CONCEPTUAL MODELS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILT … · 2011. 5. 4. · Lawrence Frank and...

CONCEPTUAL MODELS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

© Region of Peel 2008 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 3 Description of Process 4 Overview Model: From Built Environment to Public Health 8 Aggregate Models:

Neighbourhood Design 10 Air Pollution 11 Pedestrian Safety 12 Mental Health 13

Subcomponent Models:

Neighbourhood Design 17 Air Pollution 23 Pedestrian Safety 30 Mental Health 36


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Conceptual Models:

Source: From Built Environment To Health: An Evidence and Best Practices Based Review Lawrence Frank and Company, December 2007

Created by: Paul Conway – Office of Public Health Practice Public Health Agency of Canada – January 2008

Project Team: Paul Conway, Systems Analyst, Public Health Agency of Canada

Dr. David Mowat, Medical Officer of Health, Peel Public Health Gayle Bursey, Director, Chronic Disease & Injury Prevention, Peel Public Health Bhavna Sivanand, Project Specialist, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Peel Public Health Aarti Soni, Project Specialist, Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Peel Public Health Steering Committee Members: Louise Aubin, Manager, Environmental Health, Peel Public Health Kiran Ghai, Research and Policy Analyst, Environmental Health, Peel Public Health Teresa Pisani, Planner, Environment, Transportation and Planning Services Dawn Machado, Supervisor, Family Health, Peel Public Health


DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS

Systems thinking is an approach for viewing and understanding the real world, and its associated issues and problems through the construction, analysis, and communication of models. Models are excellent illustration techniques for identifying component parts of a system. Component parts are best understood within the context of their relationships with other system parts, rather than in isolation. Consistent with systems philosophy, systems thinking concerns an understanding of a system by examining the linkages and interactions between the variables that compose the entirety of the overall system. Systems thinking attempts to illustrate that events are separated by distance and time and that small catalytic events can cause large effects in complex systems. Acknowledging that an improvement in one area of a system can adversely affect another area of the system, it promotes organizational communication at all levels in order to avoid the silo effect. Systems thinking techniques may be used to study any kind of system — natural, scientific, engineered, human, or conceptual. Peel Region has been applying systems thinking to better understand the effects of urban form on the health of populations. The report entitled First Draft of Evidence and Best Practices Review, by Lawrence Frank and Company was used as the basis for the systems-based modelling activities. The modelling activities applied a top-down/ bottom-up approach in which the following tasks were conducted: document analysis, identification of components and component parts, illustration of components and component parts, illustration of component part relationships, and illustration of component relationships. Document analysis consisted of gaining contextual knowledge of the document’s contents. Components were determined by the subject headings, or chapters, of the Lawrence Frank and Company report. The component parts were determined by the section or paragraph heading of each component and referenced on the models by page number (appearing within brackets). Component parts relationships were determined through the understanding of variable relationships, either positive (reinforcing) or negative (balancing), as identified by studies referenced within the report. Finally, component relationships were aggregated based on the estimation of requirements by the modelling authority without direction from Peel Region. A final high-level aggregate (Contextual Model) was then synthesized, without Peel Region direction, from the four component models thereby completing the top-down/ bottom-up approach. The components consist of Built Environment - Neighbourhood Design, Air Pollution, Pedestrian Safety, and Mental Health.


The component parts of Built Environment – Neighbourhood Design are: Neighbourhood Design, Other Influential Factors, Building and Site Design, Street Design and Pedestrian/ Cyclist Facilities, Floor Area Ration, Health Impacts of Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet and Body Weight, Overall Neighbourhood Walkability, Street Connectivity, Density and Land Use Mix, Transit Service and Street Design/ Pedestrian Facilities. The component parts of Air Pollution are: Exposure to Air Pollution, Per Kilometer Pollution Emission Rates, Regional Air Pollution, Localized Air Pollutants, Factories, Power Plants and Rail Corridors, Micro-Environmental Conditions, Regional Air Pollution (2), Global Air Pollution, Health Impacts of Air Pollution, Deviation from Weather Norms, Neighbourhood Walkability Index, Vehicle Miles Travelled, Access to Public Transit, Employee Transit/ Ridesharing, Employment Centers, Vehicle Miles Travelled (2), Walkability Index (2), Residential Density, Key Outcome Indicators, Key Outcome Indicators (2), Health Benefit Conflict, and Employment Density. The component parts Pedestrian Safety are: Severity of Collisions, Pedestrian Safety, Health Impacts of Traffic Crashes, Safety of Walking Environment, Pedestrian Exposure to Traffic, Traffic, Speed, Volume and Street Design, Mid-Block Crosswalks, Pedestrian Crash Risk, Driver Awareness of Walkers/ Cyclists, Holistic Application of Interventions, and Intersection Safety. The component parts of Mental Health are: Community Social Support, Proximity to Nature, Time Spent Driving, Physical Activity, and Time Spent Driving (2). Paul Conway, Office of Public Health Practice Public Health Agency of Canada


