Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West...
Transcript of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West...
![Page 1: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Contaminants of Emerging Concernand Arid West Water Resources
Shane Snyder, Ph.D.Professor & Co-Director
Chem. & Environ. EngineeringUniversity of Arizona
![Page 2: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Three Key PointsI. Trace contaminants are ubiquitous in water
II. Ecological impacts demonstrated, human unlikely
III. Public perception and trust are critical for water reuse
![Page 7: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
“We know the value of water when the
well runs dry.”
Benjamin Franklin
Poor Richard’s Almanac - 1732
![Page 8: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
“I am convinced that, under present conditions and with the way water is being managed, we will run out of water long before we run out of fuel.”
Peter Brabeck-Letmathe
Chairman of NestléThe Economist – November 2008
![Page 9: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fishing Dock at Lake MeadFishing Dock at Lake MeadFishing Dock at Lake Mead
![Page 10: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Lake Lanier - GeorgiaLake Lanier Lake Lanier -- GeorgiaGeorgia
![Page 11: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Lake Wivenhoe – AustraliaLake Wivenhoe Lake Wivenhoe –– AustraliaAustralia
![Page 12: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
U.S. Population Could ExceedU.S. Population Could Exceed400,000,000 by 2050400,000,000 by 2050
=Approximately 2.5M people/year for the next 40 years=Approximately the population of Houston TX each year
![Page 13: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Low Growth in Water Storage
Adapted from Graf, 1999
![Page 15: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
De Facto or Unplanned ReuseDe Facto or Unplanned Reuse
![Page 17: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Trinity River, TexasTrinity River, Texas
![Page 18: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Many US Cities Already Reuse Water for Many US Cities Already Reuse Water for Potable SuppliesPotable Supplies
![Page 19: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Source: http://www.hcn.org/issues/354/17227
![Page 20: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
“Analytical Arms Race”
GC-FID Sensitivity: ppm
Selectivity: Ret Time
GC MSD Sensitivity: ppb
Selectivity: Ret Timeunit resolution, SIM
LC-MS/MS Sensitivity: ppt
Selectivity: Ret Timeunit resolution, MRM
FTMS Sensitivity: ppb-pptSelectivity: Ret Timeaccurate mass, MRM
![Page 21: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Snyder et al., 1999. Environmental Science & Technology, pgs. 2814-2829
![Page 23: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Interlaboratory Comparison (WaterRF 4167) 22 compounds & 24 labs
104-tert-octylphenol16Bisphenol A
11Primidone16Acetaminophen
114-nonylphenol17Naproxen
11Erythromycin18Trimethoprim
12Testosterone1817α-Ethynylestradiol
12Progesterone20Triclosan
13Ciprofloxacin20Gemfibrozil
15Fluoxetine21Sulfamethoxazole
16Estrone22Caffeine
1617β-Estradiol23Ibuprofen
16Diclofenac24Carbamazepine
Number of LaboratoriesTarget CompoundsNumber of
LaboratoriesTarget Compounds
![Page 26: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Interlaboratory comparison (DI water)Sulfamethoxazole
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
5A 16A 10B 23D 1C 4 11 26 27 7 22A 12B 24 20B 9B 25 8C 18C 10A 3 14A 9A 20A 17A
Laboratory
Ave
rage
Abs
olut
e B
ias
Good
Erythromycin
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
10B 3 27 26 23 4 12B 20B 24 20A 16A 1C 9B 17A 8C
Laboratory
Ave
rage
Abs
olut
e B
ias
Bad
1210%
![Page 27: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Ciprofloxacin
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
10B 10A 1C 22A 27 24 4 20B 20A 3 12B 23 17A 8C
Laboratory
Ave
rage
Abs
olut
e B
ias
Ugly
All
All compounds
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Proges
terone
Estradiol
Testo
stero
ne
Sulfamethoxa
zole
Estrone
Carbam
azepine
Ibuprofe
n
Trimeth
oprim
Ethynyle
stradiol
Caffeine
Triclos
an
Acetaminoph
enGem
fibro
zilDicl
ofenac
Bisphen
ol ANapro
xen
Erythro
mycin
Primidon
eOcty
lphenol
Fluoxeti
neNonylphen
ol
Ciproflo
xacin
Ave
rage
Abs
olut
e B
ias
(%)
Med
ian
Abs
olut
e B
ias
(%)
Interlaboratory comparison (DI water)
![Page 28: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Three Key PointsI. Trace contaminants are ubiquitous in water
II. Ecological impacts demonstrated, human unlikely
III. Public perception and trust are critical for water reuse
![Page 29: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Hudson River Anglers in the 1940sNoticed that fish caught below a pharmaceutical plant were far larger than other parts of the river.
