Constitutional Era Washington & Adams · 2018. 9. 5. · Washington & Adams Federalist Era SOL:...

Created by: Dan Bledsoe 9/2004

Constitutional Era

Washington & Adams

Federalist Era

SOL: VUS. 6A

SWBAT

The student will apply social science skills to understand

the development of the American political system by:

a) examining founding documents to explore the

development of American constitutional government,

with emphasis on the Virginia Declaration of Rights and

the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in the framing

of the Bill of Rights;

b) describing the major compromises necessary to

produce the Constitution of the United States, with

emphasis on the roles of James Madison and George

Washington;


SWBAT

The student will apply social science skills to

understand the development of the American political

system by :

c) assessing the arguments of Federalists and Anti-

Federalists during the ratification debates in defense

of the principles and issues that led to the

development of political parties

d) evaluating the impact of John Marshall’s

precedent-setting decisions that established the

Supreme Court as an independent and equal branch

of the national government.



George Washington

“The

Precedent

President”


Washington

1st to take office

1st to create a cabinet

1st to amend the Constitution

1st to enforce laws

1st to create treaties

1st to say goodbye


Washington chooses experts to advise him: Cabinet

Secretary of State

Treasury Secretary

Attorney General

Secretary of War

Position Person

Thomas Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton

Edmund Randolph

Henry Knox


Judiciary Act 1789

Created the

national court

system

Including the

Supreme Court


Bill of Rights

1- 9: Guaranteed

the rights of ___?

Individuals

10th :

Reserved

powers of the

____?States


Financial Debate

Alexander Hamilton’s Plan

1) National government to

take on & repay debt of

states & Confederation

2) Create a national bank

3) Create Taxes to pay off debt

& protect industry

Tariff Act of 1789


the act remains significant for setting the

basics of U.S. trade policy. In supporting its

enactment, Alexander Hamilton argued that

tariffs would encourage domestic industry.

Other nations offered their industries

significant subsidies, or money given by a

government to support a private business.

Hamilton contended that a tariff would

protect U.S. industry from the effects of

these subsidies.(www.enotes.com/tariff1789)


Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan

Who gets paid?

Is the National Bank legal?

Not in the ConstitutionNo:

Yes: Implied Power

Speculators

Original Bond Holders


Implied Power

Constitution: Congress must

do whatever is “necessary &

proper” to do its job

Called the “Elastic Clause”

Stretches the Constitution


Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan

Plan hurts farmers

- Protective Tariffs

- Assumption of state debt hurts

South more than North

- Excise Taxes - an

indirect tax (taxes paid

at purchase –gasoline)


Whiskey Rebellion - 1791

Pennsylvania Farmers

- Upset over tax on whiskey

- Attack federal courthouses

and tax collectors

- Washington calls out the

army to crush the rebellion

Federal government flexes its

muscles (Insures Domestic

Tranquility)


Political Parties Develop

FederalistsParties Democratic-

Republicans

Leaders Hamilton Jefferson

Economy Manufacturing Agriculture

Interpret

Constitution Loose Strict

Section

SupportNortheast South

Govt Strong Central govt State Govt

Bank Support BUS No BUS


Washington’s Foreign Policy

America adopts a

policy of

NEUTRALITY

during

European wars

Treaties

To avoid war with Great Britain

Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay

to London to negotiate.

In the Jay Treaty the British gave up

their forts in America, but kept their

restrictions on U.S. shipping and

required Americans to repay prewar

debts to Britain

The Jay Treaty avoided war.


Treaties

The U.S. also signed a treaty with Spain

The Pinckney Treaty allowed Americans free

shipping on the Mississippi and access to New

Orleans.

The removal of the forts and secure access to New

Orleans allowed westward movement by settlers.

By selling land to these settlers, the federal

government gained revenue to help pay off the

national debt.


Goodbye

Sectionalism


Washington’s Farewell:

Advice:

Avoid creation of:

Political Parties

Foreign Alliances


What do I have to know

Identify: Tariff of 1789, Hamilton’s Plan, Bank of the United States, Whiskey Rebellion

Explain the purpose of Hamilton’s plan and why people opposed it.

What caused the Whiskey Rebellion?

What political parties developed during this time and what were their characteristics.


New President:

Quasi-War:

Problems:

Undeclared War

XYZ Affair

Cause:

XYZ Affair


The Jay Treaty had offended the French

as a betrayal.

To show their irritation, the French

began seizing American merchant ships.

Adams sent envoys to negotiate peace.

Three French officials demanded

humiliating terms including $250,000 in

bribes.

XYZ Affair

Adams told the papers but called the

French officials, XYZ. This upset the

public and allowed Adams to expand the

army and authorized a small navy.

