Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the San Francisco …
Transcript of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the San Francisco …
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RMP
NOV 08
Susan Klosterhaus
San Francisco Estuary Institute
State of CA CEC Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Science Advisory Panel Meeting
January 12, 2010
Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the San Francisco Estuary
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Regional Monitoring Program for Water Quality in the San Francisco Estuary
I. Status & Trends Monitoring (1993 - )- Sediment and water (annually)- Bivalves (every 2 years)- Sport fish (every 3 years)- Bird eggs (every 3 years)
II. Pilot and Special Studies- Provides framework for adaptive
management- e.g. emerging contaminants
Collaboration: SFEI, Regional Water Board, Dischargers
Objective: Science to support management
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RMP Emerging Contaminants Workgroup
• Develop cost-effective strategies to identify and monitor CECs
• Recommend studies to RMP technical and steering committees
• Recommend CECs for inclusion into long-term monitoring
What CECs have the greatest potential to adversely impact beneficial uses in SF Bay?
Chemical screening Pilot Study Annual monitoring
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RMP Emerging Contaminants Workgroup
• Meets twice a year
• Include stakeholders (dischargers, Regional
Board, EPA Region 9, Cal DTSC, others)
• Expert Advisory Panel
- Derek Muir, Environment Canada
- Jennifer Field, Oregon State University
- David Sedlak, UC Berkeley
- Lee Ferguson, Duke University
• RMP funding for CEC projects depends on
stakeholder management needs/priorities
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RMP CEC Data
• Retrospective analyses of chromatograms (2002-2003)
• PBDEs in Bay water, sediments, wildlife (since 2002/2003)
• Pharmaceuticals, personal care products in South Bay
(2006)
• Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and PBDEs in harbor
seal blood (2007-2009) and bird eggs (2006)
• Chlorinated paraffins in wildlife (2008)
• Triclosan in Bay sediments (2008)
• Nonylphenol in small fish (2009)
• Current-use flame retardants in biosolids, sediments,
wildlife (2008-2010)
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Other CA CEC Studies
• PBDEs and other BFRs in birds, harbor seals, humans (CA
DTSC)
• PBDEs in SoCal marine mammals (Keith Maruya, SCCWRP)
• PFCs in sea otters in SF Bay, CA coast (Kannan 2006)
• Pyrethroids in SF Bay, Delta sediments (SFEI, Don Weston)
• Nonylphenol in coastal CA sediments, mussels, small fish
(Lars Tomanek, Cal Poly)
• Irgarol in Bay waters near marinas (U of MD, NOAA)
• Endocrine disruption in Bay fish (Kevin Kelley, UC Riverside;
Susanne Brander, UC Davis)
• Estrogenic activity in Central Valley waters (Lavado et al
2009)
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PFCs in SF Bay Harbor Seals
• Collaboration with The Marine
Mammal Center (Sausalito, CA)
• Health of the SF Bay harbor seal
population
• PFCs in blood (live captures in
2007/2008)
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Study sites:
– Castro Rocks
– Mowry Slough
– Tomales Bay (ref)
Seal Haul-Out Sites
Draft Interim Report to NOAA Fisheries/NMFS, April 2001.
http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~halmark/tagging.htm
Draft Interim Report to NOAA Fisheries/NMFS, April 2001.
http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~halmark/tagging.htm
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
PFOS
Perfluorinated Compound
Seru
m C
on
c.
(ng
/mL
)
Mowry (SF Bay)
Castro Rocks (SF Bay)
Tomales (Ref)
n = 6
n = 34
n = 21
PFOS Highest in South Bay Seals
• Mean of US population in 2003-2004 (CDC) : ~20 ng/ml
• Carcinogenic, reproductive effects in lab studies
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PFOS in Seal Blood Worldwide
0100200300400500600700800900
Baltic Sea
(n=18)
Lake
Baikal
(n=19)
Baltic Sea
(n=26)
Canadian
Arctic
(n=12)
Norwegian
Arctic
(n=18)
SF Bay
(n=40)
SF Ref.