Fish had been exposed to significant concentrations of tetracycline.
Later experiments determine the effect was also reproducible in chickens and cows.
![Page 30: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
10.2
3.5
10.2
7.83.5
Estradiol
Nonylphenol
![Page 31: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
X
XX
Three Advanced WWTPs: ≈300 mgdThree Advanced WWTPs: ≈300 mgd
![Page 34: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Estrone (ng/L)
-150-130-110-90-70-50-30-10
Dept
h(m
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Kilometers from WWTP effluent confluence to Hoover Dam
DEET (ng/L)
-150-130-110-90-70-50-30-10
Dept
h(m
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
![Page 36: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Meprobamate (ng/L)
-150-130-110
-90-70-50-30-10
Dep
th(m
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Sulfamethoxazole (ng/L)
-150-130-110
-90-70-50-30-10
Dep
th(m
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
LV Wash kilometers Hoover Dam
LV Wash kilometers Hoover Dam
SHN O
ON
O
NH2
O
O
H2N
ONH2
O
![Page 37: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
01/2003
07/2003
01/2004
07/2004
01/2005
07/2005
01/2006
07/2006
01/2007
07/2007
01/2008sum
of p
harm
aceu
tical
and
ED
C c
once
ntra
tions
(ng/
L)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Lake Mead volum
e (106 acre-ft)
12
13
14
15
16
17
18source water concentrationLake Mead Volum e
Drought: Drought: Effect on Pharmaceuticals and EDCs
![Page 38: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Las Vegas Wash monitoring – 5 years
![Page 39: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Lake Mead monitoring – 6+ years
![Page 40: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Finished drinking water monitoring – 6+ years
![Page 41: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
3,000+
Most used
300 39 16
Drug groups
Final candidates
Prescription drugs
PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals
Detection; Public interest
321
Potential for
toxicity
4
5
![Page 44: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Occurrence & exposure
13 EDCs
Final candidates
Status as an EDC 32
1
Potential for toxicity
4
5
•Hundreds of purported EDCs
•Selected data compilations screened
Criteria:
•In vivo
•Relevant species
•Endocrine mediated effect
•Adverse effect
•Occurrence in drinking water, especially U.S.