This war fever was exploited by the

Federalists and they passed the Alien and

Sedition Acts of 1798.

Immigrants who criticized the federal

government could be arrested and

deported.Created by: Dan Bledsoe 9/2004


War between the Political Parties

Alien & Sedition Act

Why Aliens?

Favored Democratic-

Republicans

Sedition Act violated:

Freedom of Speech


Republican Response:

Virginia and Kentucky

Resolutions:

States can

declare laws

unconstitutional

NULLIFICATION

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson v. John Adams

Democratic-Republican v. Federalist

“Revolution of 1800”

Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another

ELECTION OF 1800

ELECTORAL COLLEGE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

EL

EC

TO

RA

LV

OT

ES

Votes 73 73 65 64 1

Aaron Burr • Meant to be Jefferson Vice-President

• Election is a tie

• Election decided by the House of

Reps.

• Jefferson wins

Result• 12th Amendment

• Electoral College has TWO votes

• One vote for President

• One vote for Vice President

Election of 1800


Impact of the election of 1800:

Peaceful

transfer of

power between

political

parties

Thomas Jefferson

Born: April 13, 1743- July 4, 1826

Years in office: 1801- 1809

Number of President: 3rd

Political Party: Democratic-Republicans

Vice President(S): Aaron Burr/George Clinton

Significant positions held: Secretary of State, Vice President, and Governor of Virginia.

Wrote Declaration of Independence


Jeffersonian Democracy

Political Party: Democratic Republican

Pro - Farmer States Rights

Constitutional Interpretation: Strict


Government Philosophy

Laissez – Faire: Leave it alone

Goal: Smaller Government

Reduce Debt

Eliminate Whiskey Tax

Reduce Army Size

Judicial Controversy

+


What were they?

Judges put in place

by John Adams

before he left the

Presidency

How did T.J.

deal with them?Unsuccessfully

tried to impeach

them


Marbury vs Madison

“Midnight Judge” sues for his jobCase:

John Marshall

Chief Justice of

Supreme Court

What was the big deal?

Established the

precedent of “judicial

review”


Judicial Review

Empowers the Supreme Court to decide if

a law is constitutional or unconstitutional

Marbury v. Madison (1803)Supreme Court Case

Chief Justice John

Marshall (Federalist)

Established Judicial

Review

– Power of the Supreme

Court to declare laws

unconstitutional

JUDICIAL REVIEW COMES FROM THIS COURT CASE. IT IS NOT FOUND IN THE

CONSTITUTION


Louisiana Purchase

United States offered $ 10 million

to France for New Orleans

French Response:

France offered the entire

Louisiana Territory for $15

million dollars

Why?Napoleon needed money for

his war in Europe

Jefferson’s Dilemma

Does the

Constitution grant

the President the

power to purchase

Land?

Constitution Does

not say anything

Jefferson’s Dilemma

Democratic-Republican

Believed in a weak central government

believed in strict construction of the Constitution (the President only had the powers listed in the Constitution)

Loose vs. Strict Construction

Loose Construction- gov’t can make laws

not written in the Constitution.

= Increased Power

Strict Construction- gov’t can only do

what is written in the Constitution

= Decreased Power


Jefferson’s Conflict:

Farm land Constitutional Power

Decision: Accepts a “loose” interpretation of

the Constitution to make the land

purchase

VS


The new United States border shifts from

the Mississippi River to the:

Rocky Mountains

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled the size of the US

They gain control of the Mississippi

River and Port at New Orleans which is

important for trade

The price was only 5 million more than

they had asked for New Orleans alone



Lewis & Clark

Leaders of the fact finding expedition of

the new territory

Sacagawea:

Indian princess who

serves as a guide to the

explorers


International Problems

VS

Impressment:

Forced service of U.S.

Sailors into the British

Navy


Jefferson’s Response

British attacks angered America:

Embargo Act of 1807T.J.’s Response:

Embargo Act

Problem:

France and Britain seizing

U.S. ships.

Impressment of sailors

Response:

No trade with foreign

countries

Reasons for the success or failure of Jefferson's

response:

Failure. American farmers and merchants lose money.

Economy goes into recession. Does avoid war

Barbary Wars

Pirates from North

African countries capture

ships in the

Mediterranean

Demand payments to

leave ships alone

Navy is sent to protect

ships

Undeclared war 1801-

1805

Barbary Coast (the shores of Tripoli)

“From the Halls of

Montezuma to the

shores of Tripoli, we

will fight our country’s

battles on the land and

on the sea.” –The

Marines Hymn

Jefferson sent a

navy to the “the

shores of Tripoli” to

intimidate the pirate-

sponsoring “Barbary

States”

Afric

a

Nort

h

Ame

rica

http://www.instantknowledgenews.com/marine.htm


What do I have to know?

