Contraception. Historical and Social Perspectives Evidence of contraception since the beginning of...
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Transcript of Contraception. Historical and Social Perspectives Evidence of contraception since the beginning of...
Contraception
Historical and Social Perspectives
• Evidence of contraception since the beginning of recorded history
• U.S. contraceptive efforts– 1800s Comstock laws– 1915: Margaret Sanger– U.S. Supreme Court rulings
• Griswold vs. Connecticut• Eisenstadt vs. Baird
Contemporary Issues on Contraception
• Planning for wanted children• Physical health of mother• Insurance coverage of contraceptives• Population growth• Cultural gender-role expectations• Wide diversity of views among cultures and
religious groups
Average Number of Children
Sharing Responsibility for Contraception
• Ask about birth control before intercourse
• Read and discuss options together
• Attend a class or clinic together
• Share expenses
Choosing a Birth Control Method
• Consider effectiveness and cost
• Consider ease of use and side effects
• Characteristics of ineffective use
Choosing a Birth Control Method
Choosing a Birth Control Method
Choosing a Birth Control Method
Choosing a Birth Control Method
Hormone-Based Contraceptives: 4 Basic Types of The Pills
• Combination pill
• Triphasic pill
• Constant dose
• Progestin-only pill
Other Hormone-Based Contraceptives
• Vaginal ring• Transdermal patch• Injected contraceptives
Barrier Methods
• Condom
– Sheath fits over erect penis
Barrier Methods: The Female Condom
Vaginal Spermicides
• Can be purchased in pharmacies without a prescription
• Types– foam, sponge, suppositories, creams, film
Cervical Barrier Devices
• Diaphragm• Cervical cap• Fem Cap• Lea’s Shield
Cervical Barrier Devices
• Diaphragm• Cervical cap• Fem Cap• Lea’s Shield
Intrauterine Devices
• Affect sperm motility & viability
• Thicken cervical mucous
• Alter endometrial lining
• Impair tubal motility
Intrauterine Devices
Emergency Contraception
• Hormonal: – Birth control pills taken within 72 hours of
unprotected intercourse• Copper-T:
– Inserted up to 5 days after unprotected sex • Access Issues
Emergency Contraception
Fertility Awareness Methods
• Standard days method
• Mucus method
• Calendar method
• Basal body-temperature
Basal Body Temperature
Female Sterilization
Male Sterilization: Vasectomy
Nursing: A Less than Effective Method of Birth Control
• Amenorrhea is common for a brief period after birth while breastfeeding
• 80% ovulate before first period
Withdrawal Before Ejaculation: A Less than Effective Method
• Difficult to judge when to withdraw• Anxiety may lower pleasure• Cowper’s gland fluid may carry sperm• Any sperm on vulva may travel into
vagina/uterus• Unreliable