•Resistance to conventional drinking water treatment
•Availability of method for analysis
•Severity of effects
•Potency
•Pharmaco-kinetics
•Availability of studies suitable for risk assessment Endocrine
Mode of Action
PAC, public,
scientific interest
Suspected EDCsSuspected EDCs
![Page 45: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
19543 88
Samples collected per time zone
17 Participating Utilities
![Page 46: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Target CompoundsPharmaceuticals (20) Potential EDCs (26) Steroid Hormones (5) Phytoestrogens (11)
Atenolol Atrazine Estradiol ApigeninAtorvastatin Benzophenone Estrone Biochanin Ao-Hydroxy atorvastatin BHA Ethinylestradiol Chrysinp-Hydroxy atorvastatin BHT Progesterone CoumestrolCarbamazepine α-BHC Testosterone DaidzeinDiazepam β-BHC EquolDiclofenac γ-BHC FormononetinDilantin δ-BHC GenisteinEnalapril Bisphenol A GlyciteinFluoxetine Butylbenzyl phthalate MatairesinolNorfluoxetine DEET NaringeninGemfibrozil DiazinonMeprobamate Dioctyl phthalateNaproxen GalaxolideRisperidone LinuronSimvastatin MethoxychlorSimvastatin hydroxy acid MetolachlorSulfamethoxazole Musk ketoneTriclosan NonylphenolTrimethoprim Octachlorostyrene
OctylphenolTCEPTCPPTonalideTraseolideVinclozolin
![Page 47: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Pharmaceuticals Potential EDCs Steroid Hormones Phytoestrogens
Detected in Raw Water* (24/62)
Atenolol Atrazine Estradiol ApigeninAtorvastatin Benzophenone Estrone Biochanin Ao-Hydroxy atorvastatin BHA Ethinylestradiol Chrysinp-Hydroxy atorvastatin BHT Progesterone CoumestrolCarbamazepine α-BHC Testosterone DaidzeinDiazepam β-BHC EquolDiclofenac γ-BHC FormononetinDilantin δ-BHC GenisteinEnalapril Bisphenol A GlyciteinFluoxetine Butylbenzyl phthalate MatairesinolNorfluoxetine DEET NaringeninGemfibrozil DiazinonMeprobamate Dioctyl phthalateNaproxen GalaxolideRisperidone LinuronSimvastatin MethoxychlorSimvastatin hydroxy acid MetolachlorSulfamethoxazole Musk ketoneTriclosan NonylphenolTrimethoprim Octachlorostyrene
OctylphenolTCEPTCPPTonalideTraseolideVinclozolin
EstradiolAtorvastatin Benzophenone Biochanin Ao-Hydroxy atorvastatin BHA Ethinylestradiol Chrysinp-Hydroxy atorvastatin BHT Coumestrol
α-BHC Testosterone DaidzeinDiazepam β-BHC Equol
γ-BHCδ-BHC
Enalapril Bisphenol A GlyciteinFluoxetine Butylbenzyl phthalate MatairesinolNorfluoxetine Naringenin
Diazinon
RisperidoneSimvastatin MethoxychlorSimvastatin hydroxy acid
Musk ketone
OctachlorostyreneOctylphenol
TonalideTraseolideVinclozolin * In at least 20% of samples
![Page 48: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Atenolol Atrazine Estradiol ApigeninAtorvastatin Benzophenone Estrone Biochanin Ao-Hydroxy atorvastatin BHA Ethinylestradiol Chrysinp-Hydroxy atorvastatin BHT Progesterone CoumestrolCarbamazepine α-BHC Testosterone DaidzeinDiazepam β-BHC EquolDiclofenac γ-BHC FormononetinDilantin δ-BHC GenisteinEnalapril Bisphenol A GlyciteinFluoxetine Butylbenzyl phthalate MatairesinolNorfluoxetine DEET NaringeninGemfibrozil DiazinonMeprobamate Dioctyl phthalateNaproxen GalaxolideRisperidone LinuronSimvastatin MethoxychlorSimvastatin hydroxy acid MetolachlorSulfamethoxazole Musk ketoneTriclosan NonylphenolTrimethoprim Octachlorostyrene
OctylphenolTCEPTCPPTonalideTraseolideVinclozolin
Estradiol ApigeninAtorvastatin Benzophenone Estrone Biochanin Ao-Hydroxy atorvastatin BHA Ethinylestradiol Chrysinp-Hydroxy atorvastatin BHT Progesterone Coumestrol
α-BHC Testosterone DaidzeinDiazepam β-BHC EquolDiclofenac γ-BHC Formononetin
δ-BHC GenisteinEnalapril Bisphenol A GlyciteinFluoxetine Butylbenzyl phthalate MatairesinolNorfluoxetine Naringenin
DiazinonDioctyl phthalate