THE MODELS


Overview Model: From Built Environment to Public

Health

(Layer 1)


Aggregate Models:

Physical Activity / Neighbourhood Design Air Pollution

Pedestrian Safety Mental Health

(Layer 2)


Subcomponent Models

The aggregate models have been repeated in this section for ease of comprehension

(Layer 3)


Physical Activity / Neighbourhood Design


Air Pollution


Contextual Model

Layer – Air Pollution – Local, Micro Conditions (21)

Source:

First Draft of Evidence and Best Practices Based Review

Lawrence Frank and Company, December 21, 2007

Conceptual Model Adaptation:

Paul Conway – Public Health Agency of Canada, January 29, 2008

Per Capita

Emission Production

Development

Density

Exposure

Rates- +

Localized Air Pollutants (21)

Localized

Air Pollutants

Lead

Carbon

Monoxide

Particulate

Matter

Airborne

Toxins

Concentration

Near Source

Health

Risk Proximity

to Population

Amount

of Pollution

Factories, Power Plants

and Rail Corridors (21)

Traffic

Conditions

Speed

Congestion

Vehicle

Mix

Emission

Levels

Exposure

Potential

Climatic

Conditions

Rain

Wind

Proximity

To Source

Time Spent

Walking/ Cycling

Land Use

Characteristics

Local

Variation

Building

Distance

Micro-Environmental Conditions (21)

Regional

Air Pollutants

Concentrations

Area

Geography

Area Weather/

Climate Conditions

Area/ Local

Pollution Levels

Upwind

Pollution Source

Wind

Speed

Wind

Direction

Regional

Air Pollution (21)

+

-

Systemic flow

Second variable value

flows in the same

direction as the first


flows in the opposite



Contextual Model

Layer – Air Pollution – Global, Health Impacts (21, 22)

Source:





Global Air Pollution

(CO2)

Climate

Change

Natural

Disaster Risk

Food

SecurityDisplaced

Population

Health

Impacts

Predictability

Severity

Disease

Rates

Global Air Pollution

(21, 22)

Airborne Fine

Particulate Matter

Pollution

Level

Ozone

Level

Inhalation

of Pollutants

Time Spent

in TrafficCongestion

Breathing

Levels

Outdoor

Exercise

Lung Function

Effectiveness

Population

Vulnerability

Heart

Disease

ElderlyYouth

Incidence Of

Respiratory Disease

Hospital

Admissions Premature

Deaths

Health

Care Costs

+ +

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

+ +

+

Health Impacts of Air

Pollution (23)

CO2

Emissions

Greenhouse

Gas Emissions

Deviation From

Weather Norms

Potential Negative

Impacts on Habitats/

Food Production

Severity/ Extremes of

Weather Events

+

+

+

+

Deviation From Weather

Norms (23, 24)

+

-

Systemic flow


flows in the same






Air

Pollution Generation

Contextual Model

Layer – Air Pollution – Exposure, Emission Rates, Regional Levels (21)

Source:




Paul Conway - Public Health Agency of Canada, January 29, 2008

Vehicle

Exhaust Output

Emission

Control Devices

Effectiveness

Vehicle

Use Pollutant

Substance Composition

Particle

Size

Source

Distribution

Pattern

of Distribution

Land

Use Patterns

Exposure

Risk

Health

Impacts

LevelsPopulation

Density

Physical Separation

Between People

and Vehicles-

+

-

Exposure to Air Pollution (21)Per Capita

Vehicle Miles

Traveled

Number of

Vehicle Trips

Per Kilometre Pollution

Emission Rates

Engine

Temperature

Weather

Travel

Time

Travel

Distance

Walking/

Cycling

Traffic

Congestion

+

-+

-

-+

Per Kilometre Pollution

Emission Rates (21)

Wind

SpeedWind

Direction

Upwind

Pollution Source

Regional

Air Pollutants

Area/ Local

Pollution Levels

Concentrations

Area

Geography

Area Weather/ Climate

Conditions

Great Lakes Basin

Climate Conditions

Regional Air Pollution (21)

+

-

Systemic flow


flows in the same





+

+

+

+

+ +


Contextual Model

Layer – Air Pollution – Neighbourhood Walkability, VMT, Employment Centres (25)

Source:





Land

Use Mix

+

-

Systemic flow


flows in the same





Residential

Density

Retail Floor

Areas Ratio

Street

Connectivity

Neighbourhood

Walkability Index

NOx

Emissions

Vehicle

Miles Travelled

Neighbourhood

Walkability Index (25)

