisthegroupthatyouwerebornintoandthatyouhavesupposedlybeenaroundforyourwholelife.Theyknowyoubetterthananyoneandthosewhohavemissedoutonthiskindofrelationshipmayfindthattheyarefeeling
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aloneandunwanted.Withlovebombing,theagentisabletocreateasenseofthefamilybytheuseofemotionalbonding,feelingandthroughsharingandphysicaltouch.Thisallowstheagentandthesubjecttobondinafamilialway,makingiteasiertotradeintheoldidentityforthenewone.RejectingOldValues
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—asmentionedalittlebitearlierinthischapter,theagentisworkingtoconvincethesubjecttodenouncealloftheirownvalues.Thisprocessisacceleratedthroughtheprocessofintimidation,physicalthreat,andothermeans.Attheend,thesubjectwilldenouncethevaluesandbeliefsthattheyonceheldcloseandwillbegintoacceptthenew
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lifestylethatispresentedtothembytheagent.ConfusingDoctrine—inthistactic,therewillbeanencouragementtoblindlyacceptthenewidentitywhilerejectingotherlogicthatthesubjectwillhave.Inordertodothis,theagentwillgothroughacomplexsetoflecturesaboutadoctrinethatisgoingtobe
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incomprehensible.Thesubjectwilllearntoblindlytrustwhattheagentissayingthroughthisprocess,whetheritisaboutthedoctrineoraboutthenewidentitythatisbeingformed.Metacommunication—thistacticisemployedwhentheagentworkstoimplantsubliminalmessagesintothemindof
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thesubject.Thiswillbedonewhentheagentstressescertainwordsorphrasesthatarekeytothenewidentity.Thesephrasesandkeywordswillbeimplantedintoconfusinglonglecturesthatthesubjectwillbeforcedtositthrough.NoPrivacy—privacyisaprivilegethatmanysubjectswillloseuntilthey
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haveconvertedovertothenewidentitythatisprovidedtothem.Notonlyisthistakenawayasamethodtomaketheguiltandwrongnessmoreapparenttothesubject,butitalsotakesawaytheabilitythesubjecthastologicallyevaluatethethingsthattheyarebeingtold.Ifthesubjectisallowedtohaveprivacy,theywillhavetimeto
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privatelycontemplatetheinformationtheyaregivenandmaydiscoverthatitisuntrueordoesnotholduptowhattheyalreadybelieve.Takingawaythisprivacymeansthattheagentoragentsarealwaysaroundandthesubjectisalwaysbeingledtothenewidentity.Disinhibition—duringthistactic,thesubjectisencouragedbytheagentto
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givechildlikeobedience.Thismakesiteasierfortheagenttoshapethemindofthesubject.UnbendingRules—therulesthatareputinplacebytheagentareoftenstrictandwillneverbechanged.Theserulesaremeanttomakeitdifficultforthesubjecttothinkandactontheirown;rather,theywillspendtheirtimedoingexactlywhattheyaretold
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todobytheagent.Therearemanydifferentrulesthatcouldfitintothiscategorysuchastherulesthatwillbefollowedforthedisorientationandregressionprocessallthewaytohowthesubjectisallowedtousemedications,takebathroombreaks,andeatmeals.Theserulesareputinplaceinordertocompletelycontrolthe
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subjectduringthebrainwashingprocess.VerbalAbuse—verbalabuseisoneofthetacticsthatisusedduringthebreakingdownstage.Oftenthesubjectwillbecomedesensitizedwhentheyarebombardedwithabusiveandfoullanguageallofthetime.Attimes,physicalabusemaysupplementorreplaceverbalabuse.SleepDeprivation
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—whenapersonisnotgettingtheamountofsleepthattheyrequiretheywilloftenbecomevulnerableanddisoriented.Thiscanhelpcreatetheidealenvironmentthattheagentislookingforduringthebreakingdownandconfessionstagesofthebrainwashingprocess.Inaddition,manytimesthesubjectwillberequiredtodoprolongedphysicaland
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mentalactivitiesontopoftheinadequatesleepinordertohurrytheprocessevenmore.DressCodes—enforcingadresscodefurtherremovesanyindividualitythatthesubjectmayhaveaswellasthechoicetheyareusedtoofpickingouttheirownclothes.Oftenduringthebrainwashingprocess,thesubjectwillbedemandedtowearthe
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dresscodeheldbytherestofthegroup.Chanting—theagentwillworktoeliminateanynon-cultideasthatmaybepresentinthemindofthesubject.Onewaytoaccomplishthisisthroughchantingorrepetitionofthephrasesthatareusedbythosewhofollowthenewidentity.Confession—confessionisdeeplyencouragedin
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thosewhoaretransformingfromtheiroldidentitytothenewidentity.Duringthisprocess,thesubjectwilldestructtheirownindividualegobyconfessingalloftheirinnermostfeelingsofdoubtandpersonalweaknessestotheagent.Oncetheyareabletoletgoofthesethings,theintroductionofthenew
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identityisabletooccur.FinancialCommitment—insomecases,therewillbefinancialcontributionswhichmustbemet.Thiscanhelptheagentinseveralways.First,thefinancialcommitmentallowsanincreaseddependenceofthesubjectonthegroupbecausethesubjectmaybeburningbridgestotheirpast.Theywilldonatedifferentassets,
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whetheritistheircar,house,money,orsomeotherfinancialcontributioninthehopesthattheywillbeabletogetovertheirshameandguilt.Nowtheyarefinanciallyattachedtothenewidentity.Inaddition,theagentwillbeabletousethesefinancialcontributionstofurthertheirownneeds.PointingtheFinger
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—whenyouareabletopointthefingeratsomeoneelse,youwillfeelasenseofrighteousness.Thisisyourwayoftellingtheworldthatyouaregoodsimplybypointingoutsomeoftheshortcomingsthataregoingonintheworld.Theagentmaypointoutallofthekilling,racism,andgreedthatareintheworldbeforecontrastingittothegood
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ofthenewidentitythatthesubjectisbeingledto.Isolation—ifyouareisolatedfromeverythingthatisaroundyou,itbecomesdifficulttogetoutsideopinionsthatmightchangeyourmind.Thisiswhattheagentwillstriveforbecausetheydonotwantalloftheirworktogoaway.Thosewhoarebeingbrainwashedwillbeseparatedfromsociety,
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friends,family,andanyotherrationalreferencesthatwouldchangetheirwayofthinking.ControlledApproval—theagentisgoingtoworkinordertomaintaintheconfusionandvulnerabilityofthesubjectduringthebreakingdownperiod.Onemethodofdoingthisisthroughcontrolledapproval.Theagentwillalternately
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punishandrewardsimilaractions,makingitdifficultforthesubjecttoknowwhatisrightandwhatiswrong.ChangeofDiet—changingtheamountoffoodthesubjectisallowedtoconsumeisanothertacticusedtocreatedisorientationwhileincreasingthesusceptibilityofthesubjecttoemotionalarousal.
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Whentheagentdramaticallydecreasestheamountoffoodthatthesubjectisallowedtoconsume,theyaredeprivingthesubject’snervoussystemofthenutrientsthatarenecessarytothrive.Addingdrugstothemixmayalsobeaddedintothiscategory.Games—gamesaresometimesusedinorderto
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inducemoredependenceonthegroup.Gameswillbeintroducedandmostofthemwillhavereallyobscurerulesthatthesubjectwillnotunderstand.Insomeinstances,thesubjectwillnotbetoldtherulesandtheymustfigurethemoutortheruleswillconstantlychange.Thistacticallowstheagenttogainmorecontrol.
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NoQuestions—duringthebrainwashingprocess,thesubjectisnotallowedtoaskquestions.Questionspromoteindividualthinkingandthisisdangeroustothebrainwashingpractice.Whennoquestionsareallowed,ithelpstheagentaccomplishanautomaticacceptancefromthesubjecttothenewidentity.Guilt—thesubjecthas
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beentoldthattheyarebadandthateverythingtheydoisbad.Guiltisacommontacticthatisusedbytheagentinordertomakethesubjectquestiontheirbeliefsandwhatisgoingonaroundthem.Thesinsofthesubject’sformerlifestylewillbeexaggeratedinordertobringabouttheguiltandreinforcetheneedofsalvationinthesubject.
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Fear—fearisapowerfulmotivatorandcanaccomplishalotmorethantheothertacticsthathavebeenlisted.Agentsmayusefearinordertomaintaintheobedienceandloyaltythataredesiredtothegroup.Todothis,theagentmaythreatenthelimb,life,orsoulofthesubjectforanythingthatisagainstthenewidentitythatisbeingpresented.
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Thesearejustafewofthetacticsthatcanbeusedduringthebrainwashingprocess.Thepointofeachofthemistoinstilltheideathattheoldidentityofthesubjectiswrongandconvincethemthatthenewidentityispreferable.Therearemanydifferentwaysthatthiscanbedoneandmanywillbemoreeffectivewhenusedasacombination.
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Whileitispossiblethatbrainwashingcanalterthewaythatsomeonethinksandact,mostexpertsbelievethattruebrainwashingisexaggeratedandcannotbedone.Whilelittleexamplesofbrainwashingmayoccurineverydaylife,themajorityofpeoplewillnotfindthattheirwholebeliefsystemshavebeenchangedthroughthisprocess.
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Chapter3:HypnosisWhilebrainwashingisawell-knownformofmindcontrolthatmanypeoplehaveheardof,hypnosisisalsoanimportanttypethatshouldbeconsidered.Forthemostpart,thosewhoarefamiliarwithhypnosisknowaboutitfromwatchingstageshowsofparticipantsdoing
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ridiculousacts.Whilethisisatypeofhypnosis,thereisalotmoretoit.Thischapterisgoingtoconcentratemoreonhypnosisasaformofmindcontrol.
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WhatisHypnosis?Tostartwithisthedefinitionofhypnosis.Accordingtoexperts,hypnosisisconsideredastateofconsciousnessthatinvolvesthefocusedattentionalongwiththereducedperipheralawarenessthatischaracterizedbytheparticipant’sincreasedcapacitytorespondto
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suggestionsthataregiven.Thismeansthattheparticipantisgoingtoenteradifferentstateofmindandwillbemuchmoresusceptibletofollowingthesuggestionsthataregivenbythehypnotist.Itiswidelyrecognizedthattherearetwotheorygroupsthathelptodescribewhatishappening
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duringthehypnosisperiod.Thefirstoneisknownasthealteredstatetheory.Thosewhofollowthistheoryseethathypnosisislikeatranceorastateofmindthatisalteredweretheparticipantwillseethattheirawarenessissomewhatdifferentfromwhattheywouldnoticeintheirordinaryconsciousstate.Theothertheoryis
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thenon-statetheories.Thosewhofollowthistheorydonotthinkthatthosewhoundergohypnosisareenteringintodifferentstatesofconsciousness.Rather,theparticipantisworkingwiththehypnotisttoenteratypeofimaginativeroleenactment.Whileinhypnosis,theparticipantisthoughtto
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havemoreconcentrationandfocusthatcouplestogetherwithanewabilitytointenselyconcentrateonaspecificmemoryorthought.Duringthisprocess,theparticipantisalsoabletoblockoutothersourcesthatmightbedistractingtothem.Thehypnotizedsubjectsarethoughttoshowaheightenedabilitytorespondtosuggestions
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thataregiventothem,especiallywhenthesesuggestionscomefromthehypnotist.Theprocessthatisusedinordertoplacetheparticipantintohypnosisisknownashypnoticinductionandwillinvolveaseriesofsuggestionsandinstructionsthatareusedasatypeofwarmup.Therearemanydifferent
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thoughtsthatarebroughtupbytheexpertsastowhatthedefinitionofhypnosisis.Thewidevarietyofthesedefinitionscomesfromthefactthattherearejustsomanydifferentcircumstancesthatcomewithhypnosisandnoonepersonhasthesameexperiencewhentheyaregoingthroughit.Someofthedifferentdefinitionsofhypnosisbyexperts
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includethefollowing:
1. “Aspecialcaseofpsychologicalregression,”MichaelNash.
2. ErnestHilgard
andJanetHilgardhavewritteningreatdepthabouthypnosisanddescribeithasa
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wayforthebodytodissociatefromitselfinanotherplaneofconsciousness.
3. SarbinandCoe,twowell-knownsocialpsychologists,haveusethetermofroletheorytodescribehypnosis.Under
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thisdefinition,theparticipantisplayingtheroleofbeinghypnotized;theyareactingliketheyarehypnotizedratherthanactuallybeinginthatstate.
4. Accordingto
T.X.Barber,
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hypnosisisdefinedbasedonthedifferentnonhypnoticbehavioralparameters.Underthisdefinition,theparticipantwilldefinethetaskmotivationandlabelthesituationthattheyareinas
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hypnosissincetheyhavenootherthingtocallit.
5. Weitzenhoffer
wroteinsomeofhisearlierwritingsabouthypnosis.Heconceptualizedthathypnosisisastateofenhanced
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suggestibility.Inmorerecentwritings,hewentontodefinetheactofhypnosisas“aformofinfluencebyonepersonexertedonanotherthroughthemediumoragencyofsuggestion.
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6. BrenmanandGillusedthepsychoanalyticconceptof“regressionintheserviceoftheego,”tohelpdescribewhathypnosiswasallabout.Underthisdefinition,theparticipantiswillingtogounderhypnosis
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andintothealteredstatebecauseithelpsouttheiregoandmakesthemtofeelbetter.
7. Accordingto
Edmonstonapersonwhohasundergonehypnosisissimplyinadeepstateof
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relaxation.8. Spiegeland
Spiegelhavestatedthathypnosisissimplysomethingthathappensbecauseofthebiologicalcapacityoftheparticipant.
9. Ericksonstates
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thathypnosisisanaltered,inner-directed,andspecialstateoffunctioning.Theparticipantisstillabletofunctionandisconsciousofthingsaroundthem,buttheyareinanalteredstatecomparedtotheirnormal
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state.Therearemanydifferentviewsandstatementsthathavebeenmadeabouthypnosis.Somepeoplebelievethathypnosisisveryrealandareparanoidthatthegovernmentandothersaroundthemwilltrytocontroltheirminds.Othersdonotbelieveinhypnosisatallandthinkthatitisjustsleightof
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hand.Mostlikely,theideaofhypnosisasmindcontrolfallssomewhereinthemiddle.Therearethreestagesofhypnosisthatarerecognizedbythepsychologicalcommunity.Thesethreestagesincludeinduction,suggestion,andsusceptibility.Eachofthemisimportanttothehypnosisprocessandwill
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bediscussedfurtherbelow.
InductionThefirststageofhypnosisisinduction.Beforetheparticipantundergoesthefullhypnosis,theywillbeintroducedtothehypnoticinductiontechnique.Formanyyearsthiswasthoughttobethemethodusedtoputthesubjectintotheirhypnotictrance,but
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thatdefinitionhaschangedsomeinmoderntimes.Someofthenon-statetheoristshaveseenthisstageslightlydifferently.Insteadtheyseethisstageasthemethodtoheightentheparticipants’expectationsofwhatisgoingtohappen,definingtherolethattheywillplay,gettingtheirattentiontofocusintherightdirection,andanyoftheothersteps
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thatareneededinordertoleadtheparticipantintotherightdirectionforhypnosis.Thereareseveralinductiontechniquesthatcanbeusedduringhypnosis.Themostwell-knownandinfluentialmethodsisBraid’s“eyefixation”techniqueor“Braidism.”Therearequiteafewvariationsofthisapproach
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includingtheStanfordHypnoticSusceptibilityScale(SHSS).Thisscaleisthemostusedtoolforresearchinthefieldofhypnosis.TousetheBraidinductiontechniquesyouwillhavetofollowacoupleofsteps.Thefirstoneistotakeanyobjectthatyoucanfindthatisbright,suchasawatchcase,andholdit
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betweenthemiddle,fore,andthumbfingersonthelefthand.Youwillwanttoholdthisobjectabout8-15inchesfromtheeyesoftheparticipant.Holdtheobjectsomewhereabovetheforeheadsothatitproducesalotofstrainontheeyelidsandeyesduringtheprocesssothattheparticipantisabletomaintainafixedstareontheobjectatalltimes.
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Thehypnotistmustthenexplaintotheparticipantthattheyshouldkeeptheireyesalwaysfixedontotheobject.Thepatientwillalsoneedtofocustheirmindcompletelyontheideaofthatparticularobject.Theyshouldnotbeallowedtothinkofotherthingsorlettheirmindsandeyeswanderorelsetheprocesswillnotbesuccessful.
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Afterashorttime,theparticipant’seyeswillbegintodilate.Withalittlemoretimetheparticipantwillbegintoassumeawavymotion.Iftheparticipantinvoluntarilyclosestheireyelidswhenthemiddleandforefingersoftherighthandarecarriedfromtheeyestotheobject,thentheyareinthetrance.Ifnot,thenthe
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participantwillneedtobeginagain;makesuretolettheparticipantknowthattheyaretoallowtheireyestocloseoncethefingersarecarriedinasimilarmotionbacktowardstheeyesagain.Thiswillgetthepatienttogointothealteredstateofmindthatisknownashypnosis.WhileBraidstoodbyhis
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owntechnique,hedidacknowledgethatusingtheinductiontechniqueofhypnosisisnotalwaysnecessaryforeverycase.Infact,researchersinmoderntimeshaveusuallyfoundthattheinductiontechniqueisnotasimportanttotheeffectsofhypnoticsuggestionaspreviouslythought.Overtime,otheralternativesandvariationsofthe
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originalhypnoticinductiontechniquehavebeendeveloped,althoughtheBraidmethodisstillconsideredthebest.
SuggestionThenextstageofhypnosisisknownasthesuggestionstage.WhenhypnosiswasfirstdescribedbyJamesBraid,thetermofsuggestionwasnotused.
