Control Cultural, Biológico y Químico de Enfermedades de ...€¦ · Disease Management through...

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Control Cultural, Biológico y Químico de Enfermedades de Céspedes: Investigaciones mas Recientes ALFREDO MARTINEZ ESPINOZA DEPARTAMENTO DE FITOPATOLOGIA UNIVERSIDAD DE GEORGIA HSC Organics Ryan Bymaster

Transcript of Control Cultural, Biológico y Químico de Enfermedades de ...€¦ · Disease Management through...

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Control Cultural, Biológico y Químico de Enfermedades

de Céspedes:

Investigaciones mas Recientes

ALFREDO MARTINEZ ESPINOZA

DEPARTAMENTO DE FITOPATOLOGIA

UNIVERSIDAD DE GEORGIA

HSC OrganicsRyan Bymaster

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Patogeno

Hospedero

Factores ambientales

ENFERMEDAD

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ENFERMEDAD

VS

PROBLEMAS CAUSADO POR CONDICIONES EXTREMAS

DE HUMEDAD, TEMPERATURA

PROBLEMAS DE CULTIVO

FITOTOXICIDAD

DEFICIENCIAS

DAŇO MECANICO

ENFERMEDAD

NO UNIFORME

PROGRESIVA

ESPECIFICA

FACTOR ABIOTICO

APARICION REPENTINA

UNIFORME

MAS DE UN HOSPEDERO

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CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES

Plaguicidas

Productos/ Control

Biológicos

Hospedero/ Manejo de Especies

Especies adecuadas, tolerantes a enfermedades

Aspectos culturales y ambientales

Prevención, Sanidad, Cultivo, Fertilidad, Humedad

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CONTROL DE ENFERMEDADES DE CESPEDES:

IMPLEMENTACION DE PRACTICAS SUSTENTABLES

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• Sanidad de Plantas (Plant Health) y Cuidado en la sanidad de plantas Plant

Health Care) (PHC) – Un Sistema comprensivo y complete para preservar la

vitalidad, la integridad, estuctura y aparicencia de la planta con

expectativas nuevas y reasonables

• Evaluacion y preparacion del sitio

• Seleccion, establecimiento y cultivo

• Gestion integral de plantas

• Manejo. (gestion) integrada de Plagas (enfermedades) (MIP/MIE) –

Integracion de tacticas culturales, biologicas y quimicas

Re-Adaptacion al Manejo de Enfermedades

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• Establecimiento de pasos preventivos es vital para una manejo efectivo

• Establecimiento de periodos de riesgo de la enfermedad

• Tratar la causa en lugar de los sintomas

• No solamente considerar las areas afectadas sino Tambien observar y

gestionar las areas adyacentes

• Desarrollar conocimiento de lo que esta pasando en greens, calles y roughs

especificos

Re-Adaptacion al Manejo de Enfermedades=

Implementacion de las Practicas de Gestion Optimas (Best

Management Practices BMP’s)

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• Es efectivo= Ejemplos en la área de Atlanta

• No requiere mas tiempo. Balancear y re-localizar trabajo. “Work smarter not harder”

• No cuesta mas. Substitución en lugar de adición. Fungicidas + Practicas culturales o uso

de biofungicidas

• No requiere un entrenamiento exhaustivo

• Todo el personal debe comprometerse

• Basado en análisis de riesgo, mantener la calidad y/o establecer umbrales adaptables

• Focaliza en Prevención

Debemos Considerar que el Manejo Integrado de Enfermedades

Re-Adaptacion al Manejo de Enfermedades=

Implementacion de las Practicas Optimas de Gestion (Best

Management Practices BMP’s)

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Periodos Susceptibles y Patrones Climaticos

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Investigaciones Recientes en el Control Quimico de Enfermedades

Control

Quimico

Resistencia

Genetica

Manipulacion

ambiental

Nutricion de la

Planta

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Control Quimico Contra Mancha Dollar

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DOLLAR SPOT (Clarireedia

Sclerotinia homoeocarpa)

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•Symptoms on seashore paspalum.

