contentscontents ORIGINSORIGINS FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTSFUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS CURRENT RESEARCHCURRENT RESEARCH TOOLS AND TECHNIQUESTOOLS AND TECHNIQUES APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

WHAT IT IS??WHAT IT IS??

NanotechnologyNanotechnology refers broadly to a field of refers broadly to a field of applied science and technology whose unifying and technology whose unifying theme is the control of matter on the theme is the control of matter on the molecular

level in scales smaller than 1 level in scales smaller than 1 micrometre, , normally 1 to 100 nanometers, and the normally 1 to 100 nanometers, and the

fabrication of devices within that size range.fabrication of devices within that size range.

It is a highly It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing field, drawing from fields such as from fields such as applied physics, , materials science, , colloidal science, science, device physics, , supramolecular chemistry, and , and even even mechanical and and electrical engineering. .

History of nanotechnology

The term "nanotechnology" was defined by The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo Science University Professor Professor Norio Taniguchi in a in a 1974 . .

He defined as follows “Nano-technology' He defined as follows “Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of, mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule." materials by one atom or by one molecule."

Nanotechnology and nanoscience Nanotechnology and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s got started in the early 1980s

with two major developments; with two major developments; the birth of the birth of cluster science and science and

the invention of the the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope

(STM). (STM).

Buckminsterfullerene C60, also Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is the known as the buckyball, is the

simplest of the simplest of the carbon structures known as known as fullerenes. .

Fundamental concepts Fundamental concepts

One nanometer (nm) is one One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10-9 of a meter. Or billionth, or 10-9 of a meter. Or

another way of putting it: a another way of putting it: a nanometer is the amount a man's nanometer is the amount a man's beard grows in the time it takes beard grows in the time it takes

him to raise the razor to his face .him to raise the razor to his face .

nanomaterialsnanomaterials

Materials reduced to the nanoscale Materials reduced to the nanoscale can suddenly show very different can suddenly show very different properties compared to what they properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications. unique applications.

1)For instance, opaque 1)For instance, opaque substances become transparent substances become transparent

(copper);(copper);

2)A material such as 2)A material such as gold, which , which is chemically inert at normal is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent scales, can serve as a potent

chemical chemical catalyst at nanoscales. at nanoscales.

Larger to smaller: a materials Larger to smaller: a materials perspective perspective

Image of Image of reconstruction on a clean on a clean Au(100) surface, as (100) surface, as

visualized using scanning visualized using scanning tunnelingtunneling microscopy. The microscopy. The individual atoms composing the surface are visible individual atoms composing the surface are visible

Subfields and related fields.Subfields and related fields.

1)nanomedicines1)nanomedicines 2)molecular self-assembly.2)molecular self-assembly. 3)molecular electronics.3)molecular electronics. 4)scanning probe microscopy.4)scanning probe microscopy. 5)nanolithography.5)nanolithography. 6)molecular nanotechnology.6)molecular nanotechnology.

Size concernsSize concerns

volume of an object decreases as the third power volume of an object decreases as the third power of its linear dimensions, but the surface area only of its linear dimensions, but the surface area only

decreases as its second power. This somewhat decreases as its second power. This somewhat subtle and unavoidable principle has huge subtle and unavoidable principle has huge

ramifications. ramifications.

For example the power of a drill For example the power of a drill (or any other machine) is (or any other machine) is

proportional to the volume, while proportional to the volume, while the friction of the drill's bearings the friction of the drill's bearings and gears is proportional to their and gears is proportional to their surface area. For a normal-sized surface area. For a normal-sized drill, the power of the device is drill, the power of the device is

enough to handily overcome any enough to handily overcome any friction. friction.

That is, the power of the device is That is, the power of the device is enough to handily overcome any enough to handily overcome any

friction. However, scaling its friction. However, scaling its length down by a factor of 1000, length down by a factor of 1000, for example, decreases its power for example, decreases its power by 10003 (a factor of a billion) by 10003 (a factor of a billion) while reducing the friction by while reducing the friction by

only 10002 (a factor of "only" a only 10002 (a factor of "only" a million). million).

that implies the smaller that implies the smaller drill will have 10 times as drill will have 10 times as much friction as power. much friction as power.

The drill is useless. The drill is useless.

That is why same miniature That is why same miniature technique cannot be used to technique cannot be used to make functional mechanical make functional mechanical

devises. there is also the problem devises. there is also the problem of surface tension.of surface tension.

Materials used in nanotechnology Materials used in nanotechnology can be divided as can be divided as

1)fullerenes.1)fullerenes.2)inorganic nanoparticles2)inorganic nanoparticles

nanotubes have:• the highest elastic module, and mechanical strength that is approximately 200 times stronger than steel. • novel electronic properties. • high thermal conductivity. • excellent chemical and thermal stability. • promising electron field emission properties. • high chemical (such as lithium) storage capacity

Current researchesCurrent researches

Tools used….Tools used….

Nanotechnology is known as the technology of the 21st century. At the present time, many

applications are already known, including data storage, restoring data (Giant Magneto-

Resistive (GMR) heads for hard disc drives in computers), sun creams, airbag sensors and

scratch-resistant coatings.