Street

Connectivity

Census

Block Density

Household

DensityHome Location

Employment

Density

Work Tract

Employment

Density

Distance

to Work

Vehicle

Miles Travelled

Demographics

NOx

Emissions

Vehicle Miles

Travelled (25)

Walkability

Index

Street

Connectivity

Residential

Density

Land

Use MixTravel

Behaviour

Air

Quality

Walkability Index (25)

Vehicle

Miles Travelled

Auto Oriented

Neighbourhood

Emissions

Walkable

Neighbourhood+

+

-

Vehicle Miles Travelled (25)

Access to

Public Transit

Neighbourhood

Walkability

Transit

Availability

+

+

Access to

Public Transit (25) Land Mix

At Employment

Centres

Share of Employees

Utilizing Transit/

Ridesharing

Auto Trips

to Work

Employee Transit/

Ridesharing (25)

+

-

Travel Mode

to Work

Walkable Employment

Centre

Employment Centres (25)


Contextual Model

Layer – Air Pollution – Density, Key Outcome Indicators (26, 27, 33)

Source:





Household Distance

from Public Transit

+

-

Systemic flow


flows in the same





Household

Total Emissions

Air

Pollution

Per Capita

Hours/ Miles

of Auto TravelRide

Sharing

Residential

Density

Age

Income

Vehicle

Ownership

Household

Size

+

-

+Public

Transit Use-

+

-

+

Residential Density (26)

Employment

Density

Employees

Per Acre Employees

Driving to Work

Household

Level Emissions

+ -

-

Employment Density (27)

Emissions

Cold

StartsNumber of

Auto Trips

Auto

Speed

Vehicle

Miles Traveled

Distance

Transit

Use

Active

Transport

-

-

+

+

+

+

Key Outcome Indicators (33)

Vehicle Hours

of Travel

Body

Weight

Sedentary

Activity

Congestion

Distance

Driven

Key Outcome

Indicators (33)

Active

Transportation

Health

Benefits

Exposure

to Pollution

Pollution

Generation

Traffic

Volume

Use of

Alternative Fuels

Clean Engine

Technologies

Proximity

+

-

-

+

+

-+

Health Benefit Conflict (31)


Pedestrian Safety


Contextual Model

Layer – Pedestrian Safety – Traffic, Safety, Health Impacts (34)

Source:





+

-

Systemic flow


flows in the same





Traffic

Volume

Auto

Use

Road

Capacity

Congestion

Severity of Collisions (34)

Speed of

Travel

Severity

of Collisions

+

+ -

-

+

Pedestrian

Safety

Speed

of Traffic

Appropriateness of

Active Transportation

Infrastructure

+-

Pedestrian Safety (34)Pedestrian Exposure

To Traffic

Cars on

Road

Per Capita

Vehicle Travel

Community

Sprawl

Per Capita

Traffic Fatality

Rates

Compact Mixed

Use Community

Travel

Options

Distance

Per Capita

Travel Miles

+-

-

+

+

+

+

Pedestrian Exposure to

Traffic (34)

Likelihood of

Being in

An Accident

Age

Likelihood

of Being Killed

Frailty

Potential Years

of Lost Life+

-

-

Male

Deaths

Children/ Young

Adult Deaths

Health Impacts of Traffic Crashes (34)Traffic

Safety

Safety of

Walking

Environment

Physical

Activity

Personal

Sensitivity

Assistive

Walking

Device Use

Age

Speed

Of Movement

-

+-+

+

Safety of Walking Environment (34)


Contextual Model

Layer – Pedestrian Safety – Streetscape Design, Traffic, Crosswalk Safety (35, 36)

Source:





+

-

Systemic flow


flows in the same





Congestion

Speed of

Travel

Severity of

Collisions

Probability

of Vehicle

Related Death

Number

of Collisions

+

+

+

+

-

Traffic Speed, Volume and

Street Design (35)

Maximum Speed

That Feels Safe

to Motorists

Design Speed

of Road

Presence of

Other Feature

Activities

+

+

-

Street

Trees

Traffic

Claming

Sidewalks

Parallel

Parking

Enforcement

Of Speed Limits

-

Pedestrian

Exposure

to Traffic

Pedestrian-Vehicle

Collisions

+

-

+

+

Perceived

SafetyDistance From

Crosswalk

Presence of Painted

Stop Bars for Cars

Pedestrian

Sightline of Cars

Mid-Block

Crosswalk Safety

Vehicle

Pedestrian

Collisions

Car Visibility of

Pedestrians

Overhead

Flashing Lights

Signage

Peripheral

Sightlines

Congestion

Traffic

Volume

Vehicles

Per Day

Road

Capacity

Number

of Lanes

Speed

Limit

Vehicles

Per Hour

++

-

+

-

+

+

-

+

+

Mid-Block Crosswalks (36)