Increased fitness/aggressiveness?

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•Infection requirements

50oF – 80oF (Anytime on bermudagrass /more common on Early Spring Late Fall)

>10 hrs leaf wetness/day

Dry Soils

Low Nitrogen/Potassium (fertility) promotes growth of the fungus

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EFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES FOR DOLLAR SPOT (Sclerotinia

homoeocarpa) IN SEASHORE PASPALUM (Paspalum vaginatum)

PASPALUM INCREASING IN POPULARITY

NOT MANY OPTIONS FOR DOLLAR SPOT CONTROL

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PRODUCTS FOR DS CONTROL

SOME COMMON FUNGICIDES FOR DS USED IN AGROSTIS DID NOT

PERFORM AS WELL

Xzemplar= fluxapyroxad; Lexicon= fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin

Emerald- boscalid

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EFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES FOR DOLLAR SPOT (Sclerotinia

homoeocarpa) IN SEASHORE PASPALUM (Paspalum vaginatum)

SEAISLE 1 FAIRWAY HEIGHT 2016

GRIFFIN GA

Posterity pydiflumetofen SDHI Dollar spot, SDS, FR SYNGENTA

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Fungicide Resistant Dollar Spot

We detected populations of

Sclerotinia homoeocarpa resistant to

DMI and benzimidazole fungicides in GA.

Populations resistant to dicarboximide fungicides

have been found in a few states.

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Large Patch

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TURFGRASS DISEASE DYNAMICS

UGA Plant Disease Clinic Turfgrass Sample–Commercial 2017 LARGE PATCH (RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI) EN ZOYSIAGRASS (ZOYSIA JAPONICA)

Jan Feb AprMar May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Jan Fe

b

AprMar May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

• NEW (AND USED) FUNGICIDE CHEMISTRIES; FUNGICIDE TIMING, RATES

• POST-EPIDEMIC (CURATIVE –SPRING) MANAGEMENT USING FERTILITY AND FUNGICIDES

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EVALUACION DE FUNGICIDAS EN MANCHA LARGA (RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI) DE ZOYSIA (ZOYSIA JAPONICA)

Mirage= tebuconazole

Xzemplar= fluxapyroxad)

Lexicon= fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin

Trinity= triticonazole

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Fungicidas contra Mancha Parda (Rhizoctonia solani) y Calidad

en el cesped zoysia (Zoysia japonica)

Experimentos de campo evaluados en 2015, 2016, 2017 y 2018

Fungicidas ahora disponibles contra Mancha Parda

Mirage= tebuconazole

Xzemplar= fluxapyroxad

Lexicon= fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin

Velista= penthiopyroxad

CONTROL POST-EPIDEMICO (CURATIVO –PRIMAVERA) USANDO FERTILIDAD Y FUNGICIDAS

Two Nitrogen sources

Three Fungicide Chemical Groups (Strobilurin; DMI; Benzimidazol)

Alone or in combination

Timely fertility in combination with fungicide can speed recovery up

to 5 weeks compared to fungicide alone or fertilizer alone

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Torque = Tebuconazol

Spectro=tiofanato metilico + clorotalonil

Heritage= azoxistrobina

Anuew=Prehexadione calcium (growth

regulator)

Martinez et al, 2014

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Bipolaris cynodontis; B. sorokiniana, B specifera; Exserohilum

•Observed in bermudagrass but also in cool season grasses especially over-

seeding. Observed consistently (most active) in the fall before dormancy and

during spring at green-up.