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Instead,Braidreferredtothisstageastheactofhavingtheconsciousmindoftheparticipantfocusononecentralanddominantidea.ThewaythatBraiddidthiswastostimulateorreducethephysiologicalfunctioningofthedifferentregionsontheparticipant’sbody.Lateron,Braidbegantoplacemoreandmoreemphasisontheuseofdifferentnon-verbaland
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verbalformsofsuggestioninordertogettheparticipantintothehypnoticstateofmind.Thesewouldincludeusing“wakingsuggestions”aswellasself-hypnosis.Anotherwell-knownhypnotist,HippolyteBernheim,continuedtoshifttheemphasisofthephysicalstateoftheprocessofhypnosisovertothepsychologicalprocess
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thatcontainedverbalsuggestions.AccordingtoBernheim,hypnotismistheinductionofapsychicalconditionthatispeculiarandwhichwillincreasethesusceptibilityofthesuggestiontotheparticipant.Often,hestated,thehypnoticstatethatisinducedwillhelptofacilitatethesuggestion,eventhoughthismightnotbenecessarytostartthe
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susceptibilityinthefirstplace.Modernhypnotismusesalotofdifferentsuggestionformsinordertobesuccessfulsuchasmetaphors,insinuations,indirectornon-verbalsuggestions,directverbalsuggestions,andotherfiguresofspeechandsuggestionsthatarenon-verbal.Someofthenon-
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verbalsuggestionsthatmaybeusedduringthesuggestionstagewouldincludephysicalmanipulation,voicetonality,andmentalimagery.Oneofthedistinctionsthataremadeinthetypesofsuggestionthatcanbeofferedtotheparticipantincludesthosesuggestionsthataredeliveredwithpermissionandthosethataremore
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authoritarianinmanner.Oneofthethingsthathavetobeconsideredinregardstohypnosisisthedifferencebetweentheunconsciousandtheconsciousmind.Thereareseveralhypnotistswhoviewthestageofsuggestionasawayofcommunicatingthatisdirectedforthemostparttotheconsciousmindof
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thesubject.Othersinthefieldwillseeitintheoppositedirection;theyseethecommunicationoccurringbetweentheagentandthesubconsciousorunconsciousmind.ProponentsofthefirstclassofthoughtincludedBernheim,Braid,andotherpioneersoftheVictorianage.Theybelievedthatthe
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suggestionswerebeingaddressedstraighttotheconsciouspartofthesubjectsmind,ratherthantotheunconsciouspart.Infact,Braidgoesfurtherandactuallydefinestheactofhypnotismasthefocusedattentionuponthesuggestionorthedominantidea.Thefearofmostpeoplethathypnotistswillbeabletogetintotheirunconscious
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andmakethemdoandthinkthingsbeyondtheircontrolissimplyimpossibleaccordingtothosewhofollowthistrainofthought.Thenatureofthemindhasalsobeenthedeterminantofthedifferentconceptionsaboutsuggestion.Thosewhobelievedthattheresponsesgivenarethroughthe
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unconsciousmind,suchasinthecaseofMiltonErickson,bringupthecasesofusingindirectsuggestions.Manyoftheseindirectsuggestions,suchasstoriesormetaphors,willhidetheirintendedmeaninginordertoconcealitfromtheconsciousmindofthesubject.Subliminalsuggestionisaformofhypnosisthatrelies
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completelyonthetheoryoftheunconsciousmind.Iftheunconsciousmindwerenotbeingusedinhypnosis,thiskindofsuggestionwouldnotbepossible.Thedifferencesbetweenthetwogroupsarefairlyeasytorecognize;thosewhobelievethatthesuggestionswillgoprimarilytotheconsciousmindwillusedirectverbalinstructionsand
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suggestionswhilethosewhobelievethesuggestionswillgoprimarilytotheunconsciousmindwillusestoriesandmetaphorswithhiddenmeanings.Ineitherofthesetheoriesofthought,theparticipantwillneedtobeabletofocusononeobjectoridea.Thisallowsthemtobeledinthedirectionthatis
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neededinordertogointothehypnoticstate.Oncethesuggestionstagehasbeencompletedsuccessfully;theparticipantwillthenbeabletomoveintothethirdstage,susceptibility.
SusceptibilityOvertime,ithasbeenobservedthatpeoplewillreactdifferentlyto
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hypnosis.Somepeoplefindthattheyareabletofallintoahypnotictrancefairlyeasilyanddonothavetoputmucheffortintotheprocessatall.Othersmayfindthattheyareabletogetintothehypnotictrance,butonlyafteraprolongedperiodoftimeandwithsomeeffort.Stillotherswillfindthattheyarenotabletogetintothehypnotictranceand
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evenaftercontinuedeffortswillnotreachtheirgoals.Onethingthatresearchershavefoundinterestingaboutthesusceptibilityofdifferentparticipantsisthatthisfactorremainsconstant.Ifyouhavebeenabletoeasilygetintoahypnoticstateofmind,youarelikelytobethesamewayfortherestofyourlife.Ontheotherhand,ifyouhave
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alwayshaddifficultyinreachingthehypnoticstateandhaveneverbeenhypnotized,thenitislikelythatyouneverwill.Therehavebeenseveraldifferentmodelsdevelopedovertimetotryanddeterminethesusceptibilityofparticipantstohypnosis.Someoftheolderdepthscalesworkedtoinfer
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whichleveloftrancetheparticipantwasinthroughtheobservablesignsthatwereavailable.Thesewouldincludethingssuchasthespontaneousamnesia.Someofthemoremodernscalesworktomeasurethedegreeofself-evaluatedorobservedresponsivenesstothespecificsuggestionteststhataregivensuchasthedirectsuggestionsofarm
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rigidity.AccordingtotheresearchthathasbeendonebyDeirdreBarrett,therearetwotypesofsubjectsthatareconsideredhighlysusceptibletotheeffectsofhypnotism.Thesetwogroupsincludedissociatersandfantasizers.Thefantasizerswillscorehighontheabsorptionscales,willbeabletoeasilyblock
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outthestimulioftherealworldwithouttheuseofhypnosis,spendalotoftheirtimedaydreaming,hadimaginaryfriendswhentheywereachild,andalsogrewupinanenvironmentwhereimaginaryplaywasencouraged.Ontheothersideofthingsarethedissociaters.Thisgroupwilloftencomefrom
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abackgroundoftraumaorchildhoodabuse,foundwaystoforgettheunpleasanteventsthatareintheirpast,andcanescapeintoanumbness.Ifapersoninthisgroupdoesdaydream,itismoreinthetermsofgoingblankinsteadofcreatingfantasies.Bothofthesegroupsscoredhighonthetestsofhypnoticsusceptibility.Thetwo
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groupsthathavethehighestratesofhypnotizabilityincludethosesufferingfromposttraumaticstressdisorderanddissociativeidentitydisorder.
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ApplicationsHypnosisasafieldandasanideahasbeenaroundforalongtime.Duetothis,variousapplicationshavebeguntoemergethathelptoputtheprocessofhypnosistogooduse.Infact,thevariousapplicationsofusinghypnosiscrossmanyfieldssuchasentertainment,self-improvement,military
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uses,andmedicaluses.Otherareasthathaverecentlybeguntousehypnotismincluderehabilitation,physicaltherapy,education,sports,andforensics.Evenartistshavebeguntoemployhypnotisminordertoreachcertaincreativepurposes.ThisisshownthemostbyAndreBreton,asurrealistartist,whohasemployedhypnosisamong
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othertechniquesforhisowncreativepurposes.Oneofthegrowingusesofhypnosisisinthefieldofself-improvement;manypeoplehavechosentodoself-hypnosisinordertohelpthemloseweight,reducestress,andquitsmoking.Thefollowingsectionswilldiscusssomedifferentfieldswherehypnosishas
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beengrowingaswellashowtheprocessofhypnosisisworkinginthosefields.
HypnotherapyHypnotherapyistheuseofhypnosisasaformofpsychotherapy.Itisusedasamethodtohelpthepatientorsubjectthroughtroublingissuesthatareplaguingthem,especially
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whenothermethodsofself-controlarenoteffective.Licensedpsychologistsandphysiciansmightperformaformofhypnotherapyonwillingpatientsinordertohelpthemtreatposttraumaticstress,compulsivegambling,sleepdisorders,eatingdisorders,anxiety,anddepression.
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Itisalsopossibletovisitwithacertifiedhypnotherapisttoassistyouintreatingissuessuchasweightmanagementandthecessationofsmoking.Ifyougotoacertifiedhypnotherapist,itisimportanttorememberthattheyarenotpsychologistsorphysicianssotheywilljustbeabletoassistyouwithreachingthehypnoticstateandnot
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withcuringyourmoreseriousailments.Itisbestthatyoumakesurewhoeveryouareworkingwithhasbeencertifiedtoprovideyouwiththeseservices,whetheryouchooseahypnotherapistoraphysician.Theprocessofhypnotherapyhasbeenseeninmanydifferentformsinmodernhistory.
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Allofthemhavehadvaryingdegreesofsuccessdependingontheissuefacedandtheparticipants.Someoftheformsthathavebeenusedinclude:
Cognitive-behavioralhypnotherapy—thisisacombinationofclinicalhypnosisalongwith
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differentelementsoftheCognitive-BehavioralTherapy.Hypnoanalysis—thisisalsoknownasageregressionhypnotherapy.Hypnosistoassistwithdealingwithphobiasand
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fears.Ericksonianhypnotherapy.Hypnotherapytoassistwithaddictions.Hypnotherapytoassistwithhabitcontrol.Hypnotherapytoassistwithpainmanagementinthosewhosufferfromchronic
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pain.Hypnotherapytoassistinthepsychologicaltherapythepatientisalreadydealingwith.Hypnotherapytoassistwithrelaxation.Hypnotherapytoassistwithskindiseases.Hypnotherapyto
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assistwithsoothingpatientswhoareanxiousaboutundergoingsurgery.Hypnotherapytoassistwiththeperformanceofathletesbeforeacompetition.Hypnotherapytoassistwithweightloss.
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MilitaryApplicationsInadditiontoassistingpeoplewhodealwithvarioushealthissuesandaddiction,peoplehavelongwonderedifhypnosishasbeenusedbymilitaryandgovernmentalofficialsinordertochangethewaycitizensthinkaboutthings.Sofar,therehasbeenlittle
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proofthattheAmericanmilitaryiscapableorhasusedhypnosistoreachtheirgoals.Infact,adeclassifieddocumentthatwasobtainedoutoftheFreedomofInformationActarchiverecentlyshowsthattheprocessofhypnosishasbeeninvestigatedfortheuseinmilitaryapplications.Despitetheresearchthathasbeendone,thestudy
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concludedthattherereallywasn’tanyevidencethattheprocessofhypnosiswouldbeusefulinamilitaryapplication.Inaddition,therewasnotanyevidencethatclearlyshowedthathypnosisactuallyexistsinregardsasanactualphenomenonoutsideofsubjectexpectancy,highmotivation,andordinarysuggestion.
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Thedocumentfurthergoesontoexplainhowitwouldbenearlyimpossibleforhypnosistobeusedinamilitaryapplication.Itstates:“Theuseofhypnosisinintelligencewouldpresentcertaintechnicalproblemsnotencounteredintheclinicorlaboratory.Toobtaincompliancefromaresistantsource,for
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example,itwouldbenecessarytohypnotizethesourceunderessentiallyhostilecircumstances.Thereisnogoodevidence,clinicalorexperimental,thatthiscanbedone.”Thedocumentgoesontoexplainthatithasbeendifficulttostudytheeffectsandapplicationofhypnosistobeusedinthemilitarybecausenooneisabletosaywithcertainty
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whetherhypnosisisauniquestatewithsomeconditionedresponsesorjustaformofsuggestionthathasbeeninducedasaresultofthepositiverelationshipbetweenthesubjectandthehypnotist.
Self-hypnosisTherearesomeinstances,suchaswhenacertifiedhypnotherapistorother
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professionalisnotavailable,whenyoumaydecidetousetheprocessofself-hypnosis.Thisprocessoccurswhenapersonisabletohypnotizethemselves,oftenusingthetacticofautosuggestion.Theprimaryuseforthistechniqueisforself-improvementandmanypeoplewillperformitinordertoreducetheirstresslevels,quitsmoking,orto
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getthemotivationtheyneedtogoonadiet.Whilesomepeoplemaybeabletoself-hypnotizethemselves,manyfindthattheyneedsomesortofassistanceinreachingthealteredstate.Thiscouldincludehypnoticrecordingsorevenmindmachinedevicestohelpthemreachthatstate.Otherareasthatyoucoulduseself-hypnosisfor
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includeyouroverallphysicalwell-being,torelax,andtogetoverstagefright.
StageHypnosisWhenmostpeoplethinkofhypnosis,theythinkofstagehypnosis.Thisisaformofentertainmentthatwilloccurinatheatreoraclubinfrontofanaudience.Thehypnotistis
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oftenshownasagreatshowmanandthishelpstoencouragetheideathathypnosisiscompletelyaboutmindcontrol.Inthebeginningoftheact,thehypnotistwillattempttoputthewholeaudienceunderthealteredstatebeforeselectingcertainindividualswhomeetthecriteriatocomeuponthestageandgothroughdifferentembarrassingacts
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whiletherestofthegroupwatches.Itisunknownwhystagehypnosisissoeffectivealthoughitiscommonlythoughttobeacombinationoftrickery,stagecraft,physicalmanipulation,suggestibility,participantselection,andpsychologicalfactors.Forthemostpart,experts
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believethattheparticipantisjustplayingalonginawaywiththehypnotistandprovidingagoodshow.Theseindividualsmaybewillingtodothisbecausetheydesiretobeinthemiddleofalltheattention,thepressuretopleaseothers,andtheexcusetogoagainsttheirownsuppressorsoffearmakeiteasytogettheparticipantstoperform.Someofthe
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booksthathavebeenwrittenbyformerstagehypnotistsreinforcetheideaoftrickeryanddeceptionandsomeareentirelycomposedoffakehypnosiswhereprivatewhisperswhereusedthewholetime.
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TypesofHypnosisTherearealotofdifferenttypesofhypnosisthatthesubjectwillbeabletoundergo.Eachofthemwillworkinslightlydifferentwaysandsomeofthemworktohelpwithvariousissues.Somemaybemorefittohelpingthesubjecttorelaxwhileotherscanhelpmorewithweightlossorpainmanagement.This
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sectionwilltalkinmoredetailaboutthedifferenttypesofhypnosisthatareavailable.
TraditionalHypnosisThemostcommontypeofhypnosisthatisusedisknownastraditionalhypnosis.Duringthisprocess,theagentissimply
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makingsuggestionsdirectlytothesubject’sunconsciousmind.Thistypeofhypnosiswillworkthebestonasubjectwhoisknownforacceptingthethingsthattheyaretoldandtheydonotaskalotofquestions.Ifyougoandvisitacertifiedhypnotistorpurchaseatapetodotheprocessofself-hypnosis,youwillbegoingthroughtheprocessof
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traditionalhypnosis.Thereasonthatthistypeofhypnosisissopopularisbecauseitdoesnottakethatmuchexperienceortrainingtolearnhowtodo.Thehypnotistisjustgoingtohavetowriteasimplescriptandtellthesubjectwhattodo.Whilethistechniquewillworkverywellonthosewhoacceptwhatisgoingonaroundthem,itisineffectivefor
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thosewhothinkcriticallyandanalytically.
EricksonianHypnosisThenexttypeofhypnosistobediscussedisEricksonianHypnosis.Thisoneisalittlemoreindepthbecauseitisgoingtorequiretheuseofmetaphorsandlittle
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stories.Theseareusedinordertopresenttheideasandsuggestionsthatarerequiredtotheunconsciousmind.Eventhoughthismethodwillrequirealittlemoreexperienceandtrainingtodo,itisaveryeffectiveandpowerfulmethodtouse.Thereasonthatitworkssowellisbecauseitisabletoeliminatetheresistanceandblockagethatthe
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subjectmayhavetothesuggestions.Therearetwomaintypesofmetaphorsthatwilloftenbeusedinthiskindofhypnosis;isomorphicandinterspersal.Forthemetaphorthatisinterspersalinnature,thecommandthatisexplainedhasbeenimbeddedintothestoryandwouldnotbeeasilydiscoveredbythe
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subjectoutsideoftheirunconsciousmind.Theothertype,isomorphicmetaphor,isalittlemorecommonandoffersdirectionstotheunconsciousmindsimplybypresentingastorytothesubjectthatwillofferamoralattheend.Theunconsciousmindwillbeabletodrawaonetoonerelationshipconnectingtheelementsthatcomefrom
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thestoryandtheelementsthatcomewiththebehaviororproblemsituation.Anexampleofanisomorphicmetaphoristhestory“BoyWhoCriedWolf.”Manyparentswillusethisstorytoteachtheirchildrenaboutlying,especiallyiftheirchildtellsalotoflies.Afterhearingthestory,theunconscious
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mindofthesubjectwouldseeaparallelbetweenthetellingofliesandtheboywhoisinthestory.Theywouldseethattellingliesmightleadtoadisasterandthechildmightbemorewillingtostoplyingintheprocessinordertopreventthatdisasterfromoccurring.
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EmbeddedTechniqueAnothertypeofhypnosisiscalledtheembeddedtechnique.Duringthisprocess,thehypnotistwilltellthesubjectaninterestingstory.Thisstoryismeanttohelpdistractandengagetheconsciousmindofthesubject.Itwillalsocontain
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indirectsuggestionsthatarehiddenwithinthestorybutwhichwillbeacceptedintotheunconsciousmindofthesubject.Throughthisstorythehypnotistwilluseprocessinstructionsinordertodirecttheunconsciousmindofthesubjecttofindthememorythatisneeded.Thismemoryisusuallyaboutlearningexperiencethatisappropriatefromthepast.
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Thehypnotistwillthenbeabletoapplythatlearningexperiencetohelpthemtomakechangestotheirpresent.
Nero-LinguisticProgrammingWithNeuro-LinguisticProgramming,orNLP,hypnotistshaveagreatselectionofthemethods
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thattheyareabletouseinthehypnosisprocess.WhenusingtheprocessofNLP,thehypnotistwillbeabletousethesamethoughtpatternsthatarecreatingtheprobleminthesubject.Thiscansavealotoftimecomparedtogoingthroughtheprocessofsuggestion.Forexample,thethoughtpatternsthatareusedwithstressorexcessiveappetitewillbe
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usedtohelpeliminatetheproblemthatthesubjectisdealingwith.Ifusedwithacertifiedhypnotistorpsychologist,NLPhasbeenshowntobeveryeffective.TherearemanydifferenttypesofNLPprogrammingthathavebeenutilizedbyhypnotists.SomeofthemostcommonlyusedformsofNLPincludeNLPAnchoring,NLPFlash,andNLPReframe.