(n=21)
Location
PF
OS
in
pla
sm
a/s
eru
m
(ng
/ml
or
ng
/g)
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PFOS in Bird Eggs is a Concern
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
No
rth
ern
Fu
lma
r
Rin
g-b
ille
d
gu
ll
Gla
ucu
s
gu
ll
He
rrin
g
Gu
ll
Gu
ille
mo
t
Gu
ille
mo
t
Nig
ht
he
ron
Pa
rro
t b
ill
Co
rmo
ran
t
Co
rmo
ran
t
Co
rmo
ran
t
Co
rmo
ran
t
Co
rmo
ran
t
Faroe
Island
Lake
Huron
Artic
Norway
Norway Baltic sea Sweden China Korea Manitoba Lake
Winnipeg
SF Bay
Wheeler
Island
SF Bay
Don
Edwards
SF Bay
Richmond
Bridge
PF
OS
(n
g/g
we
t w
eig
ht)
TRV, PNEC from Newsted et al. 2005 Env Sci Technol
Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)
Toxicity Reference Value (TRV)
Richmond
Bridge
Don Edwards
NWR
Wheeler Island
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Will Have More SF Bay PFC Data Soon
• 2009 sport fish
• 2009 cormorant eggs
• Bivalves from Mussel Watch CA Pilot and AXYS pro bono work
• 2009-2010 RMP Pilot Study: Pathways of PFCs to the Bay
– ambient surface waters
– wastewater effluent
– small fish
– tributary loadings
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Alternative Flame Retardants in San Francisco Bay
Objective:Measure alternative BFRs in sediments and wildlife
Samples analyzed:Sediments (n=11, 2007)Mussels (n=10, deployed 2008)Sport fish (shiner surfperch and white croaker, n=14, 2006)Harbor seal blubber (pups n=15, adults n=5, 2007-2008)Cormorant eggs (one site, n=3 composites of 21 eggs, 2008)
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Flame Retardants in Wildlife
PBDEs Detected
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) Detected
Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) Detected
Dechlorane Plus® Detected
Di(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) Not detected
Tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) Not detected
Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) Not detected
1,2-Bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) Not detected
Hexabromobenzene (HBB) Not detected
Tris(1,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate (TDCPP) ND in bird eggs
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HBCD in SF Bay Bird Eggs Lower than Other Locations
ng/g
lip
id
0
100
200
300
400
1500
2000
SF Baycormorant
eggs
References: Gauthier et al. 2007, Lindberg et al. 2004, Morris et al. 2004, Knudsen et al. 2004
Great Lakesherringgulls
Max concentrations
Swedenperegrinefalcons
Netherlandscommon
terns
NorwegianArctic
herring gulls
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Dechlorane Plus in SF Bay Bird Eggs Lower than Great Lakes Gull Eggs
ng
/g lip
id
0
10
20
30
40
50
San Francisco Baycormorant eggs
(Gauthier et al. 2007)
Great Lakesherring gulls
1.7
(1 site, n=3) (6 sites)
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ng
/g lip
id
0
10
20
30
40
20000
22000
24000
DechloranePlus
Max concentrations
HBCD PBDEs
Dechlorane Plus, HBCD << PBDEs In Bird Eggs
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ng/g
lip
id
0
25
50
751800
1900
2000
2100
Adults Pups Pups(ref site)
San Francisco Bay
Adult AdultsCA sea lions
Wadden Sea
Adult
5.9 3.8 3.3
n=5 n=12n=3
References: Morris et al. 2004, Stapleton et al. 2006
HBCD in SF Bay Harbor Seals Lower than Seals in Europe
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Harbor Seals: Dechlorane Plus
ng
/g lip
id
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Adults Pups Pups(ref site)
2.0
0.05 0.09
n=5 n=12
n=3
WalleyeGreat Lakes
FishL. Winnipeg,
L. Ontario
Max 0.9 Max 0.8
San Francisco Bay
References: Hoh et al. 2006, Tomy et al. 2007
Dechlorane Plus in SF Bay Harbor Seals Comparable to Great Lakes Fish
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DechloranePlus
HBCD PBDEs
ng/g
lip
id
0
5
10
1500
2000
2500
3000
PBEB
Adult seals
Dechlorane Plus, PBEB, HBCD << PBDEs In Harbor Seals
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On-Going RMP CEC Studies
• Pathways of PFCs to the Bay (2009-2010)
• White paper on select wastewater contaminants (2009-
2010)
• Brominated dioxins/furans in sediments, fish, harbor
seals (2010)
• Broadscan analysis of bivalves and harbor seal
blood, blubber (2010-2011?)