Improved Management for

Bipolaris Leaf Spot and Crown Rot (Bipolaris Leaf Blotch-Melting out)

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26GT Xtra= Iprodione

Exteris= fluopyram + trifloxystrobin

Lexicon= fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin

Mirage= tebuconazole

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Brote de Bipolaris and Pythium en Bermudagrass greens

Finales de Octubre / November 2018, fresco, lluvioso, nublado

Solo o juntos

Pythium en temperaturas frias es raro pero puede pasar

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•Early vigilance, diagnosis and fertility are key for management. Avoiding

excessive growth will help to reduce the disease

•Phosphorous and potassium regimes, avoiding N spikes.

•Water management and proper irrigation regimes

•Use lightweight mowing equipment to avoid stress on turf

•Readily produces spores, therefore mowing, traffic etc can spread the disease

•Thatch management

Fungicides for bermudagrass leaf spot suppression and turf quality

Similar trials evaluated in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018

Evaluated and now labeled fungicides for Bipolaris leaf spot

26GT Xtra= Iprodione

Exteris= fluopyram + trifloxystrobin

Lexicon= fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin

Xzemplar= fluxapyroxad

Velista= penthiopyroxad

Heritage Action= azoxystrobin + acibenzolar

Daconil action (chlorothalonil + acibenzolar) +Appear (phosphonate)

Inoculation improvement

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Improved control strategies for warm and cool season grasses

COMMERCIAL NAME COMMON NAME CHEMICAL GROUP/TARGET

TARGET PATHOGEN COMPANY

Mirage tebuconazole DMI Rhizoctonia, DS, SDS BAYER

Exteris fluopyram + trifloxystrobin SDHI + Strobilurin Bipolaris BAYER

Xzemplar fluoxapyroxad SDHI Sclerotinia, others BASF

Lexicon fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin SDHI+ Strobilurin Rhizoctonia, DS, SDS, BASF

Velista penthiopyroxad SDHI Rhizoctonia, SDS SYNGENTA

Posterity pydiflumetofen SDHI Dollar spot, SDS, FR SYNGENTA

Kabuto isofetamid SDHI DS, SDS PBI GORDON

Tekken isofetamid + tebuconazole SDHI + DMI DS, SDS PBI GORDON

Divanem Abamectin Nematicide /GABA NEMATODES SYNGENTA

Indemnify fluopyram SDHI NEMATODES BAYER

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Common name

Active Ingredient Type of A. I. Rate Fungi Areas Company

Maxtima Mefentrifluconazole DMI (DemethylInhibitor)

0.4-0.8 fl oz 1000 sq ft

Wide Rangeof Fungi(we tested it on Dollar spot Spring dead spot)

Golf, commercial and Industrial, sod farms, Cemeteries

BASF

NaviconIntrinsic

Mefentrifluconazole+ Pyraclostrobin

DMI (DemethylInhibitor + Strobirulin

0.34-047 oz 1000 sq ft

Wide Rangeof Fungi

Golf, commercial and Industrial, sod farms, Cemeteries

BASF

Latest Developments on Turfgrass Fungicides 2019

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Control Quimico

Resistencia Genetica

Manipulacion ambiental

Nutricion de la Planta

Triangulo de Control de Enfermedades

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Resistencia Genetica

Algunas especies o variedades de cespedes son

mas resistentes que

otras a ciertas enfermedades

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NTEP evaluation of Zoysia spp for developed for greens

Resistant and Susceptible

to Bipolaris leaf spot (Photo Alfredo Martinez 8/01/19)

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Control de Mancha Dolar Especies y Variedades Resistentes

Bermuda Informacion es limitada en cuanto a las diferencias

En susceptibilidad a mancha dolar

Paspalum Las variedades Durban y SeaIsle 1son menos

Susceptibles que otras variedades como Supreme

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• Characterize available seashore paspalum germplasm for its resistance to dollar spot

– USDA collection

– Commercial cultivars

– UGA experimental lines

• Discover genotypes with better resistance for use in breeding program

Evaluation of Seashore Paspalum

Germplasm for Resistance to Dollar Spot

Disease

• Characterize available seashore paspalum germplasm for its resistance to dollar spot