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NLPAnchoringThefirsttypeofNLPthatwillbediscussedisNLPAnchoring.Agoodwaytothinkabouthowanchoringworksisthinkingaboutanoldsongthatyouknow.Haveyoueversatinacarandheardasongthatyouhavenotheardinalongtime?Didthatsongtriggersomesortoffeelinginyouthatcamefromthepast?
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Thefirsttimeyouheardthatsong,orsometimedowntheroadwhenyouheardit,youweregoingthroughthesefeelingsandtheunconsciousmindattachedthesefeelingstothatparticularsong.Throughthisprocess,thesongwouldbecometheanchorforthesefeelings.Now,eachtimethatyouhearthisparticularsong,youwilltriggerthebrainto
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havethesefeelingsalloveragain.Thisisagoodexampleofanchoring.Manyhypnotistshavefoundthatanchoringisausefultechniqueforthemtouseinhypnotizingtheirsubjects.Forexample,ifyouhaveamemoryofbeingrewardedfordoingsomethingrightinthepast,thehypnotistwillbeabletogetintothat
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particularmemoryandhelpyoutorecreatethefeelingsthatyouweregoingthroughatthetime.Atthesametime,thehypnotistwillhaveyoudosomesortofaction,suchastouchingyourtwofingerstogetherduringthere-creationoftheprocess.Noweachtimethatyoutouchyourfingerstogether,youwillbeabletofeelthosesamehappy
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feelingsagain.Theprocessofanchoringcanworkinordertomotivateyoutoaccomplishsomethingbyassociatinggoodfeelingswithit.Forexample,thismethodisoftenusedtohelppeoplefindthemotivationtheyneedtosticktolosingweightandmaintainingadiet.Thehypnotistwillworkwiththesubjectto
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createapositiveanchorthatisassociatedwiththementalimageofthesubject—inthiscaseitwillbethesubjectthinkingaboutthemselvesinathinandsexybody.Whenthesubjectpicturesthisimageagain,theywilltriggertheanchorandgetthepositivemotivationthattheyneed.Infact,thereisadramaticincreaseinthemotivationforweightlossinthose
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whoundergohypnosiscomparedtothosewhodonot.Theprocessofanchoringcanbeusedinavarietyofdifferentinstancestoassistinself-improvementoftheindividual.
NLPFlashNLPFlashisanotherformofhypnosisthatisconsideredtobeextremely
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powerfulandonlydonebyacertifiedprofessional.Itisoftenusedinordertochangethoughtsandfeelingsaroundintheunconsciousmindofthesubject.Itcanbeagoodwaytohelpthosewhofeelchronicstressorareaddictedtoasubstance.Inthisprocess,thehypnotistwillswitchthefeelingsofthesubjectaround,insteadofacertainactbringing
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pleasure,thatactwillstarttobringpainorinsteadofacertainactbringingstress,itwillbringthesubjectrelaxation.Forexample,someonewhoisaddictedtoasubstance,suchascigarettesoralcohol,willfindafeelingofpleasureandhappinesswhentheyconsumethatsubstance.ThroughthetechniqueofNLPflash,thesefeelingswillget
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switchedaroundresultinginthesubjectfeelingdiscomfortorpainwhentheyconsumethesubstance.Thiscanhelpthemtogetovertheiraddictionmoreeffectively.ThosewhoareundergoingalotofstresshavealsofoundthetechniqueofNLPFlashtoworkwellforthem.Whenapersonisfeelingchronicstress,they
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mayhavedifficultiesincontrollingtheirbloodpressureandtheirtempersandaregoingtofeeluncomfortablealotofthetime.Sincestressissohardonthebody,therearemanypatientswillingtoundergotheNLPFlashhypnosisinordertoassisttheminrelaxing.Withthistechnique,thesubjectwilllearntheirtriggersofstressandredirectthemso
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thatthosetriggersstarttoreleasefeelingsofrelaxationintheirmindsinstead.Thistechniquehasalsobeenshowntobeeffectiveinextinguishingtheconditionedresponsesinthemindofthesubject.Anexampleofthisiswithsmoking.Ifyouareasmokerthatenjoysacigarettewhilehavinga
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cupofcoffeeinthemorning,yourunconsciousbrainisgoingtostartpairingthesetwobehaviorstogether.Thismeansthatthesubjectwillgetacravingtohaveacigaretteanytimetheyenjoyacupofcoffee,especiallyinthemorning.WhenthesubjectgoesthroughtheNLPFlashtechnique,theywilllearnhowtodissociatethetwo
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eventsfromeachother.Thisallowsthesmokertohaveacupofcoffeewithoutalsogettingtheurgetosmokeatthesametime.Thismakesitanevenmoreeffectivetechniquetousewhentryingtostopsmoking.
NLPReframeThethirdformofNLPthathasbeenusedinhypnosis
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isknownasNLPReframe.Thistechniqueisreallypotentbecauseitworkssowellinassistingthesubjecttochangethewaythattheybehave.Todothisprocess,thehypnotistmustunderstandthatthereisasecondarygain,orapositiveoutcome,thatisaccomplishedbyeachofthebehaviorsthatapersonaccomplishes.Theoutcomethatoccursfrom
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thebehaviorisimportantsincethatisthereasonthesubjectisactinginthefirstplace.Despitetheimportanceoftheoutcome,thebehaviorthatischosentoaccomplishtheoutcomeisreallynotthatimportant.Duringtheprocessofreframe,thehypnotistworkstonegotiateandreasonwiththe
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unconsciousmindofthesubject.Thegoalistogetittotakeovertheresponsibilityformakingthesubjectsubstituteinsomenewbehaviorthatisavailableandeffectiveataccomplishingtherequiredsecondarygain.Whilethisisallgoingoninthesubconscious,thenewbehaviorwillbemoreacceptabletothesubjectintheirconsciousmind.For
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example,ifthepersonisinthehabitofeatingwhentheyaresadinordertomakethemselvesfeelbetter,thehypnotistisgoingtoperformthismethodtoteachtheunconscioustodosomeotheractivity.Theactofeatingmightbereplacedwithexerciseorreadinganicebook,helpingthesubjecttoloseweight,eathealthierandfeelbetterall
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around.
VideoHypnosisWhiletheotherformsofhypnosishavebeenextremelypopularinassistingsubjectstoovercomeobstaclesandchangethewaythattheythinkinordertolivebetterlives,newformsofhypnosisarealwaysbeingdeveloped.Oneofthe
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newestformsofhypnotherapythathasbeendevelopedisvideohypnosis.Thisformisofferedthroughcommercialmeanssothatpeopleareabletopurchasethemanduseattheirownconvenience.ThetechniquesthatareusedinsomeofthebrandsofvideohypnosisarealsobasedontheNeuro-LinguisticProgramming
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technologythatwasdiscussedearlier.Thismeansthatthevideohypnosistechniquewillworkbasedonutilizingtheexistingthoughtprocessesthatthesubjecthasratherthanusinghypnoticsuggestionliketraditionalmethods.Thereasonwhyvideohypnosishasgrownsorapidlyisthatmorethan
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70%ofpeoplehavefoundthattheylearnthingseasierandmorequicklywhentheyseethingscomparedtowhentheyonlyheartheinformation.Thesubject’smindwilllearntochangethefeelingsthatitishavingaswellasitsvisualassociationsautomaticallyontheconsciouslevelwhilewatchingthevisualmoviesthatarepresented.
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Whiletherearemanydifferentkindsofvideohypnosisprogramsthatareavailable,Neuro-VISIONisoneofthemostpopularbecauseithasbeendevelopedusingsomeofthebesttechniquesintheindustry.Thistypeofvideomethodworkstotraintheunconsciousmindofthesubjectthroughdigitaloptics,whichisahightech
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simulationprocessonthecomputer.Thiswillfreethesubjectoftheirtensions,urges,andcompulsions.Throughthisprocess,thesmokerwillfindthatstoppingsmokingiseasy,thedieterwilllosetheirappetite,andthosewhofeelstresswillbegintorelaxmore.Itwilloftentakeatleastafewsessionsofvideohypnosistoseeresults,althoughthereare
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thosewhofindthatjustoneviewingwillstarttoshowsomeoftheresultsthattheywant.
SubliminalHypnosisThefinaltypeofhypnosisthatwillbediscussedinthischapterissubliminalhypnosis.Oftenthesubliminalhypnosis
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messageswillbeplacedonarecordingforthesubjecttolistento.Therecordingwillhavetwotracksandeachonewilltalktoadifferentpartofthemind.Onetrackwillcontainacoversoundthatwillbeheardthroughtheconsciousmindofthesubject.Thecoversoundisoftensomethingthatiseasyforthebraintolistentosuchasnaturesoundsor
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music.Theothertrackwillcontaindirectsuggestionsthatwillbeheardthroughtheunconsciousmindofthesubject.Thesesuggestionspresentonthesecondtrackwillberepeatedoverandoverthroughoutthewholesession.Subliminalprogramshavetheabilitytobeplayedatanytimeandinanyplace.
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YoucouldbelisteningtothesemessageswhileyouareworkingorevenwhilewatchingTV.ThebestpartisyouwillnothavetostopthetaskthatyouaredoingandsitdownandrelaxlikewhatisrequiredwithNLPortraditionalhypnosis.Insomecases,subliminalprogramswillbeaddedtoyourregularhypnoticprograms.
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Theuseofsubliminalprogrammingisnotthatprevalent.Mostpeoplewillnotchoosethismethodtochangetheirhabitsandbehaviors.ResearchhasshownthatsubliminalprogramsarenotreallythateffectiveandsotheywillnotbeabletoreplaceNLPorhypnosis.Bysomeaccounts,itcouldtakemorethan80hoursoflisteningtothesubliminal
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messagebeforeithasaneffectandmanytimeseventhatwillnotbeenoughformostpeople.AccordingtoJoelWeinberger,aprofessorattheAdelphiUniversityandapsychologist,regularaudiosubliminaltapesthatcanbepurchasedatstoresoronlinejustdonotwork.Subliminalpsychodynamicsmaywork
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aslongasthereissomeformofvisualspresent.Thepopularoptionsavailableonlycontainauditorycomponents.Theauditoryisnotenoughtomakethismethodworkonits’own.Subliminalsuggestionwillneedtobepairedwithotherformsofhypnotherapyinordertohavetheeffectivenessthatisdesired.
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Despitetheportrayalofhypnosisbythemedia,itisnotanevilplotthatismeanttotakeoverthemindsofunwillingsubjects.Infact,ifthesubjectisnotwillingtoundergohypnosis,itisprettymuchimpossibletogetthemtogointothealteredstate.Often,theuseofhypnosisistohelpothersimprovetheirlives.Thiscouldbeintheform
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ofweightmanagement,stoppingsmoking,improvingotherhealthconditions,andassistingwithchronicpainmanagement.Eachofthetechniquesisalsoimportantinhelpingthesubjecttogettotheiroverallgoal.Whileallofthemcanbeeffective,theprofessionalthatyouchoosetoworkwithaswellastheissueathandwillbe
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usedtodeterminewhichofthesemethodswillbestfityourneedsandassistinimprovingyourlife.
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Chapter4:Manipulation
Brainwashingandhypnosisarethetwoformsofmindcontrolthateasilycometomind.Whilethesetwoareimportanttounderstandingthefunctioningofmindcontrolandhowitallworks,theyarenottheonlyoptionsthatare
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available.Infact,thereareothersthatcanbeusedandareoftenmoreeffectiveintheshorttermthaneitherbrainwashingorhypnosis.Theseparticulartacticsareonesthatcanbeusedineverydaysituations,forexamplelikeinnormalconversationsapersonmayhavewithothers.Whileitisnotlikelythatapersonwillbemanipulatedorpersuadedtochange
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majorbeliefsthroughnormalconversations,theycanbeconvincedtochangelittlethingssuchasbeingpersuadedtopurchasecookiesfromalocalgirlscoutortovoteacertainwayinanelection.Themainthingtorememberaboutthenextthreeformsofmindcontrolisthattheyaremorelikelytooccurina
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persons’dailylifewiththepeoplethattheyknowandtrust.Obviously,apersonisnotgoingtoputtheirsubjectintoisolationorforcethemintoanalteredstateofmindaswithbrainwashing.Insteadtheywillemploydifferenttechniquesinanefforttochangethewaytheirsubjectthinks.Thethreetypesofmindcontrolthatfitintothiscategory
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includemanipulation,persuasion,anddeception.Thischapterisgoingtodiscussmanipulationandhowitcanworktochangetheway“thesubject”thinks.Whilemanipulationmaynotputthepersonwhoisemployingthetacticinharms’wayorcauseanyimmediatedanger,itissetuptoworkinadeceptive
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andunderhandedwaytochangethebehavior,viewpointandperceptionthattheintendedsubjecthasinregardstoaparticulartopicorsituation.
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WhatisManipulation?Thefirstquestionthatisoftenaskediswhatmanipulationis?Inthisguidebookwewilldiscussmanipulationinthetermsofpsychologicalmanipulation,whichisasocialinfluencethatworkstochangethebehaviorsorperceptionofothers,orthesubject,throughabusive,deceptive,orunderhanded
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tactics.Themanipulatorisgoingtoworktoadvancetheirowninterests,usuallyattheexpenseofanother,somostoftheirmethodswouldbeconsidereddeceptive,devious,abusive,andexploitative.Whilesocialinfluenceitselfisnotalwaysnegative,whenapersonorgroupisbeingmanipulated,ithasthepossibilityofcausingthemharm.
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Socialinfluence,suchasinthecaseofadoctorworkingtopersuadetheirpatientstostartadoptinghealthyhabits,isusuallyperceivedtobesomethingthatisharmless.Thisistrueofanysocialinfluencethatiscapableofrespectingtherightofthoseinvolvedtochooseandisnotundulycoercive.Ontheotherhand,if
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someoneistryingtogettheirownwayandisusingpeopleagainsttheirownwill,thesocialinfluencecanbeharmfulandisgenerallylookeddownupon.Psychologicaloremotionalmanipulationisseenasaformofpersuasionandcoercion.Therearemanycomponentsthatcanbeincludedinthisformof
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mindcontrolsuchasbullyingandbrainwashing.Forthemostpart,peoplewillseethisasabusiveordeceptiveinnature.Thosewhodecidetoemploymanipulationwilldosoinordertoattempttocontrolthebehaviorofthosearoundthem.Themanipulatorwillhavesomeendgoalinmindandwillworkthroughvariousabuseformsinorderto
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coercethosearoundthemintohelpingthemanipulatorgettothefinalgoal.Oftenemotionalblackmailwillbeinvolved.Thosewhopracticemanipulationwillusemindcontrol,brainwashing,orbullyingtacticstogetotherstocompletethetasksforthem.Thesubjectofthemanipulatormaynotwant
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toperformthetask,butfeelthattheyhavenootheroptionduetotheblackmailorothertacticused.Mostpeoplewhoaremanipulativelacktheappropriatecaringandsensitivitytowardsotherssotheymaynotseeanissuewiththeiractions.Othermanipulatorsjustwanttogettotheirfinalgoalandarenotconcerned
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withwhohasbeenbotheredorhurtalongtheway.Inaddition,manipulativepeopleareoftenafraidtogetintoahealthyrelationshipbecausetheyareafraidotherswillnotacceptthem.Someonewhohasamanipulativepersonalitywilloftenhavetheinabilitytotakeresponsibilityfortheirownbehaviors,problems,andlife.Since
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theyarenotabletotaketheresponsibilityfortheseissues,themanipulatorwillusethetacticsofmanipulationtogetsomeoneelsetotakeovertheresponsibility.Manipulatorsareoftenabletousethesametacticsthatarefoundinotherformsofmindcontrolinordertogettheinfluencetheywantoverothers.One
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ofthemostcommonlyusedtacticsisknownasemotionalblackmail.Thisiswherethemanipulatorwillworktoinspiresympathyorguiltinthesubjecttheyaremanipulating.Thesetwoemotionsarechosensincetheyareconsideredthetwostrongestofallhumanemotionsandarethemostlikelytospurothersintotheactionthatthe
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manipulatorwants.Themanipulatorwillthenbeabletotakecompleteadvantageofthesubject,usingthesympathyorguiltthattheyhavecreatedtocoerceothersintocooperatingorhelpingthemreachtheirfinalgoal.Often,themanipulatorwillnotonlybeabletocreatetheseemotions,theywillbeabletoinspiredegrees
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ofsympathyorguiltthatarewayoutofproportionforthesituationthatisgoingon.Thismeansthattheycantakeasituationsuchasmissingoutonapartyseemlikethesubjectismissingoutonafuneralorsomethingthatisactuallyimportant.Emotionalblackmailisjustoneofthetacticsthatisemployedbymanipulators.
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Oneoftheothertacticsthathasbeensuccessfulformanymanipulatorsistouseaformofabusethatisknownascrazymaking.Thistacticisusuallyaimedwiththehopeofcreatingself-doubtinthesubjectbeingmanipulated;oftenthisself-doubtwillbecomesostrongthatsomesubjectsmaystarttohavefeelingsthattheyaregoingcrazy.Attimes,the
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manipulatorwilluseformsofpassive-aggressivebehaviorinordertobringaboutcrazymaking.Theymightalsochoosetoshowsupportorapprovalofthesubjectverbally,butthengivenon-verbalcuesthatshowcontradictorymeanings.Themanipulatorwilloftenactivelytrytounderminecertaineventsorbehaviorswhileshowingtheir
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supportoutloudforthatsamebehavior.Ifthemanipulatoriscaughtintheact,theywillusedenial,justification,rationalization,anddeceptionofillintentinordertogetoutofthetrouble.Oneofthebiggestissueswithpsychologicalmanipulatorsisthattheyarenotalwaysableto
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recognizewhatothersaroundthemmayneedandtheywilllosetheabilitytomeetorevenconsidertheseneeds.Thisdoesnotexcusethebehaviorthattheyaredoing,butoftentheneedsofothersarenotconsideredorarenotaprioritytothemanipulatorsotheyareabletoperformmanipulativetaskswithoutfeelingguiltorshame.This
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canmakeitdifficulttostopthebehaviorandexplaininarationalwaywhythemanipulatormuststop.Inaddition,themanipulatormayfindthatitisdifficultforthemtoformmeaningfulandlonglastingfriendshipsandrelationshipsbecausethepeopletheyarewithwillalwaysfeelusedandwillhavedifficultyintrusting
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themanipulator.Theissuegoesbothwaysintheformationofrelationships;themanipulatorwillnotbeabletorecognizetheneedsoftheotherpersonwhiletheotherpersonwillnotbeabletoformtherequiredemotionalconnectionsortrustwiththemanipulator.