Naproxen GalaxolideRisperidone LinuronSimvastatin MethoxychlorSimvastatin hydroxy acid
Musk ketoneTriclosan NonylphenolTrimethoprim Octachlorostyrene
Octylphenol
TonalideTraseolideVinclozolin
Detected in Drinking Water* (11/62)
Pharmaceuticals Potential EDCs Steroid Hormones Phytoestrogens
* In at least 20% of samples
![Page 49: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Finished Water for 18 Drinking Water Treatment FacilitiesCompound Max (ng/L) Median (ng/L) Frequency (%)
Atrazine 870 49 83Meprobamate 42 5.7 78
Dilantin 19 6.2 56Atenolol 18 1.2 44
Carbamazepine 18 6.0 44Gemfibrozil 2.1 0.48 39
TCEP 470 120 39DEET 93 63 33
Metolachlor 27 16 33TCPP (Fyrol PCF) 510 210 28Sulfamethoxazole 3.0 0.39 22
US Drinking Water
Detected in systems with chloramination or UV
![Page 50: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
DWEL DWEL ≈≈ MCLGMCLGDrinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) = ADI * 70 kg
2 L
![Page 51: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Pharmaceutical Evaluation
Drug Class
ADI-DWEL (µg/L)
Max. conc. (µg/L)
Sites with Detection
(n=18)Liters per Day to
Exceed DWEL
Risperidone Antipsychotic 0.49 0.0029 1 340
Phenytoin Anticonvulsant 6.8 0.019 10 700
Carbamazepine Anticonvulsant 12 0.018 8 1,300
Atenolol Beta-blocker 70 0.018 8 7,800
Meprobamate Antianxiety agent 260 0.042 14 13,000
Gemfibrozil Antilipidemic 45 0.0021 7 43,000
FluoxetineSSRI
antidepressant 34 0.00082 2 82,000
Norfluoxetine Metabolite 34 0.00077 1 88,000
DiazepamBenzodiazepine
tranquilizer 35 0.00033 1 210,000
Sulfamethoxazole Anti-infective 18,000 0.003 4 12,000,000
Bruce, Pleus, & Snyder, 2010 Environ. Sci. Technol. 44:5619-5626
![Page 52: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
E-screen Assay• MCF-7 breast cancer cell line proliferates in
response to estrogenic compounds• Developed by oncologists Ana Soto & Carlos
Sonnenschein at Tufts University
![Page 53: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
EEq Comparison (“Worst” WWTP)
Mug of Beer (6 ng/L, 500 mL)
1.4 L Wastewater(4.6 ng/L)
≈ +
![Page 54: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
≈1 cup coffee
(17 ng/L, 240 mL)
EEq Comparison(“Worst” WWTP)
890 mL Secondary Wastewater
(4.6 ng/L)
![Page 55: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
EEq Comparison“Worst” WWTP
≈
Teaspoon of Soy Sauce (300 ng/L, 15 mL)
1 Liter Secondary Wastewater
(4.6 ng/L)
![Page 56: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Three Key PointsI. Trace contaminants are ubiquitous in water
II. Ecological impacts demonstrated, human unlikely
III. Public perception and trust are critical for water reuse
![Page 57: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
US Regulatory History• 1962: 28 discrete “chemical” contaminants regulated
![Page 58: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
US Regulatory History• 1962: 28 discrete “chemical” contaminants regulated
![Page 59: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Universe
PCCL
PCCL Expert Review
Preliminary CCL
CCL Expert Review
CCL Contaminant Validation
CCL
Algorithm, training set, criteria
(Attribute scoring protocol)
Screening
Classification
Defend how and why thesecontaminants made it to the list
CCL Process - Chemicals
Nomination
Surveillance
![Page 60: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
CCL3 – Key Highlights• Draft CCL3 – essentially no pharmaceuticals or steroids
– Did include PFOA and PFOS
– Did include nitroglycerine (but not for pharmaceutical reasons)
• Final CCL3 – addition of 9 estrogens, 1 progestin, & 1 antibiotic
– Estrogens (17a-estradiol, 17b-estradiol, equilenin, equilin, estriol, estrone, ethynylestradiol, estriol, estrone, mestranol)