What were T.J.’s belief on the size of government? How did he go about achieving his results?

Who were the “midnight judges”? How did Jefferson attempt to deal with them?

Explain the significance of Marbury vs Madison. What precedent did it set? Who was the Chief Justice who presided over the event.


Jefferson’s Presidency

What caused Napoleon to sell the Louisiana

Territory to the United States?

What issues did T.J. have with the sale?

What was the significance of the deal?

Who were Lewis, Clark, and Sacagawea?

What problems did American sailors have

with Europe during this time?

How did T.J. attempt to deal with this issue?


4th President of

the United

States

“Little Man

with Big Brain”


Major Issues

1808-1812

Causes Of the War of 1812

Impressment of American Sailors

Indian raids in the North West

America’s treatment of loyalist after the

Revolutionary War

British retaining their forts in North America

after the Revolutionary War

Desire for Canada

Impressment of U.S. Sailors

Great Britain would kidnap our sailors

The main cause of the War of 1812

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t029/t029025a.jpg&imgrefurl=http://encarta.msn.com/media_461520729_761571913_-1_1/Impressment_of_American_Sailors.html&h=340&w=612&sz=39&tbnid=feRIKkV0KOkJ:&tbnh=74&tbnw=133&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwar%2Bof%2B1812%2B%2Bimpressment%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Doff

Impressment of U.S. Sailors

Indian Raids in the North

WestSeveral Indian tribes were unified in a

war against the United States.

The Indians would raid small country

towns and then retreat to the British

forts where we couldn’t kill them.

Added to our resentment for the British

retaining their forts

Causes

Treatment of Loyalist

The 1783 Treaty of Paris stipulated that

we would return loyalist property

The U.S. government refused to return

seized loyalist property

Made British angry

British Forts in the United

StatesThe 1783 Treaty of Paris stipulated that all

British holdings would be forfeited to the

United States Government.

– It wasn’t and the British held on to their forts.

Indians launched attacks from the British Forts

We wanted to control all of our land

Want of Canadian Land

This was a minor cause of the War of

1812

Some Americas wanted more room to

expand into. Mainly for farming and

agriculture


Battle of Tippecanoe

Indian Chief:Tecumseh

Fight over American movement into

the frontier

U.S. Leader:

William Henry

Harrison


Indians flee to

Canada

Attempts to avoid war

Jay Treaty 1795- Washington sent Supreme

Court Justice John Jay to negotiate a truce

and stop Impressment

Treaty of Greenville 1795- Set up boundaries

between the U.S. and Indian land.

Monroe-Pinkney Treaty 1806- A treaty that

tried to stabilize relations between the U.S.

and Great Britain but was never ratified by

Congress.

War Hawks

American Politicians

who wanted to go to war

Henry Clay- Speaker of

the House

John C. Calhoun

James Madison ran on a

pro war campaign

Battles

Not important for

the SOL, but just

in case look at

the map

Dolly Madison

The British soldiers

burn Washington

D.C. including the

White House

Dolly Madison saved

a picture of George

Washington when the

White House was set

on fire.Not a historically

accurate Picture


Burning of Washington DC

British destroy

American capitol

Also Not historically

accurate Picture

Ft. McHenry


Battle of Fort McHenry,1814

Oh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…

-- Francis Scott Key

Francis Scott Key

Was on board a

British ship during a

bombardment on Fort

McHenry

Was inspired by the

American resolve and

wrote the words to

the Star Spangled Banner


Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814

“Not an inch gained, nor an inch lost”

Battle of New Orleans

January 8, 1815Fought after the

peace treaty

signed

Made a hero out of

Andrew Jackson

Let him wave the

“bloody shirt” in

his presidential

elections


Battle of New Orleans


Events during the War

Failed Invasion of Canada

White House is burned to the

ground

Star Spangled Banner is

written

Battle of New Orleans fought

after war is technically over


Effects of the War of 1812

Effects of the War of 1812

Nationalism increased

Proved our independence

– Second War for Independence

Federalist Party was Destroyed

North East manufacturing was able to

grow

The War of 1812 is one of the forgotten wars

of the United States. The war lasted for over

two years, and while it ended much like it

started; in stalemate; it was in fact a war that

once and for all confirmed American

Independence. Our 2nd War for

Independence.

How did the War of 1812 confirm our

independence?


What do I have to know?

What were the causes of the war of 1812?

Explain the importance of the Battle of Fort McHenry to American tradition?

What made the Battle of New Orleans so unique?

Who emerged from War of 1812 as our greatest military hero?

What was the Treaty of Ghent?

What was the biggest, most lasting impact of the War of 1812?

Constitutional Era Washington & Adams · 2018. 9. 5. · Washington & Adams Federalist Era SOL:...

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