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RequirementstoSuccessfullyManipulateAsuccessfulmanipulatormusthavetacticsathandthatwillmakethemsuccessfulatusingpeopletogettotheirownfinalgoal.Whilethereareseveraltheoriesonwhatmakesasuccessfulmanipulator,wewilltakea
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lookatthe3requirementsthathavebeensetoutbyGeorgeK.Simon,asuccessfulpsychologyauthor.AccordingtoSimon,themanipulatorwillneedto:
1. Beabletoconcealtheiraggressivebehaviorsand
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intentionsfromthesubject.
2. Beabletodeterminethevulnerabilitiesoftheirintendedsubjectorvictimsinordertodeterminewhich
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tacticswillbethemosteffectiveinreachingtheirgoals.
3. Havesomelevelofruthlessnessreadilyavailablesothattheywillnotneedtodealwith
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anyqualmsthatmayariseduetoharmingthesubjectsifitcomestothat.Thisharmcanbeeitherphysicaloremotional.
Thefirstrequirementthat
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themanipulatorhastoaccomplishinordertosuccessfullymanipulatetheirsubjectsistoconcealtheiraggressivebehaviorsandintentions.Ifthemanipulatorgoesaroundtellingeveryonetheirplansoralwaysactsmeantoothers,nooneisgoingtostickaroundlongenoughtobemanipulated.Rather,themanipulatorneedstohavetheabilitytoconceal
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theirthoughtsfromothersandactlikeeverythingisnormal.Often,thosewhoarebeingmanipulatedwillnotrealizeit,atleastnotinthebeginning.Themanipulatorwillbesweet,actliketheirbestfriend,andperhapshelpthemoutwithsomeissueoranother.Bythetimethesubjectisawareoftheissue,themanipulatorhasenoughinformationon
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themtocoercethesubjectintocontinuingon.Next,themanipulatorwillneedtohavethecapabilityofdeterminingwhatthevulnerabilitiesoftheirintendedvictimorvictimsare.Thiscanhelpthemtodeterminewhichtacticsneedtobeusedinordertoreachtheoverallgoal.Sometimesthemanipulatormaybeableto
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dothisstepthroughalittlebitofobservationwhileothertimestheyaregoingtoneedtohavesomekindofinteractionwiththesubjectbeforecomingupwiththefullplan.Thethirdrequirementisthatthemanipulatorneedstoberuthless.Itisnotgoingtogowellifthemanipulatorputsinalltheirworkandthen
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worriesabouthowthesubjectisgoingtofairintheend.Iftheydidcareaboutthesubject,itisnotlikelythattheywouldbegoingthroughwiththisplanatall.Themanipulatorisnotgoingtocareaboutthesubjectatallanddoesnotreallycareifanyharm,eitherphysicaloremotional,befallsthesubjectaslongastheoverallgoalismet.
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Onereasonthatmanipulatorsaresosuccessfulisthatthesubjectoftendoesnotrealizetheyarebeingmanipulateduntillateronintheprocess.Theymaythinkthateverythingisgoingalongjustfine;perhapstheythinkthattheyhavemadeanewfriendinthemanipulator.Bythetimethesubject
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realizestheyarebeingusedornolongerwantstobeapartoftheprocess,theyarestuck.Themanipulatorwillbeabletousemanydifferenttactics,includingemotionalblackmailtogettheirwayintheend.
HowtoControlVictimsOneofthethingsthatthe
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manipulatorneedstobeabletoaccomplishtoseesuccessistocontroltheirsubjects.Thereareseveraldifferenttheoriesthatareavailabletohelpexplainhowthemanipulatorwillbeabletodothis.TwoofthetheoriesthatwillbediscussedinthissectionincludethosestartedbyHarrietBraikerandSimon.
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HarrietBraikerHarrietBraikerisaclinicalpsychologistwhohaswrittenaself-helpbook.Inherbook,shehasdefinedfivebasicwaysthatthemanipulatorisabletocontroltheirsubjects.Theseinclude:
PositivereinforcementNegative
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reinforcementPartialorintermittentreinforcementPunishmentTraumaticlearningthatonlyprovidesonetrial
Thefirsttwotacticsthatarediscussedincludepositivereinforcementandnegativereinforcement.In
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positivereinforcementthemanipulatorwilluseavarietyoftacticssuchaspublicrecognition,facialexpressions(likeasmileoraforcedlaugh),attention,gifts,approval,money,excessiveapologizing,superficialsympathywhichmayincludecrocodiletears,superficialcharm,andpraise.Thepointofutilizingthiskindofreinforcementistogivethe
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personareasontowanttobeyourfriend.Ifyougivesomeoneagiftorsomemoney,theymightbemorewillingtohelpyououtwhenthetimecomes.Ifyoucanmakethesubjectfeelsorryforyou,thentheywillhavetherequiredsympathytobeonyoursidelater.Theothertypeofreinforcementthatcanbeusedisnegativereinforcement.Inthis
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tacticthemanipulatorwillremovethesubjectfromasituationthatisnegativeasarewardfordoingsomethingelse.Anexampleofthiswouldbe“Youwon’thavetodoyourhomeworkifyouallowmetodothistoyou.”Eachofthesehasparticularstrengthsandweaknessesthatallowthemanipulatortogetwhattheywantoutofthesubject.Often,the
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manipulatorwilluseacombinationofdifferenttacticsinordertogetthethingsthattheywant.Partialorintermittentreinforcementcanalsobeusedbyamanipulator.Thisformofreinforcementisusedinordertoeffectivelycreateaclimateofdoubtandfearinthesubject.Anexampleofthiscomesingambling.While
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thegamblermaywinattimes,theyarestillgoingtolosesomeformofmoneyoverall,especiallyiftheyplayforalongtime.Butthewinningisoftenenoughtokeepthesubjectpersistingonthesamepath,longaftertheyarenotabletodoso.Themanipulatorwillusethistactictoprovidereinforcementtothesubjectatenoughintervals
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tokeepthesubjectcomingback.Punishingisanothermethodthatisusedinordertocontrolthesubjectofthemanipulator.Therearealotofdifferentactionsthatcanfitintothiscategory.Theyincludeplayingthesubject,crying,sulking,usingtheguilttrip,emotionalblackmail,swearing,threats,and
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intimidation,usingthesilenttreatment,yelling,andnagging.Thepointofusingthismethodistomakethesubjectfeelliketheyhavedonesomethingwrong.Thesubjectwillfeelbadandwanttomakethingsright,fallingrightbackinwiththemanipulator.Finally,thelastmethodthatBraikermentionsin
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herworkisthetraumaticonetriallearning.Thisiswherethemanipulatorwillexplodeforthelittlestthingsinthehopesofconditioningortrainingthesubjectintonotwantingtocontradict,confront,orupsetthemanipulator.Someofthetacticsthatmightbeusedinthismethodincludeexplosiveanger,verbalabuse,andotherbehavior
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thatisintimidatingandusedtoestablishsuperiorityanddominanceoverthesubject.
SimonSimonhasalsocomeupwithalistoftacticsthatmanipulatorsmustuseinordertosuccessfullycontroltheirvictims.SomeofthesearesimilartothoselistedbyBraikerbut
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withsomemoredetails.Thesewouldinclude:
Lying:manipulatorsarereallygoodatlyingtotheirsubjects.Often,thesubjectswillfindthatitisdifficulttotellwhentheyarebeingliedtoatthetime.When
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thesubjectfindsoutabouttheapparentlie,itisusuallytoolatetodoanythingaboutit.Theonlywaythatthesubjectcanmakesurethattheyarereducingtheirchancesofbeingliedtoarewatchingoutfordifferent
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personalitytypesthatareexpertsintheartofcheatingandlying.Themanipulatorwilllieaboutanythinginordertogettheirwayandforthemostparttheirsubjectswillnothaveanyideathatitisgoingon
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untilitistoolatetodoanythingaboutit.
Omissionlying:thisoneissimilartothemethodlistedabovewithafewslightdifferences.Omissionlyingisalittlemoresubtlebecause
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themanipulatorwilltellsomeofthetruthbutwillwithholdcertainkeyissuesthatshouldhavebeenrevealed.Insomecasesthismightbecalledpropaganda.Themanipulatormightsaythattheyneedtoborrowsome
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moneytogetgastogobuygrocerieswheninrealitytheyneedthemoneytogopickupsomedrugsorotherillegalsubstance.Whiletheydidusethemoneytopurchasegas,justliketheysaid,theyleftout
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animportantpart.Thesubjectprobablywouldnothavegiventhemoneyiftheyknewtheendofthestoryandnowtheymaybecaughtupinsomethingillegal.
Denial:manipulatorsare
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expertsatdenial.Noneofthemwilladmitthattheyhavedonesomethingwrong,evenwhenalloftheevidenceispointingtowardsthem.Theywillalwaysdenyeverythingandoftenmakethesubjectlooktobe
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theoneatfault.
Rationalization:thisiswhenthemanipulatorwillmakeupanexcusethatmakesthemlookgood.Theymightsaytheyonlydidtheactbecausetheyweretryingtohelpthesubject.This
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tacticisalsorelatedtothetechniqueofspinning.
Minimization:thisisablendoftherationalizationandthedenialtactics.Themanipulatorwilltelleveryonethattheirbehavioris
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reallynotasirresponsibleorharmfulasthesubjectthought.Anexampleofthiswouldbewhenthemanipulatorsaysthataninsultortaunttheyperformedwasjustajokeandthatthesubjectshouldnottakeit
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soseriously.
Selectiveattentionorinattention:duringthistactic,themanipulatorworkstoavoidgivingattentiontoanythingthatwilldistractthemfromtheirfinalgoal.They
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willtrivializeitandmakeitseemnotthatimportanttothem,whichitreallyisn’t.Anexampleofthiswouldbewhenthemanipulatorsays“Idon’twanttohearit.”
Diversion:manipulatorsare
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notonlygoodatlyingtotheirsubjects;theyarealsoexpertsatavoidinggivingstraightanswerstoquestionsthataregiventothem.Ifsomeoneasksthemaquestionthattheydonotlikeorwantstoknowoutrightif
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theyarelyingtothem,themanipulatorwilltrytopushtheconversationinanotherdirection.Oftenthemanipulatorwillbrieflygiveavagueanswertothequestionbeforemovingtheconversationtoanothertopic.
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Evasion:thistacticisverysimilartodiversionwithafewdifferences.Inthistactic,themanipulatorwillanswerthequestionsthataregiventothem,buttheywilluseweaselwords,vague
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responses,ramble,andprovideirrelevantresponsestothequestion.Theywillleavethesubjectwithmorequestionsthananswerswhentheyaredone.
Intimidation:
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Themanipulatorwillalwaystrytokeepthevictimonthedefensiveinordertomakesurethattheyremainonthesameteamthroughouttheprocess.Oftenthisisdonebyusingveiled,implied,indirect,orsubtlethreats
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tothesubject.
GuiltTrip:manipulatorsliketousetheguilttripasaformofintimidationinordertogetthesubjecttodowhattheywant.Themanipulatorwilltrytomakethesubjectfeel
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guiltyinsomeway,suchasbysayingthatthesubjecthasittooeasy,istooselfish,orjustdoesnotcareaboutthemanipulatorenough.Thiswillresultinthevictimstartingtofeelbadforthemanipulator.The
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subjectwillthenbekeptinasubmissive,anxious,orself-doubtingposition,makingiteasierforthemanipulatortostillusethem.
Shaming:thewholegoalofthemanipulatoristomakethesubject
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feelbadorhavesympathyforthemsothatthesubjectkeepsgoingalongwiththeplan.Onewaythatthemanipulatorcandothisisbyusingput-downsandsarcasminordertoshamethesubject.Thistacticwillmake
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thesubjectfeelunworthy.Mostoftheshamingtacticsusedwillbeverysubtleandwouldincludethingssuchassubtlesarcasm,rhetoricalcomments,unpleasanttoneofvoice,orafierceglance.
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Playingasavictim:nomatterwhat,themanipulatorwantstolookliketheyarethevictim,eventhoughtheyaretheoneincontrol.Whenthemanipulatoractsliketheyarethevictimof
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theircircumstancesorthebehaviorofsomeoneelse,theywillbeabletoevokecompassion,sympathy,andpity.Mostpeoplewillnotbeabletostandbyandwatchassomeonesuffersandthe
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manipulatorwillfindthatitiseasytogetthesesamepeopletocooperatewiththem.
Vilifyingthesubject:thisisoneofthemostpowerfultacticsthatcanbeusedbecauseitwillalmostinstantly
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putthesubjectontheroleofdefensewhileatthesametimehidingthemanipulatorsaggressiveintents.Themanipulatorwilltrytoturnthecircumstancesaroundsothatthesubjectlooksliketheyarethe
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villainandtheonewhohascausedallofthetrouble.Thesubjectwillthenwanttofindwaystochangethisoutlookandgetonthesideofthemanipulatoragain,makingiteasytobeused.
Servantrole:
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manipulatorswilloftenhidetheirownagendasbymakingitlookliketheworktheyaredoingisforsomenoblecause.Theyonlysaidthemeanthingaboutyouroutfitbecausetheprincipalwantstostart
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sprucingupthelookoftheschoolandtheywantedtohelpout.Theterm“justdoingmyjob,”wouldalsofitunderthiscategory.
Seduction:manipulatorscanuseseductiontoget
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thethingsthattheywant.Sometoolsthatfitintothiscategorywouldincludeintensesupport,flattery,praiseandcharm.Thisisdoneinordertogetthesubjecttolowertheirdefenses.Aftertime,thesubjectwillbegintogive
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theirloyaltyandtrusttothemanipulatorwhowilluseitastheyplease.
Projectingtheblame:themanipulatorwillspendalotoftimeblamingothersfortheproblemstheyarehaving.Often
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itishardtodetectwhenthisisgoingonsonooneisabletocallthemoutonit.
Feigninginnocence:ifthemanipulatoriscaughtintheactofreachingtheirownagenda,theywilltrytosuggestthatif
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harmwasdone,itwascompletelyunintentional.Theymayevencompletelydenythattheydidanythinginthefirstplace.Whencaught,themanipulatorwillplacealookofindignationorsurpriseontheirfaces.Thepoint
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ofthistoolistomakethevictimquestiontheirownsanityandjudgmentsinceitlooksliketheywerewrong.
Feigningconfusion:anotherthingthatmighthappenifthemanipulatoris
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caughtisthattheymightplaydumb.Thiswillhappenifthemanipulatortriestopretendthattheydonothaveanyideawhatthesubjectistalkingabout.Theymightalsoactliketheyareconfusedwhenacriticalissueis
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broughtuptothem.
Brandishinganger:whenthemanipulatorusesanger,itistogetthesubjecttofeelsorryorsympathyforthem.Ifdoneintherightway,themanipulatorwillbeabletoshock
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theirsubjectbackintosubmission.Often,themanipulatorisnotreallyangry;theyarejustputtingonanactinordertogetwhattheywant.
Ascanbeseen,therearealotoftoolsthatthemanipulatorcanusein
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ordertogettotheirfinalgoals.Often,thesetacticswillbeusedinsuchawaythatthesubjectwillnotrealizewhatisgoingoninthebeginninganditwilltakesometimeforthemtocatchon.Oncetheydo,themanipulatorwillbeabletoemploysomeofthetechniquesthatwillbediscussedinthenextsectioninordertokeepthesubjectgoingintheright
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direction.Themanipulatorisskilledatusingacombinationoftheseskillstogetthethingsthattheywantanditdoesnotmattertothemhowmuchtheyharmtheotherpersonintheprocess.
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TechniquesofManipulationAsdiscussedbefore,amanipulatorisgoingtoworkinordertoreachtheirfinalgoal.Inordertoreachthisfinalgoal,themanipulatorwilluseanytechniquethattheycaninordertogetpeopletodowhattheywant.Thefivemostcommontechniquesthatwillbeusedbya
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manipulatortoreachtheirfinalgoalsincludeblackmail,emotionalblackmail,puttingdowntheotherperson,lying,andcreatinganillusion.Thesewilleachbediscussedintheprecedingsections.
BlackmailBlackmailisthefirsttechniquethatwouldbe
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utilizedbyamanipulator.Blackmailisconsideredanactthatinvolvesthreatsthatareunjustifiedinordertomakeacertaingainorcausealosstothesubjectunlessthemanipulator’sdemandismet.Itcanalsobedefinedastheactofcoercionthatinvolvesthreatsofprosecutionasacriminal,threatsoftakingthesubject’spropertyor
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money,orthreatsofcausingphysicalharmtothesubject.Thereisalonghistoryofthewordblackmail;originallyitwasatermthatmeantpaymentsthatthesettlersrenderedtotheareathatwasborderingScotlandtothechieftainsincharge.Thispaymentwasmadeinordertogivethesettlersprotectionfromthemaraudersandthievesthat
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weregoingintoEngland.IthassincechangedtomeansomethingelseandincertaininstancesitisanoffenseintheUnitedStates.Forthepurposesofthissection,blackmailismoreofathreat,eitherphysicaloremotional,tothesubjectinordertocoercethemintodoingwhatthemanipulatorwants.
