Contents

Preface: To the Instructor v

How to Use The Bedford Guide for

College Writers xxiii

Rhetorical Contents xxxvii

, Introduction 7

1. Writing Processes 8

Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing 8

A Process of Writing 9Generating Ideas, 10Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 10Revising and Editing. 11Activity: Describing Your Writing Process, 12

Audience and Purpose 12Writing for Readers, 12Activity: Considering Audience, 13

Writing for a Reason, 13Activity: Considering Purpose, 14

What Matters Most 14

2. Reading Processes 15A Process of Reading 16Activity: Describing Your Own Reading Process, 16

Getting Started 16Preparing to Read, 17Responding to Reading, 17Activity:Annotating a Passage,18

Reading on a Literal Level 19Knowing, Comprehending, and Applying, 19

Reading on an Analytical Level 20Analyzing, Synthesizing, and Evaluating. 20Activity: Reading Analytically, 21

3. Critical Thinking ProcessesA Processof Critical Thinking 22

Using Critical Thinking 23Activity:Thinking Critically to SolveaProblem, 24

Supporting Critical Thinking withEvidence 25Types of Evidence, 25

Activity: Looking for Evidence, 27

Testing Evidence 27

Using Evidence to Support an AppealLogical Appeal, 29Emotional Appeal, 29Ethical Appeal, 30Activity: Identifying Types of Appeals, 30

22

29

Introduction 33

4. Recalling an Experience 35

Learningfrom Other Writers 36. Russell Baker,The Art of Eating Spaghetti 36. Robert G. Schreiner, What Is a Hunter?

(StudentEssay) 39

Learning byWriting 43The Assignment: Recallinga PersonalExperience, 43Generating Ideas, 44Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 45Revising and Editing. 46Other Assignments, 48

Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofRecalling Experience 49

xxix

xxx Contents

5. Observing a Scene 51Learning from Other Writers 52. E.B.White, Here Is NewYork 52

. SandyMessina,Footprints:TheMark of OurPassing(StudentEssay) 54

LearningbyWriting 57The Assignment: Observing a Scene, 57Generating Ideas, 58

Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 60Revising and Editing, 60Other Assignments, 62

Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofObserving a Scene 63

6. Interviewing a Subject 65

LearningfromOtherWriters 66. Monica Yant Kinney,Mining for Humor 66

. Dawn Kortz,Listen (Student Essay) 68

LearningbyWriting 72The Assignment: Interviewing, 72Generating Ideas, 72Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 76Revising and Editing, 78Other Assignments, 79

Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofWriting from an Interview 80

7. Comparing and Contrasting 81LearningfromOtherWriters 82. Tom Standage,TheVictorianInternet 82. Tim Chabot, TokeMe Out to the BollGame,

but Which One?(Student Essay) 86

Learning by Writing 90The Assignment: Comparing and Contrasting, 90Generating Ideas, 90Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 93Revising and Editing, 96Other Assignments, 97

Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofComparing and Contrasting 98

8.Explaining Causes andEffects 100Learning from Other Writers 101. William SeveriniKowinski,/(jdsin the Moll: Growing

Up Controlled I0 1

. YunYungChoi, InvisibleWomen(Student Essay) 105

Learning by Writing 108The Assignment: Explaining Causes andEffects, 108

Generating Ideas, 109Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 111

Revising and Editing, 112Other Assignments, 115

ApplyingWhatYou Learn: Some Uses ofExplaining Causes and Effects 115

9. Taldng a Stand 117Learningfrom Other Writers 118. Suzan Shown Harjo, Lost Rites for Indian

Dead 118

. ThaddeusWatulak,AffirmativeAction EncouragesRacism(Student Essay) 121

LearningbyWriting 124The Assignment: Taking a Stand, 124Generating Ideas, 125Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 130Revising and Editing, 132Recognizing Logical Fallacies, 134Other Assignments, 136

Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofTaking a Stand 136

10. Proposing a Solution 138Learning from Other Writers 139. Wilbert Rideau,Why PrisonsDon't Work 140. HeatherColbenson,MissedOpportunities

(StudentEssay) 142

Learning byWriting 145The Assignment:Proposing a Solution, 145Generating Ideas, 146Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 148Revisingand Editing, 150Other Assignments, 153

Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofProposals I54

11. Evaluating 156Learningfrom Other Writers 157. BillMcKibben,TheFrogFoetor 157. Clay McCuistion,CoffeeOdyssey

(Student Essay) I60

learning byWriting 165The Assignment: Writing an Evaluation, 165Generating Ideas, 165Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 168Revising and Editing, 169Other Assignments, 170

ApplyingWhatYou learn: Some Uses ofEvaluating 171

12. Reading Critically 173learning from Other Writers 174. Ellen Goodman, Kids, Divorce, and the Myth 175

. Ryan Miday,Times Series Delved Successfully into

Race(StudentEssay) 177learning byWriting 180The Assignment: Reading Critically, 180Generating Ideas, 181Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 184

Revising and Editing, 186Other Assignments, 188

Applying What You learn: Some Uses ofWriting from Critical Reading 188

Introduction 193

13. Responding to Literature 194literary Analysis 194Learning from Other Writers, 194

. Shirley Jackson, The Lottery 195

. Jonathan Burns, The Hidden Truth:An Analysis of ShirleyJackson's "The Lottery"(Student Essay) 203

Analyzingthe Elements of Literature:A Glossaryof Terms, 206

Learningby Writing, 209

Strategies for Writing about literature:Synopsis and Paraphrase 216Learning from Other Writers: Synopsis, 216

. Jonathan Burns, A Synopsis of "The Lottery"(Student Example) 217

Learningby Writing: Synopsis, 219. KateChopin,TheStoryof an Hour 219Learningby Writing: Paraphrase, 221

Other Assignments for Writing aboutliterature 222

Contents xxxi

14. Writing in the WorkplaceGuidelines for Writing in theWorkplace 224Know Your Purpose, 225Keep Your Audience in Mind, 225Use an Appropriate Tone, 226Present Information Carefully, 226

Business letters 227Format for Business Letters, 229

Memoranda 23 IFormat for Memoranda, 232

224

Electronic Mail 233Format for E-mail, 234

Resumes and Application lettersResumes, 234Application Letters,236

234

15. Writing for Assessment 239EssayExaminations 239Preparing for the Exam, 239

Learning from Another Writer, 240Generating Ideas, 241Planning: Recognizing Typical ExamQuestions, 242Drafting: The Only Version, 245Revising: Rereading and Proofing, 247

Short-Answer Examinations 248

Timed Writings 248Types of Topics, 249

Writing for Portfolio Assessment 250Understanding Portfolio Assessment, 251Tips for Keeping a Portfolio, 252

Introduction 259

16. Strategies for Generating,Ideas 260

Finding Ideas 260Brainstorming, 260Freewriting, 263Keeping a Journal, 265Asking a Reporter's Questions, 267

:xxxii Contents

Getting Ready 268Setting Up Circumstances, 268Preparing Your Mind, 270

17. Strategies for PlanningStatingand Usinga Thesis 271Discovering Your Thesis, 272How to State a Thesis, 273How to Use a Thesis, 275

Organizing Your Ideas 275Grouping Your Ideas, 276Outlining, 279

271

18. Strategies for DraftingMakinga Start Enjoyable 285Restarting 287Paragraphing 287UsingTopicSentences 288Kinds of Topic Sentences, 289

Writing an Opening 291Kinds of Openings, 291

, Writing a Conclusion 293Kinds of Conclusions, 293

AchievingCoherence 296Devices That Create Coherence, 296

285

19. Strategies for DevelopingGivingExamples 30IProvidingDetails 303Defining 305Analyzing 307

Dividingand Classifying 310Analyzinga Process 312Comparing and Contrasting 314IdentifyingCauses and Effects 316