– Progestin (norethindrone)
– Antibiotic (erthythromycin)
• Steroid hormones on CCL3 largely due to:
– Kolpin 2002 (USGS) – hormones at hundreds of ng/L
– California E2 Cancer Risk – DWEL = 0.9 ng/L
![Page 61: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Contaminant: Estradiol (17-beta estradiol)
Potency Severity Prevalence Magnitude8 8 10 5
Attribute Scores
HRL Ratio(s)NC HRL/Kolpin MAX: 1.75
CAR HRL/Kolpin MAX: 0.0045
3-model Categorical Prediction
L
Water Data % Detects
Maximum value of Detects
Median value of Detects
90% of Detects
Units for Mag data
Snyder, et al., 2007 FINISHED 0.0 Not detected Not detected Not detected ug/LSnyder, et al., 2007 RAW 0.0064 ug/LKolpin, et al., 2002 10.6 0.2 0.16 ug/L
Health Reference Level (HRL)2 cancer 0.0009ug/L
![Page 62: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
http://jecfa.ilsi.org
= 50 ng/Kg = 3500 ng/70 Kg person= 50 ng/Kg = 3500 ng/70 Kg person
![Page 63: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
BUT What about the MIXTURES?WHO – Drinking Water Quality Guidelines
![Page 64: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
• Dosed entire lake with ≈6 ng/L of ethynylestradiol (EE2)– Compared to two reference Lakes (pristine)
– Seven years of monitoring, three years of dosing EE2
• Fathead minnow population dwindled to near extinction– Male fish had VTG levels 1000x higher than controls
– Histological impacts, including intersex, observed
– Reproductive failure persisted 2-year after exposure ceased
• Only study showing pop. impact of a pharm. in water
![Page 66: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
DrinkingWater
6.25%WW
12.5%WW
25% WW 50% WW 100%WW
EE2 +DW
EE2 +WW
Num
ber o
f Spa
wni
ng E
vent
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Perc
ent W
aste
wat
er C
ompo
sitio
n
Spawning Events, Trial 1
Spawning Events, Trial 2
Percent Wastewater Influence
1969, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society;
Zn 50% Spawning Reduction = 88 μg/L
Drinking Water Zn > 150 μg/L
Wastewater Zn < 50 μg/L
![Page 67: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
• All water has been, or will be, reused– Global sustainability depends on recycling water
– Analytical instruments can detect nearly any substance
• Pharmaceuticals can be measured ubiquitously– But, analytical methods are not yet standardized
– Lists if pharmaceuticals are largely arbitrary
• Public perception and trust are critical – Human and fish exposure is dramatically different
– Help fish through reuse of surface discharge for potable reuse
– We have challenges, but should focus on those that matter
– Regulations MAY help with public perception, but move slowly
Three Key Points
![Page 68: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
The Path ForwardIncreased reuse of water-Especially in coastal cities-More efficient technologies-Direct reuse
-Not just in African anymore-Cloudcroft, NM-Amarillo, TX-Your town?
-What does the environmental buffer contribute to safety?
-Right quality of water for use-Toilet flushing vs. drinking-Lawn irrigation vs. bathing
Life Cycle of Water
![Page 69: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
http://icosse11.org/
![Page 70: Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) and Arid West ...westcas.org/images/links/97-CECs_and_Arid_West_Water_Resources… · Contaminants of Emerging Concern and Arid West Water](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042111/5e8cff0993f5aa25a459658f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Shane SnyderUniversity of [email protected]
AZ Laboratory for Emerging Contaminantswww.alec.arizona.edu