• Extended lists of PFCs, PPCPs, alkylphenol ethoxylates in
resident mussels, water, sediment (2010)
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Possible Future CEC Studies?
• More endocrine disruption studies
– estrogen assays?
• Nanomaterials
• Siloxanes
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Mean concentration (ng/L)compound influent effluent Bay influent effluent water body *
Acetaminophen 60,000 <500 <300 134,000 a
220 a
Albuterol 20 2 <20
Caffeine 60,000 40 70 118,000 a
12,000 a
Ciprofloxacin 500 <300 <100
Codiene 200 <200 <200 5,200 a
3,700 a
Cotinine 1,000 30 <20
Diltiazem 200 30 2
Erythromycin Hydrate 200 200 10
Fluoxetine 20 30 <20 17 b
25 b
<0.50 b
Gemfibrozil 1,000 30 10 4,770 b
9 b
0.84 b
Ibuprofen 10,000 <100 <100 84,000 a
7,100 a
Lincomycin 20 2 <5
Roxithromycin 3 <4 <1
Sulfadimethoxine 2 1 <200
Sulfamethoxazole 1,000 70 200 2,060 b
5 b
22 b
Sulfathiziazole 4 <4 <100
Trimethoprim 300 26 1 1,140 b
<0.50 b
1.2 b
Warfarin 5 <1 <1a Gomez et al. , 2007.
b Vanderford and Snyder, 2006.
*Water body: Lake Mead, NV
• Influent > Effluent > Bay
Water
• Concentrations <<
available acute, chronic
toxicity thresholds
PPCPs in the South Bay
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ng
/g w
et
we
igh
t
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
CarpDetroit River
Yellow PerchDetroit River
Beluga whaleblubberArctic
Ringed sealblubberArctic
White croaker
SF Bay
Cormorant
eggs
SF Bay
Harbor seal
blubber
SF Bay
Lake trout
Lake MI
Lake trout
Lake Ontario
Short-chained Chlorinated Paraffins in SF Bay
5 <0.9
•SF Bay samples: Surrogate standard quantifiable in fish only (148, 65 and 119%)
•In-kind analysis provided by Gregg Tomy, Canadian Dept of Fisheries and Oceans
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Triclosan in
Sediments
• 2008 S&T Monitoring
• Analysis by Rob Burgess,
Mark Cantwell (US EPA)
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Impact from wastewater-derived contaminants?
White Paper
• 2009 Special Study
• Response to stakeholder concerns
• Which chemicals have the potential to impact human
health and aquatic life and should be monitored?
• ‘Top 10’ compounds of concern
– Compounds which represent several classes
• Challenge is linking available information to SF Bay
• Use assessment to inform future studies/monitoring
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Phosphates are comparable to PBDEs, PCBs in sediment
• TDCPP, TCPP not detected in seals or cormorant eggs
• Effects of longterm low level exposure largely unknown
• 1-2 orders of magnitude below draft PNEC (160 ng/g)
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Potentially Persistent PBDE Alternatives
Chemical Primary Uses
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)insulation, textiles,
thermoplastics
Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA)printed circuit boards,
thermoplastics
Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) thermoplastics
1,2-Bis(2,4,6 tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) thermoplastics
Pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB)textiles, adhesives,
coatings, polyurethane foam
Hexabromobenzene (HBB) thermoplastics?
Dechlorane Plus®
electrical wires/cables, computer connectors, plastic roofing materials
Firemaster 550® polyurethane foam