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Blackmailisalsoconsideredextortioninsomecases.Althoughtherearetimeswhenthetwoareconsideredsynonymous,therearesomedifferences.Forexample,extortioniswhensomeonetakesthepersonalpropertyofanotherbythreateningtodofutureharmifthepropertyisnotgiven.Ontheotherhand,blackmailiswhenthreatsareusedin
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ordertopreventthesubjectfromengaginginlawfulactivities.Attimes,thesetwoeventsaregoingtoworktogether.Thepersonmaythreatensomeoneandrequiremoneyinordertobekeptatbayandnotcausethesubjectharm.Themanipulatorisgoingtobeabletousethistechniqueinordertoget
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whattheywant.Theyaregoingtotakethetimetolearnthingsofpersonalnatureabouttheirsubjectandthentheycanusethatasaformofblackmailagainstthem.Theymightblackmailtheirsubjectbythreateningtospillanembarrassingsecretorbyruiningtheirchancesofgettinganewjoborpromotion.Orthemanipulatormightworkin
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amoremenacingwaybythreateningtophysicallyharmtheirsubjectorthesubject’sfamilyiftheydonotagreetogoalongwiththemanipulator.Whatevertheblackmailmaybe,itisusedtohelpthemanipulatortogettotheirfinalgoalwiththeassistanceofthesubject.
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EmotionalBlackmailAnothersimilartacticthatmaybeusedbythemanipulatorisknownasemotionalblackmail.Duringthistechnique,themanipulatorwillseektoinspiresympathyorguiltintheirsubject.Thesetwoemotionsarethestrongestonesforhumanstofeel
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andtheywilloftenbeenoughtospurthesubjectintotheactionthatthemanipulatorwants.Themanipulatorisgoingtotakeadvantageofthisfactinordertogetthethingthattheywant;theywillusethesympathyortheguiltthattheyinspireinordertocoercethesubjectintocooperatingorhelpingthem.Thedegreeofsympathyorguiltwill
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oftenbeblownoutofproportion,makingthesubjectevenmorelikelytohelpoutinthesituation.Thepointofusingthistypeofblackmailistoplaymoreontheemotionsofthesubject.Inregularblackmail,thesubjecthasathreattodealwith,mostlyintermsofphysicalharmtothemselvesorsomeonetheylove.With
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emotionalblackmail,themanipulatorwillworktoinspireemotionsthatarestrongenoughtoincitethesubjecttoaction.Whilethesubjectmaythinkthattheyarehelpingoutoftheirownfreewill,themanipulatorhasworkedtoensurethattheysubjectisassistingandwillbringouttheemotionsagainwheneveritisneeded.
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PuttingDownTheOtherPersonThereareotheroptionsavailabletothemanipulatoriftheywouldliketogettheirsubjecttoassistinreachingthefinalgoal.Onetechniquethathasquiteabitofsuccessiswhenthemanipulatorisabletoputdowntheirsubject.Innormalcases,if
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themanipulatorusesverbalskillsinordertoputtheirsubjectdown,theywillrunahighriskofmakingthesubjectfeelasifapersonalattackhasbeenplacedonthem.Whenthesubjectfeelsliketheyareattacked,theywillbristleandnotbewillingtoassistthemanipulatorinthewaythattheywant.Instead,thesubjectwillnotlikethemanipulator
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andwillstayasfarawayfromthemaspossible,makingitverydifficultforthemanipulatortoreachtheirfinalgoal.Thisiswhythemanipulatorisnotgoingtojustgoaroundandputdowntheirsubject.Theyhavetobemorediscreetabouttheprocessandfindawaytodoitwithoutraisingredflagsormaking
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thesubjectfeelliketheyarebeingattacked.Onewaythatthiscanbedoneisthroughhumor.Humorisabletolowerbarriersthatmightotherwiseshowupbecausehumorisfunnyandmakespeoplefeelgood.Themanipulatorisabletoturntheirinsultintoajoke.Despitethefactthattheputdownhasbeenturnedintoajoke,itwillworkjustaseffectivelyasif
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thejokewerenotpresentwithoutleavingthevisiblescarsonthesubject.Often,themanipulatorwilldirecttheirputdownintotheformofthirdperson.Thishelpsthemtomaskwhattheyaresayingmoreeasilyalongwithprovidinganeasywaytodenycausingharmifitcomesbacktohauntthemlateron.Forexample,they
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mightstarttheirputdownwith“Otherpeoplethink…”Ifthesubjectisstillabletoguessthatthecommentsweremadeatthem,thenthemanipulatorwouldenditwithathrowawaylinethatmightincludesomethinglike“presentcompanyexcepted,ofcourse.”Theideaoftheputdownistomakethesubjectfeel
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liketheyaresomehowlessthanthemanipulator.Itraisesthemanipulatoruptoanewlevelandleavesthesubjectfeelinglikesomethingiswanting.Thesubjectismorelikelytowanttomakethingsbetterandtofixanywrongthattheyhavedone.Thiswillputthemanipulatorinapositionofpower,andtheywillbeabletomoreeasilygetthesubjecttoassist
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them.
LyingNomatterwhattheendgoalofthemanipulatoris,lyingissomethingthattheyareanexpertinandwhichtheywilldoallofthetimetogetwhattheywant.Thereareseveraldifferenttypesofliesthatcanbeusedbythemanipulatorthatwillhelpthemto
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reachtheirfinalgoals.Oneisthattheytellcompleteliesandothersincludeomittingpartsofthetruthfromtheirsubjects.Whenthemanipulatorlies,itisbecausetheyknowthatthelieisgoingtofurthertheiragendamuchmoreeffectivelythanthetruthwould.Tellingsomeonethetruthmightmakethemnotwantto
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helpthemanipulatoroutandthatwouldgocompletelyagainsttheirplans.Instead,themanipulatorwilltellalietogetthesubjectconvincedtodosomethingforthemandbythetimethesubjectfindsoutaboutthelie,itistoolatetofixtheissue.Themanipulatormightalsodecidetoomitpartof
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thetruthinthestoriesthattheyaretelling.Withthismethod,theyaregoingtotellpartsofthetruth,butwillkeepcertainthingsoutthatareunsavoryorwhichmighthindertheprogressthatisbeingmade.Thesekindsofliescanbejustasdangerousbecauseitwillbecomeincreasinglydifficulttotellwhatthetruthofthestoryisandwhatthelieis.
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Itisimportanttorealizethatwhenyouaredealingwiththemanipulator,anythingthattheytellyoumaybealie.Itisnotagoodideatotrustanythingthatthemanipulatorissayingsincetheyarejusttryingtoabuseandusetheirsubjectsinordertoreachthatfinalgoal.Themanipulatorisgoingtodoandsayanythingpossible,
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evenlying,togetwhattheywantandtheyarenotgoingtofeelsorryaboutit.Aslongastheygetwhattheywant,theyarenottooconcernedabouthowitisaffectingthesubjectorothersaroundthem.
CreatinganIllusionInadditiontolying,themanipulatorisgoingtobeanexpertatcreating
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illusionsthatarecapableofbringingabouttheirfinalgoalmoreeffectively.Theywillworktocreateapicturethattheywantandthenconvincethesubjectthatthisillusionisactuallyreality;whetherornotitisdoesnotmattertothemanipulator.Inordertodothis,themanipulatorisgoingtobuilduptheevidencethatisneededtoprovethepointthatworks
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totheirgoal.Tostarttheillusion,themanipulatorisgoingtoplanttheideasandtheevidenceintothemindsofthesubject.Oncetheseideasareinplace,themanipulatorwillbeabletostepbackforafewdaysandletthemanipulationoccurinthesubjectsmindoverthattime.Afterthattimethemanipulatorwill
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havemoreofachanceofgettingthesubjecttogoalongwiththeplan.Manipulationisaformofmindcontrolthatisdifficultforthesubjecttoavoid.Unlikebrainwashingandhypnosisthatwasdescribedinthepreviouschapters,manipulationisabletooccurindailylifeandinsomeinstancesitcanoccur
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withoutthesubjecthavingmuchknowledgeorcontrolofit.Themanipulatorisgoingtoworkdiscretelyinordertoreachtheirfinalgoalwithoutgettingthesubjectsuspiciousandderailtheprocess.Themanipulatorwillnotworryaboutwhotheyarehurtingorhowothersmightfeelandmostofthemarenotcapableofunderstandingtheneedsoftheirsubjects.
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Theyjustknowthattheywantsomethingandthatthesubjecttheyhavechosenisgoingtohelpthemtogettotheirgoal.Thetechniquesthatarediscussedinthischapteraremeanttohelpexplainwhatgoesonduringtheprocessofmanipulationandhowthemindofthemanipulatorwillwork.Itisoftenbesttoattemptto
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steerclearofanyonewhomightbeamanipulatorsothatyouareabletoavoidthiskindofmindcontrol.
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Chapter5:Persuasion
Persuasionisanotherformofmindcontrolthatisgoingtobediscussed.Whiletheremightnotbeasmuchmediahypeaboutthisformofmindcontrolasthereiswithbrainwashingandhypnosis,itcanbejustaseffectiveifdonecorrectly.
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Theissuewiththisformisthattherearejustsomanydifferentformsofpersuasionthatarepresentindailylifethatitcanbedifficultforanyonesourcetogetthroughtothesubjectandmakeadifference.Whilepersuasionworkstochangethethoughtsandthebeliefsofthesubjectliketheotherformsof
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mindcontrol,itseemslikeeveryoneistryingtopersuadeyouaboutsomethingsoitbecomeseasiertoignorethepersuasionthatiscomingtowardsthesubject.Forexample,thecommercialsontelevision,whenanargumentisgoingon,orevenwhenaconversationisgoingonthereissomeformofpersuasionthatisoccurring.Peoplewilloften
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usepersuasiontotheiradvantagewithoutnoticing.Thischapterisgoingtogointomoredetailsaboutpersuasionandhowitcanbeeffectivelyusedasaformofmindcontrol.
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WhatisPersuasion?Tostartwithisthedefinitionofpersuasion.Whenpeoplethinkaboutpersuasion,theywilloftencomeupwithmanydifferentanswers.Somemaythinkofthecommercialsandadvertisingthattheyseeallaroundthemthaturgethepurchaseofacertainproductoveranother.
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Othersmaythinkaboutpersuasioninthetermsofpoliticsandhowthecandidatesmaytrytoswaythevoters’opinioninordertogetanothervote.Bothoftheseareexamplesofpersuasionbecausethemessageistryingtochangethewaythatthesubjectisthinking.Persuasioncanbefoundindailylifeandit’saverypowerfulforceaswellasmajorinfluenceon
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thesubjectandsociety.Advertising,massmedia,legaldecisions,andpoliticsallwillbeinfluencedbyhowpersuasionworksandinturnitwillworkonpersuadingthesubjectaswell.Ascanbeseen,therearesomekeydifferencesbetweenpersuasionandtheotherformsofmindcontrolwhichhavebeen
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discussedsofarinthisguidebook.Brainwashingandhypnosiswillrequirethesubjecttobeinisolationinordertochangetheirmindsandidentity.Manipulationwillalsoworkonjustonepersontogettothefinalgoal.Whilepersuasioncanbedoneonjustonesubjecttochangetheirmind,itisalsopossibletousepersuasiononalargerscaleinorderto
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persuadeawholegrouporevensocietytochangethewaythattheyarethinking.Thiscanmakeitevenmoreeffective,andperhapsdangerous,becauseithastheabilitytochangethemindsofmanypeopleallatonceratherthanthemindofjustasinglesubject.Manypeoplefallunderthefalseimpressionthatthey
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areimmunetotheeffectsofpersuasion.Theythinkthattheywouldbeabletoseeanysalespitchthatisthrowntheirway,whethertheagentisactuallysellingaproductorsomenewidea,andthenbeabletocomprehendthesituationthatisgoingonandfindtheconclusionthroughtheirownlogic.Insomescenariosthisisgoingtobetrue;noonefallsfor
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everythingtheyhearallofthetimewhentheyuselogic,especiallyifitgoescompletelyagainsttheirbeliefs,nomatterhowstrongtheargumentmaybe.Inaddition,mostsubjectswillbeabletoavoidthemessagesaboutpurchasingtelevisionsandfancycarsorthenewestproductonthemarket.Manytimestheactofpersuasionisgoingtobe
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muchmoresubtleanditcanbemoredifficultforthesubjecttoformtheirownopinionsaboutwhattheyarebeingtold.Whentheactofpersuasionisbroughtup,mostpeoplearegoingtoseeitinanegativelight.Theywillthinkofasalesmanoraconmanwhoistryingtoconvincethemtochangealloftheirbeliefsandwho
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isgoingtopushandbotherthemuntilthechangeoccurs.Whilethiscertainlyisonewaytothinkaboutpersuasion,thisprocesscanoftenbeusedinapositivewayratherthanjustanegativeway.Forexample,publicservicecampaignscanurgepeopletoquitsmokingorrecyclecanbeformsofpersuasionthatareabletoimprovethelivesofthesubject.Itis
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allinhowtheprocessofpersuasionisused.
ElementsofPersuasionAswiththeotherformsofmindcontrol,therearecertainelementstobewatchedoutforwhenitcomestopersuasion.Theseelementshelptodefineexactlywhatpersuasionis
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sothatitismorerecognizable.AccordingtoPerloffin2003,persuasionisdefinedas“Asymbolicprocessinwhichcommunicationstrytoconvinceotherpeopletochangetheirattitudesorbehaviorsregardinganissuethroughthetransmissionofamessageinanatmosphereoffreechoice.”
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Thisisoneofthethingsthatmakepersuasiondifferentfromtheotherformsofmindcontrol;thesubjectisoftenallowedtomaketheirownfreechoicesinthematterevenifthetacticsofpersuasionaregoingtoworktoshiftthesubject’smindinaparticulardirection.Thesubjectisabletochoosewhichwaytheywanttothink,iftheywantto
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purchaseaproductornot,oriftheythinktheevidencebehindthepersuasionisstrongenoughtochangetheirminds.Thereareafewelementsthatarepresentinpersuasionthathelptodefineitevenfurther.Theseelementsinclude:
Persuasionis
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symbolicwhichmeansthatitutilizessounds,images,andwordstogetthepointacross.Persuasionwillinvolvetheagentdeliberatelyattemptingtoinfluencethesubjectorgroup.Self-persuasionisakeypartof
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thisprocess.Thesubjectisusuallynotcoercedandinsteadtheyaregiventhefreedomtochoosetheirowndecision.Therearemanywaysthatpersuasivemessagescanbetransmittedincludingfaceto
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face,internet,radio,andtelevision.Thecommunicationcanalsooccurnonverballyorverbally.
Let’slookateachofthesepointsinalittlemoredetail.Thefirstelementofpersuasionisthatitneedstobesymbolic.Inordertopersuadesomeonetothink
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oractinacertainway,youneedtobeabletoshowthemwhytheyshouldchangetheirthoughts.Thisisgoingtoincludetheuseofwords,sounds,andimagestogetthenewpointacross.Youcanusewordstostartupadebateorargumenttoshowyourpoint.Picturesareagreatwaytoshowtheevidencethatisneededtopersuadesomeonetogoonewayor
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theother.Somenonverbalcuesarepossible,buttheyarenotgoingtobeaseffectiveasusingthewordsandimages.Thesecondkeyisthatpersuasionisgoingtobeusedinadeliberatewayinordertoinfluencethewayothersareactingorthinking.Thisoneisprettyobvious,ifyouarenotpurposelytryingto
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influenceothers,youarenotusingpersuasiontogetthemtochange.Thepersuaderisgoingtotrydifferenttacticsinordertogetthesubjecttothinkthesamewaythattheydo.Thiscouldbesomethingassimpleasjusthavingadebatewiththemorpresentingevidencethatsupportstheirpointofview.Ontheotherhand,itcouldgetmuchmore
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involvedandincludemoredeceptiveformstochangethesubject’smind.Moreaboutthetechniquesthatareusedinpersuasionwillbediscussedlaterinthischapter.Theuniquethingaboutpersuasionisthatitallowsthesubjecttohavesomeformoffreewill.Thesubjectisallowedtomaketheirownchoiceinthe
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manner.Forthemostpart,nomatterhowhardsomeonetriestopersuadethemofsomething,theydonothavetogoforit.Thesubjectmightlistentoathousandcommercialsaboutthebestcartopurchase,butiftheydonotlikethatbrandorarenotinneedofanewvehicleatthattime,theyarenotgoingtogooutandpurchaseit.Ifthesubject
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isagainstabortion,itisnotgoingtomatterhowmanypeoplecomeoutandsayhowgreatabortionis,thesubjectisnotlikelytochangetheirmind.Thisallowsmuchmorefreedomofchoicethanwhatisfoundintheotherformsofmindcontrol,whichmightexplainwhymanypeopledonotseethisasatypeofmindcontrolwhenasked.
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Persuasionisaformofmindcontrolthatcanoccurinmanydifferentways.Whilebrainwashing,hypnosis,andmanipulationhavetooccuronafacetofacebasis,andinsomecasesincompleteisolation,persuasioniscapableofoccurringinotherways.Youcanfindexamplesofpersuasionallovertheplaceincludingwhenyouaretalkingto
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peopleyouknow,ontheInternet,andthroughradioandtelevision.Itisalsopossibletoprovidepersuasivemessagesthroughnonverbalandverbalmeans;althoughitismuchmoreeffectivewhenverbaltechniquesareused.
ModernPersuasionOvertime,persuasionhas
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beenabletoevolveandchangefromitsoriginalbeginnings.Persuasionhasbeenaroundformanyyears;infactithasbeenaroundsincethetimeofancientGreece.Thisdoesnotmeanthattheartandprocessofpersuasionisexactlythesameasitwaswaybackthen.Infact,therehavebeenquiteafewchangesmadetotheartofpersuasionandhowitis
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usedinmoderntimes.Someofthekeyelementsofmoderndaypersuasionwillbediscussedinthissection.RichardM.Perloffhasspentquiteabitoftimestudyingmodernpersuasion,howitisused,andhowitcanaffectsocietyasawhole.HewroteabookcalledTheDynamicsofPersuasion:
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CommunicationandAttitudesinthe21stCentury,whichoutlinesthefivewaysthattheuseofmodernpersuasionisdifferentfromhowitwasusedinthepast.Thesefivewaysinclude:
Thenumberofmessagesthatareconsideredpersuasivehasgrownbyleaps
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andbounds:InthetimesofancientGreece,persuasionwasusedjustinwritingandindebatesamongtheelites.Theoccurrenceofpersuasionwasnotabigthingandyouwouldnotseeitveryoften.Inmodern
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times,itisdifficulttogetanywherewithoutsomemessageofpersuasionfollowingyouaround.Thinkofthedifferenttypesandsourcesofadvertisementsthatareoutthere;the
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averageadultintheUnitedStateswillcomeacrossupto3000oftheseeachday.Inadditiontothat,therearealwayspeopleknockingonyourdoortryingtogetyoutobuysomething,believetheirideas,ortry
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somethingnewout.Persuasionismuchmoreapartofmodernlifethanithasbeenatanyothertimeinhistory.
