Job Hazard Analysis

&

Hazard Controls

Definition

What is Job Hazard Analysis (or)

Job Safety Analysis ?

A systematic method of identifying

hazards & control measures to safely

perform a specific task.

Why hazard identification?

Hazard recognition or hazard

identification is vitally important in

accident prevention.

By recognizing hazards' characteristics

and properties, we can clearly

determine proper controls.

Hazard Awareness

When conducting a Job Safety Analysis we need to

take a fresh look at the way things are done at our

work place.

Just because "We've been doing it this way for

years,“ doesn't mean that a hazard doesn't exist.

Accepting a risk or hazard is not the same as

eliminating or controlling it.

We need to take a comprehensive look at all possible

hazards with an open mind.

What is a hazard?

A hazard is a situation that poses a

level of threat to life, health,

property, or environment.

A hazard can be a condition,

situation, practice or behaviour .

Difference between Hazard and Risk?

Hazard is anything that can cause harm

(e.g. work materials, equipment, work

methods and practices).

Risk is the chance of harm being done

(likelihood and the extent of harm).

Examples of a visible hazard

Untidy Working area

Missing machine guards

Broken or damaged ladders

Slippery surface.

Examples of a hidden hazard

Toxic/asphyxiating gases

Vapors inside a confined space

Emission from a radioactive

source

Six general categories of hazards

Physical (noise, vibration, temperature)

Chemical /Substances (exposure to cyanide,

acids, caustic soda, lead)

Ergonomic ( work area layout, equipment design,

instrument layout)

Radiation (ultraviolet exposure from the sun or

welding, infra-red from drying or heating processes)

Biological (viruses, bacteria, parasites)

Psychological (work load, shift arrangement,

workplace violence)

Hazards Types

The obvious hazard is apparent to the senses.

(e.g. unguarded machinery, building defects, faulty electrical equipment).

The concealed hazard is not apparent to the senses

(e.g. electricity, presence of toxic vapors, high frequency noise).

The developing hazard cannot be recognized immediately

and will develop over the time.

(e.g. a worn tire on a mobile crane, Worn steel wire ropes, cables )

The transient hazard is an intermittent or a temporary

hazard.

(e.g. overload of machinery, when a confined space permit has expired,

intermittent electrical or and mechanical defect).

JHA’s are used for: Accident Investigations.

A tool to analyze jobs/procedures.

Define job steps.

Identify hazards to reduce/eliminate them.

Identify safe practices.

Evaluate process design/equipment layout.

Training tool (new hires/review).

Transitional work/Job description.

Help profitability.

Lifting Operations – Spot the Hazards

1. No safety clip on crane hook

2. Shackle between crane hook and sling ring

3. Knot in right-hand sling

4. Angle between legs of sling too wide

5. Insecure slinging method, chain too near end

of load. Is load secure?

6. Spare sling legs not hooked back

7. Load off level

8. What is SWL of sling?

9. Signaller not wearing safety helmet

10. Correct hand signals not being used

11. Adjacent excavation not guarded

12. Outrigger of crane too near to edge of trench

on unstable ground

13. Tag rope not being used

14. Driver cannot see signaler

15. Nails in timber sticking up

16. Spoil heap causing possible trip hazard

17. Spoil heap sited too close to edge of excavation

Lifting Operations – Spot the Hazards

Why Perform JHA? Identify existing

hazards.

Identify potential hazards.

Prioritize corrective actions.

Reduce or eliminate hazards.

How Are Jobs Selected for JHA?

High accident, injury, or illness

rates.

Frequent near misses.

Procedures, processes, or

equipment changes.

All other jobs.

How Are Hazards Identified?

General inspections.

Special inspections.

Walk-around inspections.

Who develops a JHA ?

Anyone knowledgeable of the job

Managers

Supervisors

Team Leaders

Employees

The best choice is the “expert”

What’s the Function of Area Hazard Checklists?

Equipment.

Procedures.

Personnel.

Which Elements of a Job Are Analyzed?

Start-up.

Operation.

Shutdown.

Maintenance.

1. Break down the job.

2. Identify the hazards.

3. Evaluate the hazards.

4. Determine safe procedures

and protective measures.

5. Revise the JHA.

Steps in JHA

Break Down the Job

List each task in order of

occurrence.

Describe each action.

Consider the conditions.

Think about safety

issues .

STEP 1

To identify hazards the following are recommended:

Past incidents/accidents are examined to see what

happened and whether the same could occur again.

Employees are to be consulted to find out what they

consider are safety issues.

Work areas or work sites be inspected or examined to find

out what is happening now.

Information about procedures, equipment, materials be

reviewed to determine relevant safety precautions.

Some creative thinking about what could go wrong i.e. what

hazardous event could take place here?

Identify the Hazards STEP 2

Impact.

Penetration.

Being caught between

pinch points.