300

20. Strategies for Revising andEditing 319Re-viewingand Revising 319Revising for Purpose, 320Revising for Audience, 320Revising for Structure, 321

Working with a Peer Editor, 323

Stressing What Counts 324Stating First or Last,325

Cutting and Whittling 326

Editing and Proofreading 331

21. Strategies for Designing YourDocument 335

Understanding Four BasicPrinciplesofDocument Design 338Principle 1: Know Your Readers, 338Principle 2: SatisfY Your Reader's Expectations, 339

Principle 3: Consider Your Reader'sConstraints, 342

Principle 4: Remember Your Purpose, 342

Creating an Effective Design for YourDocument 342Choosing Fonts, 343

Preparing Lists, 346Using White Space Strategically, 347Using Headings and Alignment, 349Using Repetition Purposefully, 351

Using Visuals to Reinforce YourContent 354Adding Visuals, 354Crediting Sources, 355Arranging Visuals and Text in YourDocument, 355

22. Strategies for UnderstandingVisual Representations 358Using Strategiesfor VisualAnalysis 359

Seeingthe Big Picture 359Prominent Element, 360Focal Point, 360

Observing the Characteristics ofan Image 361Cast of Characters, 361

Story of the Image, 363Design and Arrangement, 363Artistic Choices, 364

Interpreting the Meaning of an Image 369General Feeling or Mood, 369Sociological, Political, Economic, or CulturalAttitudes, 370

Language, 370Signs and Symbols, 372Themes, 372

23. Families 378

. E.B.White, Once More to the Lake 379The author reflects on the impact of takinghis son to visit a favorite scene from his ownchildhood.

. Amy Tan, Mother Tongue 385A Chinese American writer examines the effects of

her mother's imperfect English on her own experi-ence as a daughter and a writer.

. Gerald Early,Blacklike. ..ShirleyTemple? 391A summer of watching Shirley Temple moviesprompts this African American writer to considerhow his daughters handle growing up in America..Anna Quindlen, Evan'sTwoMoms 394A Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist examines thecontroversy surrounding same-sexmarriages.

. John McPhee,SilkParachute 397Reflectingon his relationship with his mother, thisessayistfocuses on the many gifts she gavehim,including a silk parachute.PAIRED ESSAYS

Noel Perrin, A Part-Time Marriage 400

This writer takes a wry look at a postdivorcearrangement and current ideas about marriage.

Stephanie Coontz, Remarriage andStepfamilies 404A sociologist proposes solutions to the problemsthat stepfamilies face as they redefine what a fam-ily should be.

24. Men and Women 411

. Judy Brady,I Want a Wife 412Considering the hard work of a wife leads the au-thor to an unusual conclusion.

. Scott RussellSanders,TheMenWe CarryinOur Minds 415The author explains why,as a working-classmale,he had difficulty understanding the deep griev-ances of women he knew in college.

. EmilyPrager, Our Barbies, Ourselves 420A journalist analyzes what the American infatua-tion with Barbie tells us about ourselves.

Contents xxxiii

. Joy Harjo, ThreeGenerationsof NativeAmericanWomen'sBirth Experience 423A Native American writer reflectson the childbear-ing experiences of her mother, her daughter, andherself.

. DaveBarry,FromNow On,LetWomenKillTheirOwn Spiders 428Byidentifyingwith the frustrations of both menand women, this humor columnist pokes fun at theinevitable miscommunication between the genders.PAIREDESSAYS

Deborah Tannen,Womenand MenTalkingon theJob 43 IA linguist claims that understanding the differentcommunication styles of women and men shedslight on gender conflict in the workplace.Nicholas Wade, How Men and WomenThink 437If research uncovers differencesbetween the brainsof men and women, according to this journalist,we may have to face some "impolitic truths."