Persuasiontravelsreallyquickly:backinthetimesofancientGreece,itcouldtakeweeks
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orlongerforapersuasivemessagetogetfromonepointtoanother.Thislimitedtheimpactofpersuasionbecausemostpeoplewouldnotbeabletogetthemessage.Mostactsofpersuasionhad
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tobedoneinthecontextoffacetofacecommunication.Inmoderntimes,persuasivemessagescancoveralargedistanceinhardlyanytimeatallthankstotheuseoftheinternet,radio,andtelevision.
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Politicalcandidatescanreachconstituentsallatonceinjustsecondsandanymessagecanbespreadeasily.Persuasiontakesonamuchlargerrolewhenitcanbespreadsoquickly.
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Persuasioncanmeanalotofmoney:nowthatcompanieshavediscoveredthepowerofpersuasion,theyaredoingeverythingtheycantomakeitworkforthem.Themoreeffectivetheyareatpersuading
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consumerstopurchasetheirproductsthemoremoneytheywillmake.Somecompaniesareinbusinesssolelybecauseofthepersuasiveprocess,suchaspublicrelationscompanies,marketingfirms,andadvertising
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agencies.Othercompanieswillbeabletousethepersuasivetechniquesofferedbythesecompaniesinordertoreachandsurpassthesalesgoalsthattheyset.
Persuasionhasbecomemore
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subtlethaninthepast:inthebeginningsofpersuasion,theagentwouldannouncetheirviewsoutloudforthewholegrouptohearinthehopesofgettingthemalltochangetheirminds.Thosedaysareover
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andtheprocessofpersuasionhasbecomemuchmorediscrete.Whileitispossibletofindactsofpersuasionthatarestillveryloudandinyourface,suchasinsomeformsofadvertising,manyothersare
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followingamoresubtleroute.
Anexampleofthisiswhenbusinessescraftacertainimageofthemselves,suchasbeingfamilyfriendly,inordertogetconsumerstopurchasetheirproducts.Youmightalsonoticethatinsteadofgettinginto
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adebatewithyourfriendovergoingtoaparty,theywillusepeerpressureorjustlistafewfactstotryandgetyoutocomewiththem.Despitebeingmoresubtle,persuasionisstillaseffectivetodayasithaseverbeen.
Theprocessofpersuasionhasbecomemore
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complex:alongwithpersuasionbeingmoresubtleandsometimeshardertopointout,itisalsogoingalongtheroadofbecomingmorecomplex.Thesubjectbeingtargetedismorediversethaninthepast
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andtheyhavealotmorechoicestomake.Forexample,whereonceapersonjustwenttotheonestoreintowntopurchaseeverythingtheyneed,nowtheyareabletopickfromdifferentstoresfortheirneedsfromthe
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hardwarestoretothegrocerystoreandtheclothingstore.Ontopofthat,thereisoftenmorethanoneoptionavailableforeachoftheseshoppingcategoriesinthearea.Allthesechoicesmakeitmoredifficultfor
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theagenttofindagoodpersuasivemessagefortheconsumeroranyothersubject.
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MethodsofPersuasionPersuasionmethodscanoftengounderothernamesandbereferredtoinsuchwaysaspersuasionstrategiesandpersuasiontactics.Thereisnotjustonemethodthatcanbeusedtopersuadesomeonetothinkoractinacertainway.Theagentmaybeabletotalktothesubjectwhilepresentingevidencein
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ordertoswitchthesubject’smind,theymaybeabletousesomesortofforceorpulltheyhaveagainstthesubject,andtheycanperformsomesortofserviceforthesubject,oruseanothertactic.Thissectionwillgointomoredetailsaboutthedifferentmethodsofpersuasionthatareavailableandhoweachofthemmightbeeffectiveintheprocessof
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persuasion.
UsageofForceDependingonthesituation,theagentmaydecideitisagoodideatousesomeforceinordertopersuadethesubjecttothinktheirway.Thismayhappeniftheideasdonotmatchupcorrectly,regulartalkingisnotworking,orwhentheagentis
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becomingfrustratedorupsetwiththeturnoftheconversation.Oftenforceisusedasatypeofscaretacticbecauseitgivesthesubjectlesstimetothinklogicallyaboutwhatisgoingoncomparedtowhenanormalconversationoccurs.Usuallyforcewillbeusedwhentheagenthashadlesssuccessusingtheothermeansofpersuasionthat
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areavailable,althoughstartingwiththeuseofforceissometimesdoneaswell.Atothertimes,forcemaybeusediftheagentfeelsliketheyarelosingcontrolorwhenthesubjectisabletopresentcontradictoryevidencetotheagentandtheagentbecomesangry.Oftenitisnotthebestideatouseforcewhenitcomes
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totheprocessofpersuasion.Thisisbecausemanysubjectswillseetheuseofforceasathreatduetothefactthattheagentwillnotgiveotheroptionstotherequestthattheyaremaking.Thewholeappealofpersuasionisthatitoffersthesubjectthechoiceofpaths,butonceforceisbroughtintothemix,thatfreedomofchoiceisgoneandthesubjectis
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morelikelytofeelthreatened.Oncethesubjectfeelsthreatened,theyarelesslikelytolistenandconsideranythingthattheagentissayingandsotheprocesswillnotgoanyfurther.Duetothesereasons,theuseofforceisgenerallydiscouragedandavoidedintheartofpersuasion;unliketheotherformsofmindcontroldiscussed.
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WeaponsofInfluenceAnothermethodthatcanbeusedinordertopersuadethesubjecttoleanaspecificwayistousetheweaponsofinfluencethatareavailable.ThesesixinfluencesweredevelopedbyRobertCialdiniinhisbookInfluence.Thisbook
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discussestheartofpersuasionanddefinesthesixweaponsofinfluencethatcanmaketheagentsuccessfulintheirgoals.Thesixweaponsofinfluencearereciprocity,commitmentandconsistency,socialproof,liking,authority,andscarcity.Thesesixweaponsofinfluenceareveryimportanttotheagentsincetheyareapartofthe
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processofchangeintheirsubjects.Eachofthesesixweaponswillbediscussedbelow.
ReciprocityThefirstweaponofinfluenceistheprincipleofreciprocity.Thisprinciplestatesthatwhenoneperson,theagent,providestheotherperson,thesubject,withsomethingof
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value,thesubjectisgoingtoattempttorepaytheagentinkind.Thisbasicallymeans,whentheagentperformssometypeofservicetothesubject,thesubjectwillfeelthattheyhaveanobligationtoperformasimilarservicetotheagentatsometime.Whilethetwoservicesmightnotbeidentical,theyhavethesamekindofvaluesothattheobligation
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ofeachisequaledout.Theactofreciprocationendsupproducingasenseofobligationinthesubject,whichtheagentwillthenbeabletouseasapowerfultoolwhentheywanttousepersuasion.Theruleofreciprocityisveryeffectivebecauseithelpstheagentgetthesubjectintotherightframeofmindfortheactofpersuasionby
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instillingandoverpoweringthesubjectwithasenseofobligation.Theagentmaybemorelikelytogetthesubjectconvincedtodooractacertainwaybecausethesubjectwillhavethatsenseofobligationhangingoverthem.Anotheraddedbenefitfortheagentinusingreciprocityisthatitisnot
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justamoralstandingthatwillputtheobligationonthesubject;itisalsoastandingthatisheldupbysocialcodes.Theagentisnotgoingtoneedtoworryaboutwhetherthesubjecthastherightmoralcodetoreturnthefavor.Ifthesubjectdoesnotfeeltheneedtodoso,theagenthassometoolsavailabletospurthemintoaction.
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Asasociety,peopledonotlikeindividualswhoarenegligentinreturningafavororpaymentwhentheyareofferedafreegiftorservice.Iftheagentdoesnotfeellikethesubjectisgoingtoreciprocatetothem,theywillbeabletoturnthemintotheirsocialgroup.Theycandothisbytellingotherfriendsorcoworkersabouthowtheydidafavorforthesubject
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butthesubjectneverreturneditwhenitwasneeded.Nowtheagenthasforcedsocialstandardsonthesubjectthroughthetellingofthefavor,makingitevenmorelikelythattheywillbeabletopersuadethesubjectintodoingsomething.Forthemostpart,thesubjectwillbehappytoreciprocatetotheagent
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withoutneedinganyoutsideforces.Whenthefavorisgranted,thesubjectwillbegintolookforwaysthattheycanrepaytheagentsothatthescoreisevenandtheydonotseemgreedyorselfish.Theagentwillthenbeabletoprovideaneasysolutiontothesubjectonhowtorepaythisdebt;thesubjectwillfeelgratitudeathavingthiseasysolutionandwill
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bemorelikelytogothewaythattheagentwants.
CommitmentandConsistencyThenextweaponofinfluencethatistobediscussedisthatofcommitmentandconsistency.Theagentisgoingtoneedtousebothoftheseiftheywishtopersuadeanyonetochange
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totheirpointofview.Whenthingsareconsistent,theyareeasiertounderstandandcanhelpthesubjecttomaketheirdecisionsbetter.Itdoesnotdowellfortheagenttoalwayschangethefactsthattheyareusingortochangeotherinformationthatisneededinordertohelpthesubjectprocesstheinformation.Ratherthanhelpingwiththe
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processofpersuading,constantlykeepingawayfromconsistencyisgoingtomaketheagentlooklikealiarandsomeonewhocannotbetrusted,resultinginthefailureofthepersuasionprocess.Consistencyisoneofthemostimportantaspectsofthepersuasionprocess.Thisisbecause:
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Consistencyisvaluedhighlyinsociety:peopleliketohavethingsstayacertainwaymostofthetime.Whilethereisalotofvarietyindailylife,peoplefeelsafeknowingthatoverallthingswillstayprettyconsistent.
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Itallowsthemtorememberwhathasgoneon,knowwhattoexpect,andbepreparedifanychangesdohappentooccur.Ifconsistencywerenotavailable,thingswouldbeverydifficulttoplanandtherewould
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alwaysbeissuesofchaosgoingaround.Ifyouwishtopersuadeasubjectofaparticularthing,thenyoumustmakesurethatyourfactsareconsistentandmakesensetothem.
Consistency
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resultsinbenefitingthedailylifeapproachofmostpeople.Haveyouevertriedtoplanadayoutwhensomethingunexpectedcomesup?Itcanmakethingsalmostimpossibletodoandwillendup
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feelinglikeadisaster.Peoplelikeconsistencybecauseitallowsthemtoknowwhattoexpectandwhattodo.Theyknowwhenitistimetoeat,whenitistimeforwork,andwhenotherthingswillhappen
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throughouttheday.
Consistencyprovidesashortcutthatisveryvaluablethroughthecomplicationspresentinmodernexistence.Lifeisdifficultenoughwithouthaving
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toaddinotherthingsthatdonotmakesince.Whenpeopleareabletohaveconsistentlives,itmakesthingsawholeloteasier.
Consistencyisagreattoolbecauseitallowsthesubjecttheabilitytomaketherightdecisionsandtoprocessinformation.Ifthe
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agentwantstobesuccessfulintheirendeavorsofpersuadingthesubject,theyneedtomakesurethattheirmessageisconsistent.Thereisnoroomforfalseevidencethatcanshowuplaterandruinthewholeprocess.Keepthefactstruthfulandconciseanditismuchbetterforpersuadingthesubject.
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Somethingthattiesinwithconsistencyistheactofcommitment.Inordertoknowthatthesubjectisactuallypersuadedandthattheefforthaspaidoff,itisimportanttohavesomekindofcommitmentinplace.Inadvertising,thiscanmeanthatthesubjectisgoingtopurchasetheproductorinpoliticsitcanmeanthatthesubjectwillvotefora
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particularcandidate.Thecommitmentthatismadewillvarydependingonthenatureofthepersuasion.Accordingtotheconceptofconsistency,ifapersoncommits,eitherinwritingororally,theyaremuchmorelikelytohonorthecommitmentthattheyhavemade.Ithasbeenfoundthatthisisevenmoretrueinterms
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ofwrittencommitmentssincethesubjectwillbemoreconcretepsychologicallyandthereissomehardproofthattheyagreedtothecommitment.Thismakesalotofsense;manypeoplewillpromiseorallythattheywillfixsomethingordosomething,justtoturnaroundandnotdoit.Sure,somepeoplewilldowhattheysaid,andtheyare
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morelikelytodoitifpromisingorallythannotpromisingatall,butoftenitisstilldifficulttogettheresultsthatyouwantinthisway.Inaddition,thereisnowaytobackitupsinceanoralagreementwilljustbecomeahesaidshesaiddisagreementandnoonewillwin.Ontheotherhand,iftheagentisabletoproduceawrittencommitmentfromthe
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subject,theyhavetheprooftheyneedthatthethinghasbeendone.Thereasonthatitissoimportantfortheagenttogetthesubjecttoagreetoacommitmentisbecauseoncethesubjecthascommittedtothenewstance,theyhavemoreofatendencytoactinawaythatisfittingtothatcommitment.Afterthat
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point,thesubjectwillcontinueonandbegintoengageinself-persuasionforthecause.Theywillprovidethemselvesalongwithotherswithvariousjustificationsandreasonstosupportthecommitmentinordertoavoidanyissueswiththeagent.Iftheagentisabletogetthesubjecttothatpoint,theagentwillhavealotlessworktodealwith.
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SocialProofPersuasionisaformofsocialinteractionandthereforeisgoingtoneedtofollowthesocialruleswhereitisoccurring.Thesubjectisgoingtobeinfluencedbythepeoplewhoarearoundthem;theyaregoingtobemorelikelytowanttodowhatothersaredoingratherthandotheirownthing.The
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subjectwillbasetheirbeliefsandactionaccordingtowhatothersaredoingaroundthem,howthesesamepeopleact,andhowtheybelieve.Forexample,ifthesubjectgrowsupinacity,theyaremorelikelytoactlikeotherswhoarefromthatarea;ontheotherhand,thosewhogrowupinacommunitythatisveryreligiousmayspendalotof
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theirtimepraying,learning,andhelpingothers.Underthisbeliefthesaying“thepowerofthecrowd,”canbeveryeffective.Thesubjectisgoingtowanttoknowwhatotherpeoplearoundthemaredoingatalltimes.Ithasbecomealmostanobsessioninthiscountrytobeabletodowhatothersaredoingin
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ordertofitin,despitethefactthatpeoplewillsayhowtheywanttobedifferentandbeanindividual.Anexamplethatisgivenabouthowpeoplewilldosomethingbecauseothersaredoingitcanbefoundwithaphone-a-thon.Ifthehostsayssomethinglike“Operatorsarewaiting,pleasecallnow,”the
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subjectmayfeellikethereareoperatorswhoaresittingaroundwithnothingtodobecausenooneiscallingthem.Thiswillmakethesubjectlesslikelytocallbecausetheyfigureifsomeoneelseisn’tcallingthentheyshouldn’teither.Ifthehostjustchangesupafewwordsandinsteadsays“Ifoperatorsarebusy,pleasecallagain,”therecanbea
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verydifferentresult.Thesubjectisnowgoingtoassumethattheoperatorsarebusywiththecallsofmanyotherssubjectssotheorganizationmustbegoodandlegitimate.Thesubjectwillbemuchmorelikelytocallinwhetherornottheygetthroughrightawayorhavetobeputonhold.Thepersuasiontechnique
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ofsocialproofisthemosteffectiveinsituationswherethesubjectisuncertainofwhattheywilldoorwhenthereseemtobemanysimilaritiesinthesituations.Inambiguousoruncertainsituationsthathavemultiplechoicesorpossibilitiestobemade,thesubjectwilloftenchoosetoconformtowhatothersaroundthemaredoing.Thisisbecausethe
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choicesaresosimilarthatanyofthemwillwork,buttheywillassumethatthechoicetheothersaremakingistheonethatisright.Theotherwaythatsocialproofcanbeusediswhentherearesomesimilaritiesoccurring.Forexample,thesubjectismuchmorelikelytoconformandchangearoundthosewhoaresimilartotheminsome
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way.Ifthereissomeonewhoissimilartothesubjectthatisincharge,thesubjectislikelytolistenandfollowthemmorethanifthepersoninchargeisverydifferentfromthesubject.Theagentwillbeabletousetheideaofsocialprooftohelpwiththeirprocessofpersuasion.Thefirstwaytheycandothisis
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watchingthewordingthattheyaresaying.Withtheexamplegivenofthegameshow,bothofthequotesweresayingthesamething,butbyswitchingupthewordingtheycameupwithtwodifferentmeanings.Neitherofthemwerealie;theywerejusteffectiveatelicitingadifferentkindofresponse.Iftheagentisabletowatchthewaythattheyword
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things,theycanelicittherightresponseoutoftheirsubjectsandconvincethesubjecttofollowthesameideasandbeliefs.Inaddition,theagentwillfindthatthereismoresuccessiftheyareabletogetthosewhoaresimilartothemtoshareintheideas.Thisiswhypoliticianswilltrytocampaigntogroupswith
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thesimilarideastothem.Iftheyneedtoreachalargergroup,theywillmodifytheirideasinordertomakethemmoreappealingtothesenewgroups.
LikingTheagentisgoingtoworkveryhardinordertogetthesubjecttolikethem.Thereisaverysimple
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reasonorthis;ifthesubjectlikestheagent,theyaremuchmorelikelytosayyestothem.Therearetwomainfactorsthatwillcontributetohowwellthesubjectlikestheagent.Thefirstoneisphysicalattractivenessandthesecondissimilarity.Forthefirstone,iftheagentismoreattractivephysicallytothesubject,
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theyaregoingtohavethefeelingofbeingmorepersuasivesincetheyareabletogetwhattheywantmoreeasilywhilealsochangingtheattitudesofothers.Thisattractivenessfactorhasbeenproveneffectiveinsendingfavorablemessagesandimpressionsofothertraitsthattheagentmayhaveincludingintelligence,kindness,andtalent.This
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allworkstogethertomakeitmorelikelythatanattractivepersonwillbeabletomoreeasilypersuadethesubject.Thesecondfactor,similarity,isalittlesimpler.Theideastatesthatifthesubjectissimilartotheagent,theyaremuchmorelikelytoanswerintheaffirmativetowhattheagentisasking.This
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processisprettynaturalandmostofthetimethesubjectwillnothavetothinkaboutwhetheritistherightthingtodowhentheylikeandaresimilartotheagent.