– USDA collection

– Commercial cultivars

– UGA experimental lines

• Discover genotypes with better resistance for use in breeding program

Evaluation of Seashore Paspalum Germplasm

for Resistance to Dollar Spot Disease

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Evaluaciones de Campo

Assess

Visual

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Resultados de la Evaluacion de Germplasma de Paspalum contra

Mancha Dolar

• Niguna linea evaluada presenta una resistencia completa

• Accesiones fluctuoaron desde moderadamente resistentes a muy susceptibles

• No se observo clases concluyentes de resistencia

• Es probable que caracteristica de eresistencia sea controlada por varios genes

(poligenica/cuantitativa)

• Algunas accesiones en nuestra coleccion son promisorias para ser usadas en cruzas

con el germoplasma elite (que tienen excelente caracteristicas agronomicas)

Advanced elite seashore paspalum line (on right) showing S.

homoeocarpa tolerance when compared to susceptible check (left).

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Control Quimico Resistencia Genetica

Manipulacion ambiental

Nutricion de la Planta

Triangulo de Control de Enfermedades

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• FERTILIZACION

– Basada en requerimientos nutricionales

– Imbalances incrementan susceptibilidad

a ciertas enfermedades

– Mancha dólar; Deficiencia en Nitrógeno

y Potasio

– Bipolaris en céspedes de clima cálido-

deficiencia en Potasio

– Antracnosis= Baja fertilidad, estrés

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Disease Management through Manipulation

of Host Nutrition

Enhancement of Disease by Nitrogen

1. Nitrogen enhances some foliar diseases(eg. gray leaf spot, Fusarium patch) by

promoting the rapid production of

young leaf tissue that is less resistant to

fungal enzymes and toxins than older tissue.

2. Nitrogen enhances root diseases by inhibiting

root production in cool-season grasses, or by

stressing roots through the production of excessive

foliage in cool- and warm-season grasses.

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Disease Management through Manipulation

of Host Nutrition

POTASSIUM (K)

1. Some research suggests that K suppresses a few diseases (eg. snow molds) but results are not

extensive.

2. K is considered an element that will increase turfgrass tolerance to stress (heat, drought, disease,

etc.). However, K should only be applied according to soil test results. High applications of K

may result in salt injury to turf.

Phosphorus (P)

There is no direct information indicating that P

suppresses disease symptoms. However, P

may enhance tolerance to root diseases

through its positive effects on root growth in

young plants.

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Disease Management through Manipulation

of Host Nutrition

Minor Elements

There is very little information on the effects

of minor elements on turf disease.

Some evidence suggests that Mn and Zn are

suppressive to Take-All Patch and Take-All

Root Rot.

(Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B, Cl)

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Control Quimico Resistencia Genetica

Manipulacion ambiental

Nutricion de la Planta

Triangulo de Control de Enfermedades

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Disease Management through Environmental

Manipulation

Examples

1. Reduction in the duration of leaf wetness will reduce severity of most foliar

diseases of turfgrasses. This can be accomplished by:

A. Reducing shade – eg. removing or trimming

trees and shrubs.

B. Increasing air circulation – eg. using fans to

dry turf.

C. Avoiding irrigation in late afternoon and early

evening – This will allow turf leaves to dry

before nightfall.

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• Reducción de estrés: Rocío

– Humedad relativa alta

– Evaporación lenta

– Gutacion

– Favorecen el desarrollo, penetración y

esporulación de enfermedades fúngicas

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Rolling and dollar spot control

Rolling using lightweight equipment

reduced incidence of dollar spot

on Agrostis greens

Rolling 3x weekControl NO Rolling

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One of the best SBD, Pythium, Anthracnose

Controls

Very informal, highly

unscientific survey

32 out of 33 samples

did not have fan on the

problematic green

Fan= No problema

Martinez and company

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• Reducción de estrés: Irrigación