25. Popular Culture 442. Stephen King,WhyWe CraveHorror

Movies 443

A popular horror fiction writer examines whypeople enjoy being frightened.. Veronica Chambers, The Myth ofCinderella 446

A journalist considers a new interpretation of Cin-derella's story and its impact on women, espe-ciallyAfrican American women.

. Phyllis Rose, Shoppingand OtherSpiritualAdventuresinAmericaToday 450MostAmericans shop for reasons other than ne-cessity,according to the author.

. Jay Chiat, Illusions Are Forever 453This Internet company chairman discusses the ef-fects of advertising on consumers and claims thatads shape a person's perception ofreality.

PAIRED ESSAYS

Ellen Goodman, How to Zap Violenceon TV 456A popular newspaper columnist examines thetreatment of violence on television.

Mike Males,PublicEnemyNumber One? 459Responding to critics such as Ellen Goodman, theauthor defends the media against charges of con-tributing to youth violence.

xxxiv Contents

26. The Workplace 466. Joe Robinson, Four Weeks Vacation 467

The editor of a travel-adventure magazine exam-ines the implications of the rising American obses-sion with work, comparing America's work ethicwith that of other countries.

. Steve Olson. Yearof the Blue-CollarGuy 473A construction worker offers a tribute to blue-collar workers in America.

. Jane Smiley,The Case against Chores 476Taking an untraditional stance on childhoodchores, this criticallyacclaimed author highlightshow chores may teach children the wrong lessonabout work.

. Katherine S.Newman, From No Shame in MyGame 479An anthropologist known for her research on citylife and the working poor examines the often over-looked skills required of the "unskilled" worker.

. Ian Bruce,Commercial Fisherman 485This boat captain shares his experiences as anAlaska salmon fisherman, explaining why, despiteall its dangers, he loves his work.

PAIREDESSAYS

Anne Finnigan, NicePerks-If YouCanGet 'Em 489

A journalist identifies the three main obstaclesworkers encounter in trying to use the family-friendly benefits offered by their employers.

Elinor Burkett, Unequal Work for UnequalPay 495This reporter questions the fairness and usefulnessof family-friendly benefits offered by some corpo-rations, arguing that not enough employees bene-fit from such programs.

27. Body Image 501.JuliaAlvarez, I Want to BeMissAmerica 502An English professor reflects on how growing upon the outskirts of white American culture hasaffected her life.

. Garry Trudeau,My Inner Shrimp 507This cartoonist and writer recalls the difficulty ofbeing short as a teenager, an experience thathaunts him even as a six-foot-tall adult.

. MarisaKula,Victoria'sNot-So-SecretStrategy 5 I0In a critical examination of the Victoria's Secretcatalog, this writer considers how women's bodyimages are shaped by the fantasies of men.

. Alicia Potter, Mirror Image 514Treating what is no longer exclusively a women'sissue, this freelance writer looks at men's increas-ing obsession with body image due to standardsset by the media.

PAIREDESSAYS

LisaJervis,My JewishNose 5 19An author shares her personal experience of resist-ing the pressures to alter one's ethnic appearancein order to conf.ormto societal ideals of beauty.

Janice Turner, Cutting Edge 524This journalist posits that more men are opting forplastic surgery to keep a competitive edge in a cor-porate world that judges by appearances.

28. Planning and Managing YourResearch Project 533

PlanningYour Project 534The Assignment: Writing from Sources, 534

Generating Ideasand Forming a ResearchQuestion 535Choosing Your Territory, 535Taking an Overview, 536Stating Your Question, 537Making a Preliminary Search, 539Using Keywordsand Links, 539

Managing Your Project 541Creating a Schedule, 541Starting a Working Bibliography, 542Starting a Research Archive, 544Keeping Track of Your Electronic Searches, 545

29. Finding Sources in the Library,on the Internet, and in theField 546

Searching the Library 546Using the Online Catalog, 547Consulting Databases: Periodical Indexes andBibliographies, 552