AuthorityOneofthewaysthattheagentwillbesuccessfulinpersuadingthesubjectistobecomeanauthority.
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Thereisatendencyinmostpeopletobelievethatsomethinganexpertsaysonasubjectistrue.Thesubjectismorelikelytoenjoylisteningtoanagentthatistrustworthyandknowledgeable;thismeansthatiftheagentcanbringthesetwothingstothetable,thentheyarealreadyonthewaytogettingtheirsubjecttolistenandbelievethem.
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Therehavebeenstudiesdonetoshowhowthisauthoritytechniquecanworkinpersuadingthesubjecttolistentowhattheagenthastosay.ThestudydonewasknownastheMilgramstudyandwasactuallyawholeseriesofexperimentsstartedin1961.Theparticipantsconsistedoftwosubjectsandeachwasplacedinto
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differentrooms.Thefirstsubjectwasthenattachedtoaharnessthatwaselectricandwhichcouldadministertheshock.Thesecondsubjectwasinstructedbytheagent,whowasdressedupinascientist’scoatandlookedofficial,toaskthefirstsubjectquestionsandthentopunishthemwheneveraquestionwasansweredincorrectly.Thesecond
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subjectwasaskedbytheagenttodeliverelectricalshocksthatcamefromapanelthatwasunderthesecondsubject’scontrol.Afterdeliveringashock,thesecondsubjecthadtopickthenexthighestvoltagetousethenexttimeandwouldcontinuetodothisuntilthehighestvoltageof450voltswasreached.
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Onethingthatwasnotknowntothesecondsubjectwasthatthefirstsubjectwassimplyanactorwhowasfakingthepain;thisfirstsubjectwasnotactuallybeingharmedintheprocess.Thisexperimentwasconductedinordertoseehowwellthesecondsubjectwouldobeysomeoneinauthority,nottoharmsomeoneonpurpose.Thestatement
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thatwentalongwiththisstudywas“Whenanauthoritytellsordinarypeopleitistheirjobtodeliverharm,howmuchsufferingwilleachsubjectbewillingtoinflictonanentirelyinnocentpersoniftheinstructionscomefromabove?”Accordingtothisstudy,mostofthesecondsubjectswerewillingtoprovideasmuchpaintothefirstsubjectaswas
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available.Thisledtotheconclusionthatmostsubjectsarewillingtoplacepainuponothersiftheyaretoldtodosobyanauthorityfigureofsomesort.Ofcourse,whenitcomestopersuasion,painisnotsomethingthatisnecessaryatalltimesinordertochangethewaythatpeoplethink.This
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studywasjustanillustrationofhowthesubjectisgoingtoreacttotheagentiftheagentisabletoprovetheyaresomesortofauthoritarianperson.Keepingthisinmindcanhelptheagenttoreachtheirownagenda.
ScarcityScarcityisanotherformofpersuasionthatpeople
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maybefamiliarwithbutwhichisoftenunderestimated.Whenaproductorideahasalimitedavailability,itismorelikelytobeassignedahighervalue.AccordingtoCialdini“peoplewantmoreofwhattheycannothave.”Whilethismightsoundlikeitisdescribingachildwhoistryingtogetintothecookiejarwhentheyaretoldno,itcanalso
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describehowregularadultswillact.Whenthereistheissueofscarcitytoconsider,thecontextisgoingtomatteraswell.Thissimplymeansthatwithinspecificcontexts,theideaofscarcitymightactuallybeanadvantage.Theagentofpersuasionwillbeabletousetheideaofscarcitytotheiradvantage.Theywillneed
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tofindawaytomakethesubjectbelievethattheitemisscarcebyexplainingwhythatitemissospecialandwhatitdoesthatnothingelseisabletodo.Theagentisgoingtohavetoworktheirsubjectintherightway.Theagentcanalsochoosetogotheotherway;ratherthanexplainingwhatthecustomerwillgainbytheitemoridea,theycan
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explainwhattheywilllosebynothavingtheitem.Forexample,theagentcouldsaysomethinglike“youwilllose$5”ratherthangoingwith“youcouldsave$5”.Thisisjustanotherwaythattheagentwillbeabletomakesomethingsoundlikeitisscarcer.Therearetworeasonswhythisprincipleofscarcityworks.Firstoff,when
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itemsorproductsaredifficulttoobtain,theywillusuallygainmorevalue.Themorevalueanitemhasthebetterqualityitwillseemtohave,evenifthisisnottrue.Thesecondthingisthatwhensomethingisnotasavailableasitoncewas,thesubjectwillbegintorealizethattheyaregoingtolosethechanceatacquiringitinthefuture.Oncethisbeginsto
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happen,thesubjectwillbegintoassigntheserviceoritemthatisscarceahighervaluesimplysinceitisgoingtobecomehardertoacquire.Theideathatisbehindthisprincipleisthatthesubjectisgoingtowantthethingsthatareoutoftheirreach.Ifsomethingiseasytoget,noonewillwantitasmuchaswhentheitemismore
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difficult.Iftheagentisabletoplanttheideathattheirthoughts,beliefs,oritemsarescarceanddifficulttocomeby,theywillhaveamuchhigherchanceofseeingsuccessintheirpersuasionefforts.
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PersuasionTechniquesIftheagentwantstobesuccessfulinpersuadingthesubjectintosomething,theyaregoingtohavetocomeupwithsometechniquesthatwillhelpthemout.Everydaythesubjectisgoingtobeconfrontedwithdifferentformsofpersuasion.Foodmakerswillworktogetthesubjecttopurchasethe
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newproductsormoreoftheoldwhilestudioswilladvertisetheirlatestblockbusters.Sincepersuasioncanbefoundalmostanywhere,itisgoingtobeabigchallengetotheagenttofindawaytoimpresstheirpointofviewonthesubject.Thetechniquesthatcomewithpersuasionhavebeenobservedandstudiedfor
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manyyears,allthewaybacktoancienttimes.Thishasbeendonebecauseinfluenceissousefultoawidevarietyofdifferentpeople.Theformalstudyofthesetechniqueshasgrownstartingintheearly20thcentury.Sincetheultimategoalofusingpersuasionistoconvincethesubjecttotakethepersuasiveargument,
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internalizeit,andthenadoptitasanewattitude,thereisalotofvalueindiscoveringwhichtechniquesofpersuasionarethemostsuccessful.Thethreepersuasiontechniquesthatprovidethemostvaluetotheagentandwhichwillbediscussedinthissectionarecreatinganeed,appealingtothesocialneeds,andusingloaded
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imagesandwords.
CreateaNeedOnewaythattheagentisgoingtobeabletogetthesubjecttochangetheirwayofthinkingistocreateaneedortheycanappealtoaneedthatalreadyexistedinthesubject.Thistypeofpersuasionwillappealtothesubjectifdonecorrectly;thismeansthat
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fortheagenttobesuccessfultheywillneedtoappealtothefundamentalneedsofthesubjectsuchastheirneedforself-actualization,self-esteem,love,food,andshelter.Thereasonthatthismethodisgoingtoworksowellfortheagentisbecausethesubjectisactuallygoingtoneedthesethings.Foodisnotsomethingthattheywillbeabletosurvive
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withoutforverylong.Iftheagentisabletopersuadethesubjectthattheirstoreisthebestorbyswitchingtheirbeliefstheywouldbeabletogetmorefoodorshelter,thereisahigherchanceforsuccess.
AppealingtoSocialNeedsNext,theagentcould
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appealtothesocialneedsofthesubject.Whilesocialneedsarenotaseffectivetouseastheprimaryneeds,theyarestillanimportanttoolthatcanbeused.Peopleliketobewantedandpartofthecrowd.Theyliketheprestigethatsomeitemsareabletogivethemandtofeelliketheybelonginahighersocialstanding.Theideaofappealingtothe
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socialneedsofthesubjectcanbefoundinmosttelevisioncommercialsthatareon;inthesecommercialstheviewerwillbeencouragedtobuyanitemsothattheycanbecomewell-knownorbejustlikeeveryoneelse.Whentheagentappealstothesocialneedsofthesubject,theyareabletoreachanewareathatmightinterestthesubject.
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UsingLoadedImagesandWordsWhenitcomestopersuasion,thechoiceofwordsthataremadecanmakeallofthedifference.Therearemanydifferentwaystosaythesamethingbutonewaymightspurthesubjectintoactionwhiletheotherwillnot.Sayingtherightwordstheright
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wayisgoingtomakeallofthedifferencewhenitcomestousingpersuasion.Theexampleaboutthephone-a-thonearlierinthischapterisagoodexampleofhowwordscanbeusedtopersuadesubjectstojumpintoaction.Persuasionisapowerfultoolofmindcontrolthatisoftenunderestimatedand
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overlooked.Perhapsthisisbecauseitoffersmoreofachoicetothesubjectcomparedtotheotherformsofmindcontrol.Intheotheroptions,thesubjectisforcedintosubmission,sometimesinisolation,bytheagentandendsupnothavingmuchofachoiceinwhatisgoingonintheprocess.Intermsofpersuasion,thefactsarepresentedsothatthe
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subjectisabletomakeuptheirownmind,evenifthefactsareplacedinacertainwaytoshowtheminthebestlight.
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Chapter6:Deception
Thenexttypeofmindcontrolthatwillbediscussedisdeception.Thismindcontroltechniqueisgoingtohavesomesimilaritiestomanipulationinthefactthatmanipulatorswillusealotofdeceptioninordertogettotheirfinalgoal.
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Thischapterwillgointomoredetailsabouthowdeceptionworks,thetechniquesinvolvedinit,andsomeoftheresearchthathasbeenfound.
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WhatisDeception?Tostartwithisthedefinitionaboutwhatdeceptionis.Deception,alongwithsubterfuge,mystification,bluff,deceit,andbeguilement,isanactusedbytheagenttopropagatebeliefsinthesubjectaboutthingsthatarefalsehoodsorwhichareonlypartialtruths.Deceptioncaninvolvealot
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ofdifferentthingssuchasconcealment,camouflage,distraction,sleightofhand,propaganda,anddissimulation.Theagentwillbeabletocontrolthemindofthesubjectbecausethesubjectisgoingtotrustthem.Thesubjectwillbelievewhattheagentissayingandmightevenbebasingfutureplansandshapingtheirworldbasedonthe
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thingsthattheagenthasbeentellingthem.Iftheagentispracticingtheprocessofdeception,thethingstheyhavebeentellingthesubjectwillbefalse.Trustcaneasilyberuinedoncethesubjectfindsout,whichiswhytheagentmustbetalentedattheprocessofdeceptionandgoodatturningthingsaroundiftheywantto
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continueonwiththeirsubject.Often,deceptionwillcomeupintermsofrelationshipsanditcanleadtofeelingsofdistrustandbetrayalbetweenthetwopartnerswhoareintherelationship.Thisisbecausedeceptionviolatestherulesofmostrelationshipsandisalsoseentohaveanegative
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influenceontheexpectationsthatcomewiththatrelationship.Mostpeopleexpecttobeabletohaveatruthfulconversationwiththeirpartner;iftheyhavelearnedthattheirpartnerisdeceptive,theywouldhavetolearnhowtousemisdirectionanddistractioninordertogetthereliableandtruthfulinformationthatthey
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need.Thetrustwouldalsobegonefromtherelationship,makingitdifficulttobuildtherelationshipbackuptowhereithadoncebeen.Thesubjectwouldalwaysbequestioningthethingsthattheagentwastellingthem,wonderingifthestoryweretrueorsomethingmadeup.Becauseofthisnewmistrust,most
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relationshipswillendoncethesubjectfindsoutaboutthedeceptionoftheagent.
TypesofDeceptionDeceptionisaformofcommunicationthatreliesonomissionsandliesinordertoconvincethesubjectoftheworldthatbestfitstheagent.Sincethereiscommunicationinvolved,therewillalsobe
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severaldifferenttypesofdeceptionthatcouldbeoccurring.AccordingtotheInterpersonalDeceptionTheory,thereare5differenttypesofdeceptionthatarefound.Someofthesehavebeenshownintheotherformsofmindcontrol,showingthattherecanbesomeoverlapping.Thefivemainformsofdeceptioninclude:
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Lies:thisiswhentheagentmakesupinformationorgivesinformationthatiscompletelydifferentfromwhatisthetruth.Theywillpresentthisinformationtothesubjectasfactandthesubjectwillseeitasthetruth.This
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canbedangeroussincethesubjectwillnotrealizethattheyarebeingfedfalseinformation;ifthesubjectknewtheinformationwasfalse,theywouldnotlikelybetalkingtotheagentandnodeceptionwouldoccur.
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Equivocations:thisiswhentheagentwillmakecontradictory,ambiguous,orindirectstatements.Thisisdonetoleadthesubjecttogetconfusedandtonotunderstandwhatisgoingon.Itcanalsohelp
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theagenttosavefaceifthesubjectcomesbacklaterandtriestoblamethemforthefalseinformation.
Concealments:thisisoneofthemostcommontypesofdeceptionthatareused.
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Concealmentsarewhentheagentomitsinformationthatisrelevantorimportanttothecontext,intentionally,ortheyengageinanybehaviorthatwouldhideinformationthatisrelevanttothesubjectforthat
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particularcontext.Theagentwillnothavedirectlyliedtothesubject,buttheywillhavemadesurethattheimportantinformationthatisneedednevermakesittothesubject.
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Exaggeration:thisiswhentheagentwilloverstateafactorstretchthetruthalittlebitinordertoturnthestorythewaythattheywouldlike.Whiletheagentmaynotbedirectlylyingtothesubject,theyaregoingto
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makethesituationseemlikeabiggerdealthanitreallyisortheymaychangethetruthalittlebitsothatthesubjectwilldowhattheywant.
Understatements:anunderstatement
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istheexactoppositeoftheexaggerationtoolinthattheagentisgoingtodownplayorminimizeaspectsofthetruth.Theywilltellthesubjectthataneventisnotthatbigofdealwheninfactitcouldbethethingthat
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determinesifthesubjectgetstograduateorgetsthatbigpromotion.Theagentwillbeabletogobacklaterandsayhowtheydidnotrealizehowbigofadealitwas,leavingthemtolookgoodandthesubjecttolook
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almostpettyiftheycomplain.
Thesearejustafewofthetypesofdeceptionthatmightbefound.Theagentofdeceptionisgoingtouseanymethodthatisattheirdisposalinordertogettotheirfinalgoal,muchlikewhatoccursintheotherformsofmindcontrol.Iftheyareabletoreachtheirgoalusinganothermethod
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againstthesubject,thentheyaregoingtodoitsothelistaboveisinnowayexclusive.Theagentofdeceptioncanbereallydangerousbecausethesubjectwillnotbeabletotellwhatthetruthisandwhatanactofdeceptionis;theagentisgoingtobesoskilledatwhattheydothatitwillbealmostimpossibletodeterminewhatisthetruthandwhatisnot.
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MotivesforDeceptionResearchershavedeterminedthattherearethreemainmotivesthatarepresentindeceptionsfoundincloserelationships.Thesewouldincludepartnerfocusedmotives,self-focusedmotives,andrelationshipfocusedmotives.
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Let’slookatthepartnerfocusedmotivesfirst.Inthiskindofmotive,theagentisgoingtousedeceptioninordertoavoidcausingharmtothesubject,ortheirpartner.Theymayalsousethedeceptioninordertoprotectthesubject'srelationshipwithanoutsidethirdparty,toavoidhavingthesubject
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worryaboutsomething,ortokeeptheself-esteemofthesubjectintact.Often,thiskindofmotivationfordeceptionwillbeviewedasrelationallybeneficialaswellassociallypolite.Thiskindofdeceptionisnotasbadassomeoftheothers.Iftheagenthearsaboutsomethingbadthatthesubject’sbestfriendsaidaboutthem,theagent
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maychoosetokeepittothemselves.Whilethisisaformofdeception,ithelpsthesubjectkeepthatfriendshipwhilepreventingthesubjectfromfeelingbadforthemselves.Thisistheformofdeceptionthatisfoundthemostfrequentlyinrelationshipsandmightalsonotcausethatmuchdamageiffoundout.Mostcoupleswouldchooseto
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utilizethisformofdeceptioninordertoprotecttheirpartner.Nextistheself-focusedmotiveofdeception.Thisoneisnotconsideredtobeasnobleasthefirstoneandisthereforemorelookeddownuponthantheothermethods.Insteadofworryingaboutthesubjectandhowtheyarefeeling,theagentisgoingtojust
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thinkabouthowtheyfeelandabouttheirownself-image.Inthismotive,theagentisusingthedeceptioninordertoprotectorenhancetheirownself-image.Thisformofdeceptionisusedinordertoshieldtheagentfromcriticism,embarrassment,oranger.Whenthisdeceptionisusedintherelationship,itisusuallyperceivedtobea
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moreseriousissueandtransgressionthanwhatisfoundwiththepartner-focuseddeception.Thisisbecausetheagentischoosingtoactinaselfishwayratherthanworkingtoprotecttherelationshiportheotherpartner.Finally,therelationshipfocusedmotiveofdeception.Thisdeceptionwillbeusedbytheagentin
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thehopeoflimitinganyharmthatmightcometotherelationshipsimplybyavoidingrelationaltraumaandconflict.Dependingonthesituation,thisformofdeceptionwillsometimeshelptherelationshipandatothertimesitmightbethecauseofharmingtherelationshipbecauseitisgoingtomakethingsmorecomplicated.Forexample,ifyouchoosetohidehow
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youarefeelingaboutsupperbecauseyoudonotwanttogetinafight,thismighthelptherelationship.Ontheotherhand,ifyouhadanaffairandchoosetokeepthisinformationtoyourself,itisonlygoingtomakethingsmorecomplicatedintheend.Regardlessoftheintentionofdeceptioninthe
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relationship,itisnotrecommended.Theagentiswithholdinginformationthatmightbeimportanttothesubject;oncethesubjectfindsoutaboutit,theywillstarttolosetrustintheagentandwonderwhatelsetheagentishidingfromthem.Thesubjectisnotgoingtobetooconcernedforthereasonbehindthedeception,theywilljustbe
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upsetthatsomethinghasbeenkeptfromthemandtherelationshipwillbegintohaveacrack.Itisoftenbesttostickwiththepolicyofhonestyintherelationshipandsurroundyourselfwithpeoplewhodonotpracticedeceptioninyoursocialgroup.