– Exceso o deficiencia

– Exceso: incrementa el potencial de

enfermedades radiculares, capa negra,

acumulación de sulfitos, reducción de

oxigeno. Alta humedad en el follaje-

enfermedades foliares. Humedad

excesiva produce esporulación

fúngica. Lixiviación de nutrientes

– Deficiencia: debilita césped, perdida

de turgencia, reduce fotosíntesis,

desecación, disminuye la actividad de

fungicidas

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• Corte

– Altura de corte; este es uno de los

aspectos mas importantes en la

promocion de salud de las plantas

– Frecuencia de corte. Determinar la

cantidad minima de cortes para

proveer un buen juego y calidad

visual

– En Georgia, no cortamos menos de

3.3 mm y no segamos doble. Roll si

necesitas mas firmeza

– Solo cortamos a menos de 3 mm en

dias de torneo

– Usamos Trinexapac-ethyl (Primo) de

0.1-0.2 oz por 1000 sq ft (322-538 gr

ha) cada dos semanas.

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• SUELO

– Propiedades tanto fisicas como Quimicas

– Tipo de suelo: Sand-based, push-up greens

(drenaje, compactación, retención de nutrientes

etc)

– Compactación;

– Salinidad

– Thatch

– PH. Decline radicular, spring dead spot/otras

enfermedades incrementan con pH mayores de

6.4

– Niveles de nutrientes

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Disease Management through Environmental

Manipulation

Examples

Increasing soil pH with lime or decreasing

pH with ammonium sulfate may suppress

certain diseases of turfgrasses. For example,

the acidifying effect of ammonium sulfate

suppresses the growth of the fungi that cause

take-all patch of bentgrass and spring dead

spot of bermudagrass.

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Disease Management BMP

Through Environmental Manipulation

Reducing soil compaction and thatch will

limit the severity of virtually every turfgrass

disease.

“Soil compaction and thatch are the

‘cholesterol and fat’ of turfgrass health”

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• Perfil del patógeno

– Enfermedad

– Síntomas

– Condiciones favorables

– Biología

– Monitoreo

– Practicas de cultivo

– Opciones de control biológico

– Control Químico

• Preventivo

• Curativo

• Selección de fungicida correcto

Mancha dolar

Re-Adaptacion al Manejo de Enfermedades

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• Monitoreo

– Detección de síntomas de la

enfermedad

– Detección de señas el patógeno

– Identificación del agente causal

– Conocimiento del ciclo de vida

– Condiciones ambientales al momento

del daño

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• Umbrales

– Enfermedades raramente se pueden eliminar completamente

– Establecimiento de umbrales en diferentes secciones del área (green vs

calle). Prioridades de monitoreo

– Ejemplo: Campo golf Atlanta, personal con actividades especificas,

Reportar por síntomas parecidos a Pythium o “wilt watcher”. Reducción

de 3-4 aplicaciones fungicidas en verano

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Re-Adaptacion al Manejo de Enfermedades e Incremento en la

Sanidad de la Planta Utilizando un Enfoque Integral

Mark Hoban-Rivermont Golf Club en Atlanta GA

Uso de las Mejores Practicas de Control-Best Management Practices, (reduciendo areas, costos,

holistico)

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Control Dirigido

Control de Malezas, ”spot treat” para

enfermedades

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1 day of

winter cart

traffic

Reducir estress en la planta

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4/9/173/2/2017

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Anticipar condiciones vunerables de temperatura y precipitacion

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Reducir areas de manejo utilizando plantas nativas roughs, bunkers,

calles

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Sombreado; cortar selectivamente arboles y reemplazar con arbustos

o u otros zacates

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Creacion de Puntos Focales Beneficiando a Miembros y Reduciendo

Areas que Requieran Cuidado

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BIOCONTROL, BIOPRODUCTS,

BIOFUNGICIDES IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT

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• BIOCONTROL

– Existen opciones de biocontrol?