Harmful airborne

contaminants.

Repetitive motions and

awkward postures.

Identify the Hazards

STEP 2

Heat/cold.

Compression.

Optical radiation.

Chemical exposures.

Ionizing radiation.

Slippery surfaces.

Identify the Hazards - Contd

Evaluate the Hazards

Is this a safety or health hazard?

Could the hazard cause an injury or illness?

How serious is the risk?

Is this hazard always present?

STEP 3

Are engineering and administrative controls effective?

Is the right PPE being used?

Is safety training creating sufficient awareness?

Are protective measures adequate?

Evaluate the Hazards – Contd.

Determine Safe Procedures and Protections

STEP 4

Perform job differently.

Reconfigure work area/workstations.

Substitute less hazardous materials.

Change from manual to mechanical.

Insulating or cleaning.

Determine Safe Procedures and Protections (Cont.)

Add, improve, change

safety training.

Change tools or

equipment.

Change or add PPE.

Perform certain

tasks less often.

Revise the JHA: When an accident,

injury, or work-related

illness occurs.

After a near miss.

When the job changes.

Following an employee

safety complaint.

When equipment is

damaged.

Scheduled review.

STEP 5

Job Safety Analysis Worksheet

Hazard

Controls

Hazard Controls

Five General Hazard Areas

1. Materials - liquids (i.e., acids, bases, toxins), solids

(i.e., wood, metal, plastic), and gasses (flammables, and

explosives).

2. Equipment - includes machinery, vehicles, tools, and

devices.

3. Environment - noise, temperature extremes,

atmospheres, biological, and workstation design.

4. People - anyone in the workplace (i.e., employees,

guests, customers or contractors).

5. System - flawed policies, programs, plans, processes,

procedures, and practices.

Five Hazard control strategies

1. Elimination

2. Substitution

3. Engineering controls

4. Administrative controls

5. Personal protective equipment

The hierarchy of controls :

1. Eliminate the hazard altogether.

Ex:– Get rid of the dangerous machine.

2. Substitute the hazard with a safer alternative.

Ex:– replace the machine with a safer one.

3. Use engineering controls to reduce the risk.

Ex:– Attach guards to the machine to protect users.

4. Use administrative controls to reduce the risk.

Ex:– Train workers how to use the machine safely.

5. Use personal protective equipment (PPE).

Ex:– Wear gloves and goggles when using the machine.

Elimination and Substitution

These strategies are considered first

because they have the potential of

completely eliminating the hazard,

thus greatly reducing the probability

of an accident.

Elimination and Substitution

Some examples of these two

strategies include:

Removing the source of excessive

temperatures, noise, or pressure.

Substituting a toxic chemical with

a less toxic or non-toxic chemical.

Engineering Controls

Engineering controls are physical changes to the

work area or process that effectively minimize a

worker's exposure to hazards.

These controls focus on eliminating or reducing

the actual source of the hazard.

The basic concept behind engineering controls is

that, wherever feasible, the work environment and

the job itself should be designed to eliminate

hazards or reduce exposure to hazards.

Engineering Controls

Below are examples of this strategy.

Redesigning a process to use less toxic

chemicals;

Redesigning a work station to relieve physical

stress and remove ergonomic hazards; or

Designing general ventilation with sufficient

fresh outdoor air to improve indoor air quality

and to provide a safe, healthful atmosphere.

Administrative Controls

Administrative controls are aimed at reducing

employee exposure to hazards that engineering

controls fail to eliminate.

Administrative controls work by designing safe

work practices into job procedures and adjusting

work schedules.

Effective administrative controls will successfully

eliminate the human behaviors that result in

95% of all workplace accidents.

Administrative Controls

Below are examples of this strategy.

Giving workers longer rest periods or shorter

work shifts to reduce exposure time.

Moving a hazardous work process to an area

where fewer people will be exposed.

Changing a work process to a shift when

fewer people are working;

Frequent trainings and mock drills.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the last

resort in hazard control measure and not the

first choice and should be used only when other

methods cannot control hazards sufficiently.

It should be used in addition to other control

hazards methods.

PPE can be uncomfortable, can decrease work

performance and can create new health and

safety hazards.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Below are examples of this strategy.

To Conclude JHA

Job-related injuries and fatalities occur every

day in the workplace.

These injuries often occur because employees

are not trained in the proper job procedure.

The JSA process is suitable for different trades

do different tasks, and need not require

enormous amounts of time or use endless

pieces of paper.

Remember The JHA / JSA provides a written record of the process to

be used to proceed on a task.

As it is a record that is legally binding, it should be

signed off by those who have responsibility for the tasks.

Management processes must be in place to ensure

workers have the skills to complete the job and that

there is a required level of supervision to ensure the

tasks are completed as documented.

The JHA/JSA should be completed by all employees

involved in the activity, not just the principal contractor

or supervisor.