ApplicationsApplications

Nanomaterials/Industrial production Nano-electronics Bio-electronics Nanotechnology in medicine Military technology Agricultural nanotechnology

Areas of application for nanotechnology

carbon nanotubes are useful in a broad range of technologies such as:• telecommunication, cell phones. • rechargeable lithium batteries. • medical image equipment. • computer display. • multi-functional composites for aircraft.

Industrial application of Nanotechnology

Nano-elektronicsNano-electronics is needed to develop more

powerful computers and transistors. They in turn can be used in telephone handsets, cars,

domestic appliances and other consumer and industrial applications. These items are currently

controlled by microprocessors.

Nanomedicine will employ molecular machine systems to address medical problems.Cells have been shown to grow on CNTs, so they appear to

have no toxic effect. The cells also do not adhere to the CNTs. This ability of CNTs also leads to

biomedical applications such as vascular stents, and neuron growth and regeneration.

Nanotechnology in medicines

A single strand of DNA can be bonded to a nanotube, which can then be

successfully inserted into a cell. Nanomedicine will employ molecular machine systems to address medical

problems, and will use molecular knowledge to maintain and improve human health at the molecular scale.

Drug delivery device - a device which is used to intoduce nanomaterials into body also called as surgical robots or miniature medical devices

Drug can be delivered to organs for treatment of cancers at their site rather than the use of

systemic and often highly toxic chemotherapy. Another possible application

could be the delivery to specific sites of coated nanoparticles that could then be

heated using intense light thereby destroying diseased tissue and cells.

Nanotechnology in the agrifood sectorNanotechnology combined with biotechnology

seems to make all kinds of applications possible. Realistic applications include the use of

membranes as an alternative to sterilising foods, sensors in packaging that detect deterioration and

light fat (drops of fat that consist mostly of water).

Military applications of nanotechnology

Nanotechnology can be used for peaceful and non-peaceful purposes.

The clothes soldiers wear can be modified to provide them with better protection against heat and cold (smart textiles) and integrated

nanosensors can be used to monitor their heart beat and blood pressure remotely.

In addition, clothing can have built-in protection against bullets.

Nanotechnology can also be used to make vehicles invisible to radar systems and make bullets super-penetrating while at the same time improving their accuracy.

1)titanium dioxide nanoparticles in sunscreen, 1)titanium dioxide nanoparticles in sunscreen, cosmetics, food productscosmetics, food products..

2) silver nanoparticles in food packaging, 2) silver nanoparticles in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household clothing, disinfectants and household

appliances.appliances.3) cerium oxide nanoparticles as a fuel 3) cerium oxide nanoparticles as a fuel

catalyst.catalyst.

Other applications

^̂ Jennifer Kahn (2006). "Nanotechnology". Jennifer Kahn (2006). "Nanotechnology". National GeographicNational Geographic 20062006 (June): 98- (June): 98-119.  119. 

^̂ Jennifer Kahn (2006). "Nanotechnology". Jennifer Kahn (2006). "Nanotechnology". National GeographicNational Geographic 20062006 (June): 98- (June): 98-119.  119. 

^̂ Ghalanbor Z, Marashi SA, Ranjbar B (2005). "Nanotechnology helps medicine: Ghalanbor Z, Marashi SA, Ranjbar B (2005). "Nanotechnology helps medicine: nanoscale swimmers and their future applications". nanoscale swimmers and their future applications". Med HypothesesMed Hypotheses 6565 (1): 198- (1): 198-

199. PMID 15893147.  199. PMID 15893147.  ^̂ Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K, Sugisaka M. (2005). "Nanotechnology on duty in Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K, Sugisaka M. (2005). "Nanotechnology on duty in medical applications". medical applications". Curr Pharm Biotechnol.Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 66 (1): 17-33. PMID 15727553.  (1): 17-33. PMID 15727553. 

^̂ Cavalcanti A, Freitas RA Jr. (2005). "Nanorobotics control design: a collective Cavalcanti A, Freitas RA Jr. (2005). "Nanorobotics control design: a collective behavior approach for medicine". behavior approach for medicine". IEEE Trans NanobioscienceIEEE Trans Nanobioscience 44 (2): 133-140. (2): 133-140.

PMID 16117021.  PMID 16117021.  ^̂ Shetty RC (2005). "Potential pitfalls of nanotechnology in its applications to Shetty RC (2005). "Potential pitfalls of nanotechnology in its applications to

medicine: immune incompatibility of nanodevices". medicine: immune incompatibility of nanodevices". Med HypothesesMed Hypotheses 6565 (5): 998-9. (5): 998-9. PMID 16023299.  PMID 16023299. 

^̂ Curtis AS. (2005). "Comment on "Nanorobotics control design: a collective Curtis AS. (2005). "Comment on "Nanorobotics control design: a collective behavior approach for medicine".". behavior approach for medicine".". IEEE Trans Nanobioscience.IEEE Trans Nanobioscience. 44 (2): 201-202. (2): 201-202.

PMID 16117028.  PMID 16117028.  ^̂ Cavalcanti A, Shirinzadeh B, Freitas RA Jr., Kretly LC. (2007). "Medical Cavalcanti A, Shirinzadeh B, Freitas RA Jr., Kretly LC. (2007). "Medical Nanorobot Architecture Based on Nanobioelectronics". Nanorobot Architecture Based on Nanobioelectronics". Recent Patents on Recent Patents on

Nanotechnology.Nanotechnology. 11 (1): (1):

Thank youThank you