– Evidencia de biocontrol;

Naturaleza esporádica de la

enfermedad,

– Decline natural de algunas

enfermedades tiempo después

de los brotes severos de la

enfermedad

– Take all, bermudagrass decline,

necrotic ring spot)

– Necrotic ring spot control

usando “syringing” en el

mediodía

• Reducción de estrés, incrementar

actividad microbiana

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PRODUCT ACTIVE INGREDIENT TYPE

ECOGUARD Bacillus licheniformis Biological control agent

RHAPSODY Bacillus subtilis qst 711 Biological control agent

ARMORTECH SONNET Bacillus subtilis qst 711 Biological control agent

Companion Bacillus subtilis GB3 Biological control agent

Double Nickel LC Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Biological control agent

Actinovate Steptomyces lydicus WYEC Biological control agent

BIOFUNGICIDAS COMERCIALES EN LOS EEUU

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PRODUCT ACTIVE INGREDIENT TYPE

Biojet spot-lesst Pseudomonas aureofaciens TX-1 strain biological control agent

Turfshield Trichoderma harzianum biological control agent

Endorse Polyoxin D cell wall inhibitor

Civitas Mineral oil derivative host defense activator

Regalia Reynoutria sachalinensis plant extract

SC27 Turf and shrub 12 Streptomyces sp +B. subtilis + 2

Endomycorrhizal

Plant Health Activator, Soil

Inoculant

BIOFUNGICIDAS COMERCIALES EN LOS EEUU

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Ejemplos del Uso de Productos Biologicos para

Incrementar La Sanidad de la Planta y como

Biofungicidas

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Uso de Mezcla de Arena con Potassium Humate como Recebo

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Actividad Microbiana

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Control de Brown Patch tall

fescue

Control biologico

Martinez et al, 2008-2011; Rhapsody; Bacillus subtillis QST 71342 % reduction from NTC

34.3 % reduction

from Heritage 1 fl oz

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3

4

5

6

7

8

Con

trol

Rub

igan 2

oz

Rub

igan 4

oz

Cle

arys

3336 1

oz

Cle

arys

3336 2

oz

Banner M

axx

Banner M

axx 4

oz

Her

itage

0.2 o

z

Her

itage

0.4 o

z

Bayleto

n 2 o

z

Peat M

oss T

opdre

ss

MnSo4

Treatments

Dis

ea

se

Inc

ide

nc

e Control

Rubigan 2 oz

Rubigan 4 oz

Clearys 3336 1 oz

Clearys 3336 2 oz

Banner Maxx

Banner Maxx 4 oz

Heritage 0.2 oz

Heritage 0.4 oz

Bayleton 2 oz

Peat Moss Topdress

MnSo4

Evaluación de Fungicidas y Biológicos en el Control de TARR en

Céspedes San Agustín

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Control 2 meses despues Rubigan 2 meses despues

Heritage 2 meses despues MnSO4 2 meses despues

Heritage 10 meses despues MnSO4 10 meses despues

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Companion Bacillus subtilis GB3 Biological control

agent

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SC27 Turf and shrub 12 Streptomyces sp +B. subtilis +

2 Endomycorrhizal

Plant Health Activator, Soil

Inoculant

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Abamectin (Divanem), fluopyram (Indemnify) and fluensulfone (Nimitz Pro G) were tested on a

ultradwarf bermudagrass putting green using different rates, timings of application, product combination

and cultural practices to enhance efficacy (2015, 2016, 2017).

PPN numbers in the soil were drastically reduced using these three active ingredients. Turfgrass quality

and root vigor greatly improved as well.

Fluopyram provided statistically significant better nematode control than the non-treated control and

was especially efficacious in a root knot nematode-infested putting green, and delivered outstanding turf

quality for over six months.

Results from this research facilitated the registration and labeling of two new nematicides “Divanem” and “Indemnify” and

provided Georgia turfgrass managers with PPN control strategies that are consistent, promote long-term control, reduce

applications, and improve turfgrass health and quality

Improved Control Against Turfgrass-Parasitic Nematodes in Georgia