Using Other Library Resources 555Consulting Reference Materials, 556Locating Special Materials, 558

Using the Web for Research 559Conducting Advanced Electronic Searches, 559Finding Online Texts and Discussions, 563

Finding Sources in the Field 564Interviewing, 564Observing, 565Using Questionnaires, 565Corresponding, 568Attending Public and Online Events, 568

30. Evaluating Sources and TakingNotes 570

EvaluatingSources 570What Is the Purpose? 571Who Is the Intended Audience? 572Who Is the Author? 573

Is This a Primary or a Secondary Source? 574Who Is the Publisher? 575How Sound Is the Evidence? 575

Is the Source Up-to-Date? 576Is the Source Relevant to Your Research? 576Are Your Field Sources Useful and Reliable? 576

Taking Notes 577Recording Information, 577Taking Better Notes, 578Avoiding Plagiarism, 579Quoting, Paraphrasing, Nutshelling, 579

31. Writing Your Research Paper 584

Planning and Drafting 584Moving from Notes to Outline to Draft, 584Incorporating Source Material: Quoting, Para-phrasing, Nutshelling, 588Avoiding Plagiarism, 592Beginning and Ending, 595

Revising and Editing 596

Documenting Sources 598

Contents xxxv

Citing Sourcesin YourText,599Listing Sources at the End, 599Other Assignments, 599

Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofResearch 600

A Sample Research Paper 60 I. Sarah E.Goers, Is InclusiontheAnswer? 602

32. Documenting Sources 615

Citing Sources: MLA Style 616Printed Sources: Nonfiction Books, 616Printed Sources: Literature, 618Printed Sources: Reference Books andPeriodicals, 619

Electronic and Other Nonprint Sources, 621

Listing Sources: MLA Style 621Books, 621

Parts of Books, 624Reference Books, 625Periodicals, 625Other Printed Sources, 627Internet and Electronic Sources, 627

Other Nonprint Sources, 630

Citing Sources: APA Style 631Printed Sources, 631Other Sources, 633

Listing Sources: APA Style 634Books, 634Periodicals, 636Other Printed Sources, 637Internet and Electronic Sources, 637

Other Nonprint Sources, 639

33. Grammatical Sentences H-5

I. Sentence Fragments H-52. Comma Splicesand Fused

Sentences H-IO3. Verbs H-14

4. Subject-VerbAgreement H-31

xxxvi Contents

5. Pronoun Case H-366. Pronoun Reference H-407. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement H-448. Adjectivesand Adverbs H-469. Shifts H-52

25. Quotation Marks H-11626. The Dash H-12027. Parentheses, Brackets,and the

EllipsisMark H-122

34. Effective Sentences H-57

10. Misplacedand DanglingModifiers H-57

I I. Incomplete Sentences H-6012. MixedConstructions and Faulty

Predication H-6413. ParallelStructure H-6814. Coordination and

Subordination H-71

15. Sentence Variety H-78

37. Mechanics H-12728. Abbreviations H-12729. Capital Letters H-13030. Numbers H-13431. Italics H-136

32. The Hyphen H-13933. Spelling H-142

35. \tVord Choice H-Sl

16. Appropriateness H-8117. ExactWords H-8618. Bias-FreeLanguage H-9019. Wordiness H-94

Quick Editing Guide A-IA. Editingfor Common Grammar Problems A-3B. Editingto Ensure EffectiveSentences A-12C. Editingfor Common Punctuation

Problems A-14

D. Editingfor Common MechanicsProblems A-17

E. Editingfor Common Format Problems A-2336. Punctuation H-9620. End Punctuation H-9621. The Comma H-9822. The Semicolon H-10823. The Colon H-IIO24. The Apostrophe H-113

A Glossary of Troublemakers A-29

Answers for Lettered Exercises A-37

Index [-1