DetectingDeceptionIfthesubjectisinterested
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inavoidingdeceptionintheirlifeinordertoavoidthemindgamesthatcomewithit,itisoftenagoodideatolearnhowtodetectwhendeceptionisgoingon.Often,itisdifficultforthesubjecttodeterminethatdeceptionisoccurringunlesstheagentslipsupandeithertellsaliethatisobviousorblatantortheycontradictsomethingthatthesubjectalreadyknows
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tobetrue.Whileitmaybedifficultfortheagenttodeceivethesubjectforalongperiod,itissomethingthatwillcommonlyoccurineverydaylifebetweenpeoplewhoknoweachother.Detectingwhendeceptionoccursisoftendifficultbecausetherearenotreallyanyindicatorsthatarecompletelyreliabletotellwhendeceptionhappens.
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Deception,though,iscapableofplacingalargeloadonthecognitivefunctioningoftheagentsincetheyaregoingtohavetofigureouthowtorecallallofthestatementsthattheyhavemadetothesubjectsothatthestoryremainsbelievableandconsistent.Oneslipupandthesubjectwillbeabletotellthatsomethingisnot
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right.Becauseofthestrainofkeepingthestorystraight,theagentismuchmorelikelytoleakoutinformationtotipoffthesubjecteitherthroughnonverbalorverbalcues.Researchersbelievethatdetectingdeceptionisaprocessthatiscognitive,fluid,andcomplexandwhichwilloftenvarydependingonthemessage
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thatisbeingexchanged.AccordingtotheInterpersonalDeceptionTheory,deceptionisaniterativeanddynamicprocessofinfluencebetweentheagent,whoworkstomanipulatetheinformationhowtheywantitsothatitisdifferentfromthetruth,andthesubject,whowillthenattempttofigureoutifthemessageisvalidornot.
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Theagent’sactionsaregoingtobeinterrelatedtotheactionsthatthesubjecttakesaftertheyreceivethemessage.Duringthisexchange,theagentisgoingtorevealthenonverbalandverbalinformationthatwillcuethesubjectintothedeceit.Atsomepoints,thesubjectmaybeabletotellthattheagenthasbeenlyingtothem.
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Itisnotalwayspossibletotellwhentheagentisbeingdeceptive.AccordingtoAlertVrij,anoteddeceptionscholar,therearenotanynonverbalbehaviorsthatareassociatedwithdeceptionuniquely.Whiletherearesomenonverbalbehaviorsthatcanbecorrelatedwiththeactofdeception,thesecuescanalsooccurwhen
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otherbehaviorsarepresentsoitisdifficulttodetermineiftheagentisusingdeceptionunlesstheydoanoutrightlie.Anotherscholarofdeception,MarkFrank,proposesanotherideaofdeceptionthatincludeshowitcanbedetectedatthesubject’scognitivelevel.Whendeceptionoccurs,itrequiresa
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consciousbehaviorthatisdeliberateonthepartoftheagentsothelisteningtowordsandpayingattentiontothebodylanguagethatisgoingonarebothcriticalwhentryingtodeterminingifsomeoneisdeceivingyou.Ifsomeoneoffersupaquestionandtheagentisnotwillingtoansweritdirectly,insteadusingsomeformofdisturbance,
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hasapoorstructureoflogic,repeatswordsalot,anduseslesstimetalkingforthatparticularquestion,theyaremostlikelylying.Basically,therearenotmanysignsthatcanbeconsideredwhentryingtofigureoutwhendeceptionisoccurring.Thereareafewnonverbalsignsthatmightbepresentwhen
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someoneisdeceiving,buttheymightalsohavesomeotherissuesuchasnervousnessorbeingshy.
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MainComponentsofDeceptionWhileitmaybedifficulttodeterminewhichfactorsshowwhendeceptionisoccurring,therearesomecomponentsthataretypicalofdeception.Oftenthesubjectwillnotrealizethatthesecomponentshaveoccurredunlesstheagenthastoldanoutrightlieorbeencaughtinthe
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actofdeceiving.Thesearecomponentsthatwillberecognizedlateroniftheagentisusingtheprocessofdeceptionintherightway.Thethreemaincomponentsofdeceptionincludecamouflage,disguise,andsimulation.
CamouflageThefirstcomponentofdeceptioniscamouflage.
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Thisiswhentheagentisworkingtohidethetruthinanotherwaysothatthesubjectwillnotrealizethattheyaremissingtheinformation.Oftenthistechniquewillbeusedwhentheagentuseshalf-truthswhentheyaretellinginformation.Thesubjectwillnotrealizethatthecamouflaginghasoccurreduntillaterwhenthesetruthsarerevealedin
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someway.Theagentwillbeskilledincamouflagingthetruthsothatitisreallydifficultforthesubjecttofindoutaboutthedeceptionbychance.
DisguiseDisguiseisanothercomponentthatcanbefoundintheprocessofdeception.Whenthisoccurs,theagentis
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workingtocreateanimpressionofbeingsomethingorsomebodyelse.Thisiswhentheagentishidingsomethingaboutthemselvesfromthesubjectsuchastheirrealname,whattheydoforajob,whotheyhavebeenwith,andwhattheyareuptowhentheygoout.Thisgoesfurtherthanjustchangingtheoutfitthatsomeonewearsinaplayor
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amovie;whendisguiseisusedintheprocessofdeception,theagentistryingtochangetheirwholepersonainordertotrickanddeceivethesubject.Thereareseveralexamplesthatcanillustratetheuseofdisguiseintheprocessofdeception.Thefirstisinrelationstotheagentdisguisingthemselves,
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usuallyasanotherperson,sothattheyarenotrecognizable.Theagentmaydothisinordertogetbackintoacrowdofpeoplethatdoesnotlikethem,changetheirpersonalitiestomakesomeonelikethem,orforanotherreasontofurthertheirgoals.Insomecases,theworddisguisecanrefertotheagentdisguisingthetruenatureofaproposalin
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thehopesofhidinganeffectormotivationthatisunpopularwiththatproposal.Oftenthisformofdisguiseisfoundinpropagandaorpoliticalspin.Disguisecanbeharmfulbecauseitishidingthetruenatureofwhatisgoingon.Iftheagentishidingwhotheyarefromthesubject,itcanbereally
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difficultforthesubjecttodeterminewhotheyreallyare.Wheninformationiswithheldfromthesubject,itcloudsthewaythattheyareabletothinksincetheydonothavetherightinformationtomakelogicalchoices.Whilethesubjectmaythinkthattheyaremakinglogicalchoicesoftheirownfreewill,theagenthastakenawaykeyinformationthatmay
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changethesubject’smind.
SimulationThethirdcomponentofdeceptionisknownassimulation.Thisconsistsofshowingthesubjectinformationwhichisfalse.Therearethreetechniquesthatcanbeusedinsimulationincludingdistraction,fabrication,andmimicry.
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Inmimicry,orthecopyingofanothermodel,theagentwillbeunconsciouslydepictingsomethingthatissimilartothemselves.Theymayhaveanideathatissimilartosomeoneelse’sandinsteadofgivingcredit,theywillsaythatitisalltheirs.Thisformofsimulationcanoftenoccurthroughauditory,visual,andothermeans.
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Fabricationisanothertoolthattheagentmayusewhenusingdeception.Whatthismeansisthattheagentwilltakesomethingthatisfoundinrealityandchangeitsothatitisdifferent.Theymaytellastorythatdidnothappenoraddinembellishmentsthatmakeitsoundbetterorworsethanitreallywas.Whilethecoreofthestory
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maybetrue,yestheydidgetabadgradeonatest,itisgoingtohavesomeextrathingsputinsuchastheteachergavethemabadgradeonpurpose.Therealityisthattheagentdidn’tstudyandthatiswhytheygotthebadgradeinthefirstplace.Finally,distractionisanotherformofsimulationindeception.Thisiswhen
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theagenttriestogetthesubjecttofocustheirattentiononsomethingotherthanthetruth;usuallybybaitingorofferingsomethingthatmightbemoretemptingthanthetruththatisbeingconcealed.Forexample,ifthehusbandischeatingandthinksthewifeisstartingtofindout,hemaybringhomeadiamondringtodistractherfromthe
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issueforashortwhile.Theissuewiththistechniqueisthatitoftendoesnotlastlongandtheagentmustfindanotherwaytodeceivethesubjectinordertokeeptheprocessgoing.
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ResearchonDeceptionDeceptionhasbecomeamajorpartofeverydaylife.Whethertheagentmeanstocauseharmornot,therearemanyinstanceswheredeceptionwillcreepintorelationshipsofallsorts.Theagentmaydeceivetheirbossinordertogetmoretimetofinishaproject;aspousemaydeceivetheirpartnerin
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ordertonothurttheirfeelings.Whilemanycasesarenottocauseharm,theyarestillpresentinsociety.Becauseofthisprevalence,therehasbeenresearchdonetotryanddeterminewhyitoccursandwhomaybemorelikelytoperformtheacts.
SocialResearchSociallytherehasbeen
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someresearchdonetoseetheeffectsofdeceptiononsociety.Thereareseveralmethodologiesfoundinsocialresearch,suchasinpsychology,whichdealdirectlywithdeception.Inthesemethodologies,theresearchersaregoingtointentionallymisinformormisleadtheirparticipantsintermsofwhatisreallygoingonintheexperiment.Thiskeepsthe
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subjectsunawareastowhatisgoingonandwillhelptodeliverbetterresults.Astudythatwasdonein1963byStanleyMilgramshowshowdeceptionwillworkonpeople.Theagentstoldthesubjectsthattheywouldbehelpingoutinastudythatdealtwithlearningandmemory;inrealitythisstudywas
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lookingathowwillingthesubjectsweretoobeyingcommandsofsomeonewhoisincharge,evenwhenthatobeyingmeantthattheywouldhavetoinflictpainupononeoftheothersubjects.Whilethepersonwhowasreceivingthepainwasjustanactoranddidnotreallygetharmedintheexperiment,itwasfoundthatthesubjectswouldinflictthe
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highestavailablepainontheactoriftoldtodosobytheauthority.Attheendofthisstudy,thesubjectsweretoldwhatthestudy’struenaturewasandpeopleweregivenassistanceinordertoinsuretheyleftinastateofwell-being.Theuseofdeceptioninthisrolehasraisedalotofissueswithresearchethics.Currentlyitisbeing
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regulatedbytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandotherprofessionalbodiestoensurethatthesubjectsarebeingtreatedfairlyandarenotreceivingundoharmintheprocess.
PsychologicalResearchPsychologicalresearchisthebranchthatwilluse
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deceptionthemostbecausethisisnecessarytodeterminetheresultsthatwouldactuallyhappen.Therationalebehinddoingthisdeceptionstatesthathumansareverysensitivetothewaythattheymightappeartoothers,aswellastothemselves,andtheself-consciousnessthattheyfeelmaydistortorinterferewiththewaythesubjectwouldbehavein
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normalcircumstancesoutsideofdoingtheresearchwheretheywouldnotfeelscrutinized.Thedeceptionismeanttomakethesubjectsfeelmoreateasesothattheagentisabletogetmoreaccurateresults.Forexample,theagentmightbeinterestedtofindoutwhatconditionsmightmakeastudentcheatona
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test.Iftheagentasksthestudentoutright,itisnotverylikelythatthesubjectswouldadmittocheatingandtherewouldbenowayfortheagenttofigureoutwhoistellingthetruthandwhoisnot.Inthiscase,theagentwouldhavetousedistractioninordertogetanaccurateideaofhowoftencheatingoccurs.Theagentmightinsteadsaythestudyistofindouthow
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intuitivethesubjectis;thesubjectmightevenbetoldduringtheprocessthattheymayhavetheopportunitytolookatsomeoneelse’sanswersbeforetheygivetheirown.Attheendofthisresearchthatinvolvesdeception,itisrequiredthattheagenttellsthesubjectwhatthetruenatureofthestudyisandwhythedeceptionwasnecessary.Also,most
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agentswillalsoprovideaquicksummaryoftheresultsthatoccurredbetweenalloftheparticipantswhentheresearchisalldone.Althoughdeceptionisusedalotinthesekindsofresearchstudies,theyareboundbytheethicalguidelinessetoutbytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,thereare
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somedebatesaboutwhetherdeceptionissomethingthatshouldbepermittedatall.Somebelievethatallowingdeceptionisnotnecessaryanditiscausingharmtothesubjectswhoareparticipating.Othersbelievethattheresultswouldbeskewedifthesubjectsknewtheexactnatureofthestudyaheadoftime.Oftenthebiggest
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issuewithusingdeceptioninastudyisnottheactualdeceptionitself.Rather,itistheunpleasanttreatmentthatisusedinastudyofthissort,aswellastheimplicationsofwhatisgoingtohappeninthestudythatisunpleasant.Thisisusuallytheunderlyingreasonwhysomeareagainstusingthesekindsofstudiesandwhyitisconsideredtobe
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unethicalinnature.Anotherargumentagainsttheethicsofusingdeceptioninthesekindsofstudiesisthatthesubjecthasalreadygiventheirinformedconsenttoparticipateinthestudy.Theyhavebeenreadtherulesandregulationsthatgoalongwiththestudyandfeelliketheyareinformedenoughaboutthe
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endresultsthatarewantedinordertosignawaiverinordertobegin.Itisarguedthatiftheagentisdeceivingthesubjectandleavingoutimportantinformationaboutthestudy,regardlessofifitisinthebestinterestofthestudy,thenthesubjectreallyisnotinformedtostartwith.Becauseofthis,thesubjectshouldnotbeparticipatinginthestudy
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sincetheydidnotexplicitlygiveconsenttotheactualstudybeingconducted.Regardlessoftheargumentsthatareoutthereonthistopic,therehavebeensomeinterestingfindingswhenthesubjectsaredeceivedaboutthenatureofthestudy.Forexample,inregardstothestudymentionedaboveaboutcheating;ifthe
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subjectshadbeentoldaboutthetruenatureofthestudyitisnotlikelythatmostofthemwouldhavecheated.Thiswouldbebecausenoneofthemwouldwanttobeseenasdishonestorfalsetoothersaroundthem.Thedeceptionallowedtheresearcherstoseewhatwouldhappeninarealworldapplication.In
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addition,ifthesubjectsofthememorytestmentionedearlierintheguidebookknewthetruenatureaboutthatstudy,theywouldnothavebeenaslikelytolistentotheauthorityfigureandadministertheresultsthattheydid.Despitetheobjectionsthathavebeenformedaboutusingdeceptionin
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research,theuseofdeceptionhasprovidedresearcherswithalotofinterestingresults.Theseresultsmaynothavebeenpossiblewithouttheuseofdeceptionsincethesubjectmayhavereactedinadifferentwaytothestudy.
PhilosophyPsychologymaybethemainreasonthatdeception
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isusedinresearch,butthereisalsoalotofdeceptionthathasshownupinmodernphilosophy.Infact,deceptionisaveryregularoccurrenceinphilosophy.Forexample,inthemeditationsofDescartesthatwerepublishedin1641,thenotionofDeusdeceptorwasintroduced;thisnotionwassomethingthatwasabletodeceivetheego,
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whenitwasthinkinglogically,aboutwhatwasgoingoninreality.Thisnotionwentontobeusedaspartofhishyperbolicdoubt;thisiswherethesubjectthenbeginstodoubteverythingthatisavailabletodoubtbecausetheyhavebeendeceivedinthepast.Often,skepticalargumentswillusethisDeusdeceptorastheirmainstayinordertoput
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intodoubtorquestiontheknowledgeofrealitythatonepersonholds.Themainpartoftheargumentstatesthateverythingthesubjectknowsmaybewrongsinceitiseasytodeceivethesubject.Thisisjustoneofthecasesofdeceptionfoundinphilosophy.Manyworkshavebeenwrittenonthistopictryingtoexplain
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exactlywhatitis,howitaffectsthesubject,andwaysthatthesubjectmaybeabletoavoidcomingincontactwithit.Therehasalsobeenalotofresearchdonetryingtodeterminewhendeceptionmaybefineandwhenitcanbeharmful.Thisisupforconsiderabledebate;somepeoplebelievethatalldeceptionisbadwhileothersseedeceptionin
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ordertosavesomeone’sfeelingsasfineinsomecasessuchasahusbandwithholdingthefactthatsomeonesaidsomethingmeanabouttheirwife.
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ConclusionThisguidebooktooksometimetoexplorethedifferenttypesofmindcontrolthatarepresentintheworldtodayaswellassomeofthemethodsandtechniquesthatgoalongwitheachkind.Eachofthemindcontroltechniquesworkinadifferentway.Brainwashingworksto
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convincethesubjecttochangetheirwholeidentitywiththeuseofisolation,shaming,andeventuallyofferingawaytofeelbetterthatconformstothenewdesiredidentity.Hypnosisallowsthesubjecttoenteranewalteredstateofmindwheretheywillbemorelikelytobeperceptiveandopentonewideas.Ontheotherhand,
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manipulationanddeceptionwillalterthecurrentthoughtprocessofthesubjectusingsubterfugeasaprimarytactic,whilepersuasioninvolvesinfluencingaperson'sbeliefs,attitudes,intentions,motivationsorbehaviors.Exceptforbrainwashinganddeception,mindcontrolisatoolthatcanbe
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usedinapositivewaytoachieveone'sgoalsorobjectives.Italldependsonthetypeofmindcontrolthatisinvolvedandtheintentoftheindividualwhowantstoapplyit.Italsodependsonwhetherthetargetorsubjectofmindcontrolwillbenefitfromit.
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