Contextual Model

Layer – Pedestrian Safety – Intersection Safety (36)

Source:





+

-

Systemic flow


flows in the same





+

Length

Of Time

Cross

Walk Signal

Intersection

Design

Refuge

Medians

Pedestrian Ability

To Cross The

Intersection

Vulnerability

Of Population

Disabled

Youth

Elderly

Intersectional Vehicle/

Pedestrian Collisions

Pedestrian

Safety

Ability

to Stop

Speed at

Intersection

Intersection

Turning Radius Speed of

Travel

Traffic Calming

Effectiveness

Street

Design

Congestion

Traffic

Volume

Road

Capacity

Speed

Limit

Road

Width

Width+

-

-

Pedestrian

Volume-

-

-

-

-+

-

+-

-

+

+

Intersection Safety (36)


Contextual Model

Layer – Pedestrian Safety – Crash Risk, Driver Awareness, Intervention (37, 38)

Source:





+

-

Systemic flow


flows in the same





Traffic

Volume

+

Likelihood of

A Pedestrian/

Vehicle Accident

Pedestrian

Volume

Pedestrian

Crash Risk

Requirement for

Pedestrian Safety

Improvement

+

+ +

Pedestrian Crash Risk (37)

Effectiveness of

Driver Intervention

Driver Knowledge of

Area Walkers/ Cyclists

Driver Awareness of

Walkers/ Cyclists

Driver Attentiveness

Toward Area Walkers/

Cyclists

Pedestrian

Crash Risk

Desire to

Walk/ Cycle

Area Prevalence of

Walking/ Cycling

Seeing Others

Walk/ Cycle

Visibility of

Walkers/ Cyclists

Safe Street

Crossing Points

+

+ +

+

+

--+

+

+

Driver Awareness of Walkers/

Cyclists (37)

Spot Application

Interventions

Overall Pedestrian Safety

Improvement Intervention

Effectiveness

Holistic Area-

Wide Intervention

+

-

Specific Area Pedestrian

Improvement Intervention

Effectiveness

Severity

+

-

Holistic Application of

Interventions (38)


Mental Health


Contextual Model

Layer – Mental Health – Physical Activity, Driving, Proximity to Nature (40, 41)

Source:





+

-

Systemic flow


flows in the same





Regular

Physical

Activity

Stress, Anxiety,

Depression

Time

Spent

Driving

Anxiety/

Stress

Incidents

Of Road RageInvolvement

In the

Community

--

+

+

Physical Activity (40) Time Spent Driving (40)

Other

Driver

Habits

Predictability

of Traffic

Conditions

Congestion

Sense

Of Control

Time

Pressures

Frustration

Blood

Pressure

Incidence of

Illness

Demand

For Health

Services

Time off

Work

Job

Performance

Office

Frustration

Time Spent

Commuting in Car

Desire

to Drive

Attractiveness

of Other

Transportation

Options

+

-

+

-

+

++

+

-

+

+

-

+

-

Time Spent Driving (40)

Risk of Mental

Health Issues

Ability to

Cope

with Stress

Access

to Nature

Residences

With Back Yards

Size

of Yard

Distance From

Urban Core

Availability

Proximity to Nature (41)


Contextual Model

Layer – Mental Health – Community Social Support (41)

Source:





+

-

Systemic flow


flows in the same





Home

Ownership

Years Lived

In NeighbourhoodKnowing

Your Neighbours

Social

Isolation

Community

Cohesiveness

Personal

Perception

Residential

Density

Drug/ Alcohol

Use, Crime

Control

Over Life

Day-to-Day

Stress

Risk of

Depression

Urban

Sprawl

Viable

Transportation

Options

Reliance

On The Auto

Land

Use Patterns

Dependence

Upon Others

Ability to

Afford a Car

Income

Neighbourhood

VariabilityAccess to

Needed Services

Personal Feeling

Of Security

Participation in

Social Activities

Desire to

Walk/ Cycle

Access to

Green Space/

Open Space

+

+ -

-

-

+

+

+

+

++

-

-

-

+

-+-

-

+

-

-

-

Community Social

Support (41)


For more information, please contact: Bhavna Sivanand, Project Specialist Chronic Disease and Injury Prevention, Region of Peel Public Health 9445 Airport Road, 3rd Floor W. Tower Brampton, ON, L6S 4J3 905-791-7800 Ext. 2168 [email protected] Conceptual Models Source: From Built Environment To Health: An Evidence and Best Practices Based Review Lawrence Frank and Company, December 2007 Created by: Paul Conway – Office of Public Health Practice Public Health Agency of Canada – January 2008 This document is the intellectual property of the Region of Peel.

CONCEPTUAL MODELS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUILT … · 2011. 5. 4. · Lawrence Frank and...

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